Operational Amplifiers and Linear Intergrated Circuits

, by Robert F. Coughlin; Fred F. Driscoll; Frederick F. Driscoll

Write a Review

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780132065412 | 013206541X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/1/1997

Buy Used

Usually Ships in 2-4 Business Days

$80.85
Buy New

Currently Available, Usually Ships in 24-48 Hours

$108.36

Supplemental Materials

PREFACE

xxv

1 INTRODUCTION TO OP AMPS

(12)

Learning Objectives

(1)

1-0 Introduction

(1)

1-1 Is There Still a Need for Analog Circuitry?

(2)

1-1.1 Analog and Digital Systems

(1)

1-1.2 Op Amp Development

(1)

1-1.3 Op Amps Become Specialized

(1)

1-2 741 General-Purpose OP Amp

(2)

1-2.1 Circuit Symbol and Terminals

(1)

1-2.2 Simplified Internal Circuitry of a General-Purpose Op Amp

(1)

1-2.3 Input Stage--Differential Amplifier

(1)

1-2.4 Intermediate Stage--Level Shifter

(1)

1-2.5 Output Stage--Push-Pull

(1)

1-3 Packaging and Pinouts

(2)

1-3.1 Packaging

(1)

1-3.2 Combining Symbol and Pinout

(1)

1-4 How to Identify or Order an Op Amp

(2)

1-4.1 The Identification Code

(2)

1-4.2 Order Number Example

(1)

1-5 Second Sources

(1)

1-6 Breadboarding Op Amp Circuits

(2)

1-6.1 The Power Supply

(1)

1-6.2 Breadboarding Suggestions

(1)

Problems

(1)

2 FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH AN OP AMP

(31)

Learning Objectives

(1)

2-0 Introduction

(2)

2-1 Op Amp Terminal

(2)

2-1.1 Power Supply Terminals

(1)

2-1.2 Output Terminal

(1)

2-1.3 Input Terminals

(1)

2-1.4 Input Bias Currents and Offset Voltage

(1)

2-2 Open-Loop Voltage Gain

(2)

2-2.1 Definition

(1)

2-2.2 Differential Input Voltage, E(d)

(1)

2-2.3 Conclusions

(2)

2-3 Zero-Crossing Detectors

(1)

2-3.1 Noninverting Zero-Crossing Detector

(1)

2-3.2 Inverting Zero-Crossing Detector

(1)

2-4 Positive- and Negative-Voltage-Level Detectors

(1)

2-4.1 Positive-Level Detectors

(1)

2-4.2 Negative-Level Detectors

(1)

2-5 Typical Applications of Voltage-Level Detectors

(6)

2-5.1 Adjustable Reference Voltage

(1)

2-5.2 Sound-Activated Switch

(2)

2-5.3 Light Column Voltmeter

(2)

2-5.4 Smoke Detector

(1)

2-6 Voltage Reference ICS

(2)

2-6.1 Introduction

(1)

2-6.2 Ref-02

(1)

2-6.3 Ref-02/Voltage Level Detector Applications

(2)

2-7 Signal Processing with Voltage-Level Detectors

(1)

2-7.1 Introduction

(1)

2-7.2 Sine- to Square-Wave Converter

(1)

2-8 Computer Interfacing with Voltage-Level Detectors

(7)

2-8.1 Introduction

(1)

2-8.2 Quad Voltage Comparator, LM339

(1)

2-8.3 Pulse-Width Modulator, Noninverting

(3)

2-8.4 Inverting and Noninverting Pulse-Width Modulators

(2)

2-9 A Pulse-Width Modulator Interface to a Microcontroller

(1)

2-10 OP Amp Comparator Circuit Simulation

(4)

2-10.1 Introduction

(1)

2-10.2 Creating, Initializing, and Simulating a Circuit

(3)

Laboratory Exercises

(1)

Problems

(4)

3 INVERTING AND NONINVERTING AMPLIFIERS

(42)

