Social and Personality Development

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ISBN: 9780415231046 | 0415231043
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 1/2/2002

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This introductory text covers a range of central topics in personality and developmental psychology. The book is arranged in three parts. Part one covers the main theories of personality and describes the different approaches taken, such as the psychometric, psychodynamic and social learning approaches. Part two defines gender and describes its development. Part three considers the development of adolescents and the concepts and theories of this area.Social and Personality Developmentprovides a concise, easily understood introduction to these topics. The book will be of interest to those studying education, nursing and other related disciplines.

List of Illustrations

xiii

Acknowledgements

Introduction

(4)

Why choose to study personality, gender and adolescence?

(1)

Personality

(1)

Gender

(1)

Adolescence

(1)

What questions remain?

(1)

Section I PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

(62)

Two approaches to the study of personality

(8)

The study of personality

(2)

Defining personality

(1)

The value of studying personality

(1)

Idiographic and nomothetic approaches

(2)

Idiographic approaches

(1)

Nomothetic approaches

(1)

Advantage and disadvantages

(1)

Nomothetic versus idiographic

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(2)

Trait and type theories

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Eysenck's type theory

(5)

The final dimension

(1)

The use of psychometrics

(1)

The biological basis of Eysenck's type theory

(1)

Conditionability

(1)

Evaluation of Eysenck's theory

(4)

Twin studies

(1)

Clinical trials

(1)

Laboratory studies

(1)

Validity checks

(2)

Other criticisms

(1)

New research

(1)

Allport's trait theory

(3)

Allport's traits

(1)

The uniqueness of traits

(1)

Assessing personality

(1)

Evaluation of Allport's approach

(1)

Comparing Eysenck and Allport

(1)

Summary

(3)

Psychoanalytic theory

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Freud's psychoanalytic theory

(2)

The conscious, preconscious and unconscious mind

(1)

Freud's personality theory

(7)

The id, ego and superego

(2)

Defence mechanisms

(2)

The psychosexual stages

(2)

The phallic stage

(2)

Evaluation

(4)

The unconscious mind

(1)

The Oedipal complex

(2)

Erich Fromm's explanation

(1)

John Bowlby's explanation

(1)

Evaluation of defence mechanisms

(1)

Summary

(2)

Social learning approaches

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Bandura's social learning theory

(7)

Observational learning theory

(3)

Self-regulation

(1)

Self-esteem

(1)

Self-punishment

(1)

Self-efficacy

(1)

Evaluation

(3)

Realism

(1)

Media influences

(1)

Mischel's theory of personality

(2)

Evaluation

(1)

Can we predict behaviour?

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(2)

Section II GENDER DEVELOPMENT

(36)

Social and biological approaches to gender identity

(18)

Definition of gender

(1)

Gender identity and sex role stereotypes

(4)

The effects of sex role stereotypes on behaviour

(1)

Research evidence applied to gender differences

(2)

Social learning theory

(3)

Modelling

(2)

Differential reinforcement

(1)

Observations

(1)

Beverley Fagot

Other research into the effects of social models

(1)

Evaluation

(1)

Biosocial theory

(1)

Evaluation

(2)

Cross-cultural studies

(2)

The work of Margaret Mead

(1)

Evaluation

(1)

Summary

(3)

Cognitive development theories

(8)

Cognitive development theories

(1)

Kohlberg's theory of gender development

(2)

Gender labelling

(1)

Gender stability

(1)

Gender constancy

(1)

Evaluation

(2)

Evidence from other studies

(1)

Gender schemas

(1)

Gender schema theory

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Summary

(1)

An alternative view of gender identity

(8)

Psychological androgyny

(4)

Comparisons with sexual identity

(1)

BSRI categories

(2)

Bem's gender schema theory

(1)

Evaluation

(2)

Research by Frable and Bem

100

(1)

Frable and Bem's findings

101

(1)

Conclusion

101

(1)

Summary

102

(1)

Section III ADOLESCENCE

103

(64)

The concept of adolescence

105

(16)

Definition of adolescence

105

(1)

Physical development

106

(3)

Cross-cultural differences in the onset of menarche

106

(1)

Primary sexual changes

107

(1)

Secondary sexual changes

107

(2)

Adolescent sexuality

109

(2)

The search for identity

111

(1)

Psychological turmoil?

111

(1)

Correlates of stress during adolescence

112

(4)

Self-perception

112

(1)

Self-harm

113

(1)

Eating disorders

114

(2)

The timing of puberty

116

(1)

Coleman's focal theory

116

(1)

Evaluation

117

(1)

Summary

118

(3)

Theories of adolescence

121

(14)

Introduction

121

(1)

Erikson's whole life theory

122

(5)

Stage one: trust versus mistrust

123

(1)

Stage two: autonomy versus shame and doubt

123

(1)

Stage three: initiative versus guilt

123

(1)

Stage four: industry versus inferiority

124

(1)

Stage five: identity versus role confusion

124

(2)

Stage six: intimacy versus isolation

126

(1)

Stage seven: generativity versus stagnation

126

(1)

Stage eight: ego integrity versus despair

127

(1)

Evaluation

127

(3)

Research evidence concerning adolescence

129

(1)

Marcia's identity theory

130

(1)

The four statuses

130

(1)

Evaluation

131

(1)

Conclusion

132

(1)

Summary

132

(3)

Other influences on development

135

(12)

Introduction

135

(1)

Influence of peers on social behaviour

136

(1)

Friends

136

(1)

Do peers influence conformity?

137

(1)

Relationship with parents during adolescence

137

(2)

Cultural differences in adolescent behaviour

139

(2)

The effect of peers cross-culturally

139

(1)

Cultural differences in attitudes towards education

140

(1)

Cultural differences in the occurrence of adolescent pregnancy

141

(4)

The outcome of adolescent pregnancy

143

(1)

The effects of adolescent pregnancy on the child

143

(1)

Can the negative effects be reduced?

144

(1)

Chapter summary

145

(2)

Study aids

147

(20)

Improving your essay-writing skills

147

(2)

Practice essay 1

149

(2)

Practice essay 2

151

(3)

Practice essay 3

154

(3)

Key research summaries

157

(1)

Article 1

157

(5)

Article 2

162

(5)

Glossary

167

(8)

References

175

(16)

Index

191

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Social and Personality Development

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials