Driveline Systems of Ground Vehicles: Theory and Design

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ISBN: 9781439817278 | 1439817278
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/29/2010

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Now that vehicles with four and more driving wheels are firmly ensconced in the consumer market, they must provide energy/fuel-saving benefits and improved operational quality including terrain mobility, traction and velocity properties, turnability, and stability of motion. A first-of-its-kind resource, Driveline Systems of Ground Vehicles: Theory and Design presents a comprehensive and analytical treatment of driveline research, design, and tests based on energy efficiency, vehicle dynamics, and operational properties requirements.

Series Preface	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xxi
Authors	p. xxiii
List of Symbols	p. xxv
Driveline Systems and Vehicle Performance	p. 1
Brief Review of Driveline Systems History	p. 1
First Wheeled Carriages	p. 1
First Differential Transmissions	p. 4
First Hybrid Cars and All-Wheel Drive Vehicles	p. 7
Front-Wheel Drive Designs	p. 7
First Mechanical Four-Wheel Drives	p. 8
Invention of Pneumatic Tires and Design Measures for Improving the Poor-Terrain Mobility of Vehicles	p. 9
Constant-Velocity Joints	p. 12
All-Wheel and Multiwheel Drive Trucks and Passenger Cars	p. 14
Power Dividing Units	p. 28
Classification of Driveline Systems and Power Dividing Units	p. 33
Wheel Dynamics and Energy Efficiency	p. 56
Five Power-Loading Modes	p. 56
Kinematic and Force Factors	p. 61
Effective Rolling Radius and Slip Ratio	p. 61
Wheel Force and Torque Factors	p. 66
Wheel Power and Force Balance	p. 70
Motion with a Slip Angle	p. 75
Interaction between Longitudinal and Lateral Forces	p. 75
Wheel Kinematic and Force Factors under Sideslip	p. 77
Vehicle Energy/Fuel Efficiency and Driveline Systems Design	p. 80
Mechanical Power Losses in Driveline Systems	p. 82
Mechanical Power Losses in Wheel Systems	p. 86
Tractive Operating Mode	p. 86
Transportation Operating Mode	p. 90
Combined Operating Mode	p. 94
Fuel Efficiency of Multiwheel Drive Vehicles	p. 96
Vehicle Performance and Driveline Systems Design	p. 101
Traction and Velocity Properties of Vehicles	p. 103
Mobility of Vehicles	p. 106
Turnability	p. 107
Stability of Motion	p. 110
Handling of the Vehicle	p. 112
Principles of Driveline System Design	p. 114
Interwheel and Interaxle Open and Lockable Differentials	p. 119
Kinematics and Dynamics of Differentials: The Gear-Ratio Concept	p. 119
Kinematics of a Vehicle with an Interaxle Differential	p. 132
Vehicle with Front-Steered Wheels	p. 132
Vehicle with Front- and Rear-Steered Wheels	p. 137
Tooth Forces in Bevel-Gear Differentials	p. 139
Axial Forces in a Pinion-Side Gear Mesh	p. 139
Total Axial Forces in Bevel Differentials	p. 146
Force Evaluation: A Method for Practical Use	p. 153
Experimental Results	p. 157
Conclusion	p. 159
Robustness of Differentials	p. 161
Design of Axle/Interwheel Differentials	p. 168
General Engineering Issues and Solutions	p. 168
Design of Differential Geometry	p. 185
Highway Heavy-Duty Trucks	p. 189
Articulated Timber Carriers	p. 191
Farm Tractors	p. 195
Oil Lubrication Systems	p. 202
Design of Interaxle Differentials and Transfer Cases	p. 209
General Engineering Issues and Solutions	p. 209
Design of Differential Geometry	p. 219
Oil Lubrication Systems	p. 227
Lubrication Systems for Interaxle Differentials of Driving Tandems	p. 227
Lubrication Systems for Transfer Cases	p. 233
Designing Locking Devices	p. 238
Wheel Power Distribution and Vehicle Performance	p. 249
Generalized Vehicle Parameters and Energy/Fuel Efficiency	p. 249
Vehicle Tractive and Velocity Properties	p. 264
Vehicle Turnability and Stability of Motion	p. 268
Optimal and Reasonable Differential Gear Ratios: Control Principles	p. 274