Learning Objectives

(1)

3-0 Introduction

(1)

3-1 The Inverting Amplifier

(7)

3-1.1 Introduction

(1)

3-1.2 Positive Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input

(2)

3-1.3 Load and Output Currents

(1)

3-1.4 Negative Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input

(1)

3-1.5 Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input

(2)

3-1.6 Design Procedure

(1)

3-1.7 Analysis Procedure

(1)

3-2 Inverting Adder and Audio Mixer

(3)

3-2.1 Inverting Adder

(1)

3-2.2 Audio Mixer

(1)

3-2.3 DC Offsetting an AC Signal

(2)

3-3 Multichannel Amplifier

(1)

3-3.1 The Need for a Multichannel Amplifier

(1)

3-3.2 Circuit Analysis

(1)

3-3.3 Design Procedure

(1)

3-4 Inverting Averaging Amplifier

(1)

3-5 Voltage Follower

(3)

3-5.1 Introduction

(2)

3-5.2 Using the Voltage Follower

(1)

3-6 Noninverting Amplifier

(4)

3-6.1 Circuit Analysis

(2)

3-6.2 Design Procedure

(2)

3-7 The "Ideal" Voltage Source

(3)

3-7.1 Definition and Awareness

(1)

3-7.2 The Unrecognized Ideal Voltage Source

(1)

3-7.3 The Practical Ideal Voltage Source

(2)

3-7.4 Precise Voltage Sources

(1)

3-8 Noninverting Adder

(1)

3-9 Single-Supply Operation

(1)

3-10 Difference Amplifiers

(3)

3-10.1 The Subtractor

(1)

3-10.2 Inverting-Noninverting Amplifier

(1)

3-11 Servoamplifier

(2)

3-11.1 Introduction

(1)

3-11.2 Servoamplifier Circuit Analysis

(1)

3-11.3 Delay Action

(1)

3-12 Designing a Signal Conditioning Circuit

(4)

3-13 PSpice Simulation

(5)

3-13.1 Inverting Amplifier--DC Input

(1)

3-13.2 Inverting Amplifier--AC Input

(2)

3-13.3 Inverting Adder

(1)

3-13.4 Noninverting Adder

(1)

Laboratory Exercises

(1)

Problems

(3)

4 COMPARATORS AND CONTROLS

(34)

Learning Objectives

(1)

4-0 Introduction

(1)

4-1 Effect of Noise on Comparator Circuits

(2)

4-2 Positive Feedback

(3)

4-2.1 Introduction

(1)

4-2.2 Upper-Threshold Voltage

(1)

4-2.3 Lower-Threshold Voltage

(2)

4-3 Zero-Crossing Detector with Hysteresis

(1)

4-3.1 Defining Hysteresis

(1)

4-3.2 Zero-Crossing Detector with Hysteresis as a Memory Element

(1)

4-4 Voltage-Level Detectors with Hysteresis

(5)

4-4.1 Introduction

(1)

4-4.2 Noninverting Voltage-Level Detector with Hysteresis

(2)

4-4.3 Inverting Voltage-Level Detector with Hysteresis

(2)

4-5 Voltage-Level Detector with Independent Adjustment of Hysteresis and Center Voltage

(3)

4-5.1 Introduction

(2)

4-5.2 Battery-Charger Control Circuit

100

(1)

4-6 On-Off Control Principles

101

(1)

4-6.1 Comparators in Process Control

101

(1)

4-6.2 The Room Thermostat as a Comparator

102

(1)

4-6.3 Selection/Design Guideline

102

(1)

4-7 An Independently Adjustable Setpoint Controller

102

(4)

4-7.1 Principle of Operation

102

(1)

4-7.2 Output-Input Characteristics of an Independently Adjustable Setpoint Controller

102

(1)

4-7.3 Choice of Setpoint Voltages

103

(1)

4-7.4 Circuit for Independently Adjustable Setpoint Voltage

104

(2)

4-7.5 Precautions

106

(1)

4-8 IC Precision Comparator, 111/311

106

(2)

4-8.1 Introduction

106

(1)

4-8.2 Output Terminal Operation

106

(1)

4-8.3 Strobe Terminal Operation

106

(2)

4-9 Biomedical Application

108

(2)

4-10 Window Detector

110

(1)

4-10.1 Introduction

110

(1)

4-10.2 Circuit Operation

100

(1)

4-11 Propagation Delay

110

(3)

4-11.1 Definition

110

(2)

4-11.2 Measurement of Propagation Delay

112

(1)

4-12 Using PSpice to Model and Simulate Comparator Circuits

113

(4)

4-12.1 Simulation of the Zero-Crossing Detector with Hysteresis

113

(2)

4-12.2 Window Detector

115

(2)

Laboratory Exercises

117

(1)

Problems

118

(2)

5 SELECTED APPLICATIONS OF OP AMPS

120

(27)

Learning Objectives

120

(1)

5-0 Introduction

121

(1)

5-1 High-Resistance DC Voltmeter

121

(2)

5-1.1 Basic Voltage-Measuring Circuit

121

(1)

5-1.2 Voltmeter Scale Changing

122

(1)

5-2 Universal High-Resistance Voltmeter

123

(2)

5-2.1 Circuit Operation

123

(1)

5-2.2 Design Procedure

124

(1)

5-3 Voltage-to-Current Converters: Floating Loads

125

(2)

5-3.1 Voltage Control of Load Current

125

(1)

5-3.2 Zener Diode Tester

125

(1)

5-3.3 Diode Tester

125

(2)

5-4 Light-Emitting-Diode Tester

127

(1)

5-5 Furnishing a Constant Current to a Grounded Load

128

(4)

5-5.1 Differential Voltage-to-Current Converter

128

(1)

5-5.2 Constant-High-Current Source, Grounded Load

129

(1)

5-5.3 Interfacing a Microcontroller Output to a 4- to-20-mA Teleprinter

130

(1)

5-5.4 4- to 2-mA Current Source

131

(1)

5-6 Short-Circuit Current Measurement and Current-to-Voltage Conversion

132

(2)

5-6.1 Introduction

115

(17)

5-6.2 Using the Op Amp to Measure Short-Circuit Current

132

(2)

5-7 Measuring Current from Photodetectors

134

(1)

5-7.1 Photoconductive Cell

134

(1)

5-7.2 Photodiode

135

(1)

5-8 Current Amplifier

135

(1)

5-9 Solar Cell Energy Measurements

136

(3)

5-9.1 Introduction to the Problems

136

(1)

5-9.2 Converting Solar Cell Short-Circuit Current to a Voltage

137

(1)

5-9.3 Current-Divider Circuit (Current-to-Current Converter)

138

(1)

5-10 Phase Shifter

139

(2)

5-10.1 Introduction

139

(1)

5-10.2 Phase-Shifter Circuit

140

(1)

5-11 Temperature-to-Voltage Converters

141

(1)

5-11.1 AD590 Temperature Transducer

141

(1)

5-11.2 Celsius Thermometer

142

(1)

5-11.3 Fahrenheit Thermometer

142

(1)

5-12 PSpice Simulation

142

(2)

Laboratory Exercises

144

(1)

Problems

145

(2)

6 SIGNAL GENERATORS

147

(37)

Learning Objectives

147

(1)

6-0 Introduction

148

(1)

6-1 Free-Running Multivibrator

148

(4)

6-1.1 Multivibrator Action

148

(2)

6-1.2 Frequency of Oscillation

150

(2)

6-2 One-Shot Multivibrator

152

(4)

6-2.1 Introduction

152

(1)

6-2.2 Stable State

152

(1)

6-2.3 Transition to the Timing State

153

(1)

6-2.4 Timing State

153

(2)

6-2.5 Duration of Output Pulse

155

(1)

6-2.6 Recovery Time

155

(1)