Automatic and Manual Positively Engaged Power-Dividing Units	p. 289
Designs of Power-Dividing Units	p. 289
Kinematic Discrepancy and Generalized Vehicle Parameters	p. 301
Vehicles with 4 × 4 Wheel Formula	p. 301
Vehicles with 2m × 2n Wheel Formula	p. 305
Vehicles with 2m × 2n Wheel Formula in Rectilinear Motion	p. 306
Vehicles with 2m × 2n Wheel Formula with Steered Wheels in Curvilinear Motion	p. 309
Articulated 2m × 2n Vehicles with Steered Wheels	p. 312
The Interwheel Positive Engagement	p. 317
Wheel Slips and Circumferential Wheel Forces	p. 318
4 × 4 Vehicles	p. 319
2m × 2n Vehicles	p. 326
Wheel Power Distributions and Vehicle Energy/Fuel Efficiency	p. 330
Mechanical Power Losses in Wheel Systems	p. 330
Mechanical Power Losses in Driveline Systems	p. 338
Combined Power Losses in Driveline and Wheel Systems-Fuel Consumption	p. 343
Wheel Power Distribution and Vehicle Performance	p. 355
Vehicle Tractive and Velocity Operational Properties	p. 355
Vehicle Turnability and Stability of Motion	p. 358
Optimal and Reasonable Kinematic Discrepancy: Control Principles	p. 368
Limited Slip Differentials	p. 379
Torque Biasing and Locking Performance	p. 379
Disk Differentials without Additional Lockers	p. 385
Disk Differentials with Cam Lockers	p. 391
Disk Differentials with V-Lockers	p. 399
Worm-Gear Differentials	p. 405
Cam-Plunger Differentials	p. 413
Torque Sensitive Differentials	p. 418
Speed Sensitive Differentials	p. 432
Force Fluctuations in Disk Differentials	p. 435
Tractive Performance and Yaw Moment of a Drive Axle	p. 443
Asymmetrical Interaxle Differentials	p. 448
Free-Rurming Differentials and Viscous Clutches	p. 453
Design and Operating Principles of Free-Running Differentials	p. 453
Applications of Free-Running Differentials	p. 463
Viscous Clutches: Operation and Design Aspects	p. 466
Combined Automated Mechanical Driveline Systems	p. 475
Vehicle Operational Properties	p. 475
Vehicles with Steered Wheels	p. 475
Articulated Vehicles with Steered Wheels	p. 486
A Method of Synthesizing Driveline Systems with Optimal Properties	p. 492
Objective Function Analysis	p. 496
Synthesis of the Properties of Interwheel Power-Dividing Units	p. 510
Synthesis of Properties of Interaxle Power-Dividing Units	p. 519
Synthesis of Properties of Interwheel and Interaxle Power-Dividing Units	p. 531
The Mathematical Model of a Vehicle	p. 531
Optimal Properties	p. 539
Mechatronic Driveline Systems	p. 555
Simple, Combined, and Integrated Driveline Systems-A Brief Overview	p. 555
Inverse Wheel Dynamics and Control	p. 560
Proactive Assessment of Terrain Conditions	p. 568
Kinematics and Dynamics of Mechanical Subsystems	p. 574
The Open Differential	p. 577
Double Differentials	p. 580
The Open Differential with Three-Link Planetary Rows	p. 587
Single-Row Planetary Mechanism with Mating Pinions	p. 591
Design of Simple and Combined Driveline Systems	p. 596
Design of Integrated Driveline Systems	p. 605
Optimal Power Distribution and Features of the System	p. 606
Synthesis and Implementation of a Parallel Control Algorithm	p. 620
Logical Control Languages	p. 620
The Logical Control Algorithm	p. 621
Hybrid Driveline Systems	p. 626
Advanced Hybrid-Hydraulic Driveline Systems	p. 626
Design Selection of the Kind and Standard Dimension of Hydraulic Units	p. 639
Testing of Driveline Systems and Multiwheel Drive Vehicles	p. 649
Laboratory Studies of the Locking Performance of Differentials	p. 649
Laboratory Testing of Friction Clutches of Differentials	p. 662
Laboratory Tests of Differential Lubrication Systems	p. 667
4 × 4 Vehicle Chassis Dynamometer with Individual Roll Control	p. 679
Field and Road Tests of Wheeled Vehicles	p. 690
Problems and Questions	p. 711
Bibliography	p. 729
Index	p. 743
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Driveline Systems of Ground Vehicles: Theory and Design

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