6-3 Triangle-Wave Generators

156

(5)

6-3.1 Theory of Operation

156

(2)

6-3.2 Frequency of Operation

158

(1)

6-3.3 Unipolar Triangle-Wave Generator

159

(2)

6-4 Sawtooth-Wave Generator

161

(5)

6-4.1 Circuit Operation

161

(1)

6-4.2 Sawtooth Waveshape Analysis

161

(1)

6-4.3 Design Procedure

161

(2)

6-4.4 Voltage-to-Frequency Converter

163

(1)

6-4.5 Frequency Modulation and Frequency Shift Keying

163

(1)

6-4.6 Disadvantages

164

(2)

6-5 Balanced Modulator/Demodulator, the AD630

166

(1)

6-5.1 Introduction

166

(1)

6-5.2 Input and Output Terminals

166

(1)

6-5.3 Input-Output Waveforms

166

(1)

6-6 Precision Triangle/Square-Wave Generator

166

(2)

6-6.1 Circuit Operation

166

(2)

6-6.2 Frequency of Oscillation

168

(1)

6-7 Sine-Wave Generation Survey

168

(1)

6-8 Universal Trigonometric Function Generator, the AD639

169

(2)

6-8.1 Introduction

169

(1)

6-8.2 Sine Function Operation

169

(2)

6-9 Precision Sine-Wave Generator

171

(4)

6-9.1 Circuit Operation

171

(3)

6-9.2 Frequency of Oscillation

174

(1)

6-9.3 High Frequency Waveform Generator

174

(1)

6-10 PSpice Simulation of Signal Generator Circuit

175

(6)

6-10.1 Free-Running Multivibrator

175

(2)

6-10.2 One-Shot Multivibrator

177

(1)

6-10.3 Bipolar Triangle-Wave Generator

178

(1)

6-10.4 Unipolar Triangle-Wave Generator

179

(2)

Laboratory Exercises

181

(1)

Problems

182

(2)

7 OP AMPS WITH DIODES

184

(30)

Learning Objectives

184

(1)

7-0 Introduction to Precision Rectifiers

185

(1)

7-1 Linear Half-Wave Rectifiers

186

(5)

7-1.1 Introduction

186

(1)

7-1.2 Inverting Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, Positive Output

187

(2)

7-1.3 Inverting Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, Negative Output

189

(1)

7-1.4 Signal Polarity Separator

190

(1)

7-2 Precision Rectifiers: The Absolute-Value Circuit

191

(4)

7-2.1 Introduction

191

(1)

7-2.2 Types of Precision Full-Wave Rectifiers

192

(3)

7-3 Peak Detectors

195

(2)

7-3.1 Positive Peak Follower and Hold

195

(2)

7-3.2 Negative Peak Follower and Hold

197

(1)

7-4 AC-to-DC Converter

197

(3)

7-4.1 AC-to-DC Conversion or MAV Circuit

197

(2)

7-4.2 Precision Rectifier with Grounded Summing Inputs

199

(1)

7-4.3 AC-to-DC Converter

200

(1)

7-5 Dead-Zone Circuits

200

(5)

7-5.1 Introduction

200

(1)

7-5.2 Dead-Zone Circuit with Negative Output

200

(2)

7-5.3 Dead-Zone Circuit with Positive Output

202

(3)

7-5.4 Bipolar-Output Dead-Zone Circuit

205

(1)

7-6 Precision Clipper

205

(1)

7-7 Triangular-to-Sine Wave Converter

205

(1)

7-8 PSpice Simulation of OP Amps with Diodes

206

(6)

7-8.1 Linear Half-Wave Rectifier

206

(2)

7-8.2 Precision Full-Wave Rectifier

208

(2)

7-8.3 Mean-Absolute-Value Amplifier

210

(2)

Laboratory Exercises

212

(1)

Problems

213

(1)

8 DIFFERENTIAL, INSTRUMENTATION, AND BRIDGE AMPLIFIERS

214

(35)

Learning Objectives

214

(1)

8-0 Introduction

215

(1)

8-1 Basic Differential Amplifier

215

(2)

8-1.1 Introduction

215

(2)

8-1.2 Common-Mode Voltage

217

(1)

8-2 Differential versus Single-Input Amplifiers

217

(2)

8-2.1 Measurement with a Single-Input Amplifier

217

(1)

8-2.2 Measurement with a Differential Amplifier

218

(1)

8-3 Improving the Basic Differential Amplifier

219

(3)

8-3.1 Increasing Input Resistance

219

(1)

8-3.2 Adjustable Gain

219

(3)

8-4 Instrumentation Amplifier

222

(3)

8-4.1 Circuit Operation

222

(2)

8-4.2 Referencing Output Voltage

224

(1)

8-5 Sensing and Measuring with the Instrumentation Amplifier

225

(4)

8-5.1 Sense Terminal

225

(1)

8-5.2 Differential Voltage Measurements

226

(1)

8-5.3 Differential Voltage-to-Current Converter

227

(2)

8-6 The Instrumentation Amplifier as a Signal Conditioning Circuit

229

(2)

8-6.1 Introduction to the Strain Gage

229

(1)

8-6.2 Strain Gage Material

229

(1)

8-6.3 Using Strain-Gage Data

230

(1)

8-6.4 Strain-Gage Mounting

231

(1)

8-6.5 Strain-Gage Resistance Changes

231

(1)

8-7 Measurement of Small Resistance Changes

231

(3)

8-7.1 Need for a Resistance Bridge

231

(1)

8-7.2 Basic Resistance Bridge

232

(1)

8-7.3 Thermal Effect on Bridge Balance

233

(1)

8-8 Balancing a Strain-Gage Bridge

234

(1)

8-8.1 The Obvious Technique

234

(1)

8-8.2 The Better Technique

234

(1)

8-9 Increasing Strain-Gage Bridge Output

235

(2)

8-10 Practical Strain-Gage Application

237

(2)

8-11 Measurement of Pressure, Force, and Weight

239

(1)

8-12 Basic Bridge Amplifier

239

(5)

8-12.1 Introduction

239

(1)

8-12.2 Basic Bridge Circuit Operations

240

(1)

8-12.3 Temperature Measurement with a Bridge Circuit

241

(3)

8-12.4 Bridge Amplifiers and Computers

244

(1)

8-13 Adding Versatility to the Bridge Amplifier

244

(1)

8-13.1 Grounded Transducers

244

(1)

8-13.2 High-Current Transducers

244

(1)

Laboratory Exercises

245

(1)

Problems

246

(3)

9 DC PERFORMANCE: BIAS, OFFSETS, AND DRIFT

249

(21)

Learning Objectives

249

(1)

9-0 Introduction

250

(1)

9-1 Input Bias Currents

251

(1)

9-2 Input Bias Currents

252

(1)

9-3 Effect of Bias Currents on Output Voltage

253

(3)

9-3.1 Simplification

253

(1)

9-3.2 Effect of (-) Input Bias Current

253

(2)

9-3.3 Effect of (+) Input Bias Current

255

(1)

9-4 Effect of Offset Current on Output Voltage

256

(2)

9-4.1 Current-Compensating the Voltage Follower

256

(1)

9-4.2 Current-Compensating Other Amplifiers

257

(1)

9-4.3 Summary on Bias-Current Compensation

257

(1)

9-5 Input Offset Voltage

258

(3)

9-5.1 Definition and Model

258

(1)

9-5.2 Effect of Input Offset Voltage on Output Voltage

259

(1)

9-5.3 Measurement of Input Offset Voltage

259

(2)

9-6 Input Offset Voltage for the Adder Circuit

261

(1)

9-6.1 Comparison of Signal Gain and Offset Voltage Gain

261

(1)

9-6.2 How Not to Eliminate the Effects of Offset Voltage

262

(1)

9-7 Nulling-Out Effect of Offset Voltage and Bias Currents

262

(2)

9-7.1 Design or Analysis Sequence

262

(1)

9-7.2 Null Circuits for Offset Voltage

263

(1)

9-7.3 Nulling Procedure for Output Voltage

264

(1)

9-8 Drift

264

(2)

9-9 Measurement of Offset Voltage and Bias Currents

266

(1)

Laboratory Exercises

267

(1)

Problems

268

(2)

10 AC PERFORMANCE: BANDWIDTH, SLEW RATE, NOISE

270

(19)

Learning Objectives

270

(1)

10-0 Introduction

271

(1)

10-1 Frequency Response of the Op Amp

271

(4)

10-1.1 Internal Frequency Compensation

271

(1)

10-1.2 Frequency-Response Curve

272

(1)

10-1.3 Unity-Gain Bandwidth

273

(1)

10-1.4 Rise Time

274

(1)

10-2 Amplifier Gain and Frequency Response

275

(5)

10-2.1 Effect of Open-Loop Gain on Closed-Loop Gain of an Amplifier, DC Operation

275

(2)

10-2.2 Small-Signal Bandwidth, Low-and High-Frequency Limits

277

(1)

10-2.3 Measuring Frequency Response

278

(1)

10-2.4 Bandwidth of Inverting and Noninverting Amplifiers

278

(1)

10-2.5 Finding Bandwidth by a Graphical Method

279

(1)

10-3 Slew Rate and Output Voltage

280

(5)

10-3.1 Definition of Slew Rate

281

(1)

10-3.2 Cause of Slew-Rate Limiting

281

(1)

10-3.3 Slew-Rate Limiting of Sine Waves

281

(3)

10-3.4 Slew Rate Made Easy

284

(1)

10-4 Noise in the Output Voltage

285

(1)

10-4.1 Introduction

285

(1)

10-4.2 Noise in Op Amp Circuits

285

(1)

10-4.3 Noise Gain

286

(1)

10-4.4 Noise in the Inverting Adder

286

(1)

10-5.5 Summary

286

(1)

Laboratory Exercises

286

(2)

Problems

288

(1)

11 ACTIVE FILTERS

289

(38)

Learning Objectives

289

(1)

11-0 Introduction

290

(1)

11-1 Basic Low-Pass Filter

291

(3)

11-1.1 Introduction

291

(1)

11-1.2 Designing the Filter

292

(2)

11-1.3 Filter Response

294

(1)

11-2 Introduction to the Butterworth Filter

294

(1)

11-3 -40-dB/Decade Low-Pass Butterworth Filter

295

(2)

11-3.1 Simplified Design Procedure

295

(2)

11-3.2 Filter Response

297

(1)

11-4 -60-dB/Decade Low-Pass Butterworth Filter

297

(3)

11-4.1 Simplified Design Procedure

297

(2)

11-4.2 Filter Response

299

(1)

11-5 High-Pass Butterworth Filters

300

(7)

11-5.1 Introduction

300

(1)

11-5.2 20-dB/Decade Filter

301

(2)

11-5.3 40-dB/Decade Filter

303

(1)

11-5.4 60-dB/Decade Filter

304

(2)

11-5.5 Comparison of Magnitudes and Phase Angles

306

(1)

11-6 Introduction to Bandpass Filters

307

(3)

11-6.1 Frequency Response

307

(1)

11-6.2 Bandwidth

308

(1)

11-6.3 Quality Factor

309

(1)

11-6.4 Narrowband and Wideband Filters

309

(1)

11-7 Basic Wideband Filter

310

(1)

11-7.1 Cascading

310

(1)

11-7.2 Wideband Filter Circuit

310

(1)

11-7.3 Frequency Response

310

(1)

11-8 Narrowband Bandpass Filters

311

(3)

11-8.1 Narrowband Filter Circuit

312

(1)

11-8.2 Performance

312

(1)

11-8.3 Stereo-Equalizer Octave Filter

313

(1)

11-9 Notch Filters

314

(1)

11-9.1 Introduction

314

(1)

11-9.2 Notch Filter Theory

315

(1)

11-10 120-Hz Notch Filter

315

(2)

11-10.1 Need for a Notch Filter

315

(1)

11-10.2 Statement of the Problem

316

(1)

11-10.3 Procedure to Make a Notch Filter

316

(1)

11-10.4 Bandpass Filter Components

316

(1)

11-10.5 Final Assembly

317

(1)

11-11 Simulation of Active Filter Circuits Using PSpice

317

(6)

11-11.1 Low Pass Filter

318

(2)

11-11.2 High Pass Filter

320

(1)

11-11.3 Bandpass Filter

321

(2)

Laboratory Exercises

323

(2)

Problems

325

(2)

12 MODULATING, DEMODULATING, AND FREQUENCY CHANGING WITH THE MULTIPLIER

327

(33)

Learning Objectives

327

(1)

12-0 Introduction

328

(1)

12-1 Multiplying DC Voltages

328

(3)

12-1.1 Multiplier Scale Factor

328

(1)

12-1.2 Multiplier Quadrants

329

(2)

12-2 Squaring a Number or DC Voltage

331

(1)

12-3 Frequency Doubling

331

(3)

12-3.1 Principle of the Frequency Doubler

331

(1)

12-3.2 Squaring a Sinusoidal Voltage

332

(2)

12-4 Phase-Angle Detection

334

(3)

12-4.1 Basic Theory

334

(2)

12-4.2 Phase-Angle Meter

336

(1)

12-4.3 Phase Angles Greater than XXX90XXX

337

(1)

12-5 Analog Divider

337

(2)

12-6 Finding Square Roots

339

(1)

12-7 Introduction to Amplitude Modulation

339

(6)

12-7.1 Need for Amplitude Modulation

339

(1)

12-7.2 Defining Amplitude Modulation

340

(1)

12-7.3 The Multiplier Used as a Modulator

340

(1)

12-7.4 Mathematics of a Balanced Modulator

340

(2)

12-7.5 Sum and Difference Frequencies

342

(2)

12-7.6 Side Frequencies and Sidebands

344

(1)

12-8 Standard Amplitude Modulation

345

(4)

12-8.1 Amplitude Modulator Circuit

345

(3)

12-8.2 Frequency Spectrum of a Standard AM Modulator

348

(1)

12-8.3 Comparison of Standard AM Modulators and Balanced Modulators

349

(1)

12-9 Demodulating an AM Voltage

349

(4)

12-10 Demodulating a Balanced Modulator Voltage

353

(1)

12-11 Single-Side and Modulation and Demodulation

353

(1)

12-12 Frequency Shifting

353

(2)

12-13 Universal Amplitude Modulation Receiver

355

(3)

12-13.1 Tuning and Mixing

355

(2)

12-13.2 Intermediate-Frequency Amplifier

357

(1)

12-13.3 Detection Process

357

(1)

12-13.4 Universal AM Receiver

357

(1)

Laboratory Exercises

358

(1)

Problems

358

(2)

13 INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT TIMERS

360

(38)

Learning Objectives

360

(1)

13-0 Introduction

361

(1)

13-1 Operating Modes of the 555 Timer

362

(1)

13-2 Terminals of the 555

363

(6)

13-2.1 Packaging and Power Supply Terminals

363

(1)

13-2.2 Output Terminal

364

(1)

13-2.3 Reset Terminal

364

(1)

13-2.4 Discharge Terminal

364

(1)

13-2.5 Control Voltage Terminal

364

(1)

13-2.6 Trigger and Threshold Terminals

364

(2)

13-2.7 Power-on Time Delays

366

(3)

13-3 Free-Running or Astable Operation

369

(4)

13-3.1 Circuit Operation

369

(1)

13-3.2 Frequency of Oscillation

369

(2)

13-3.3 Duty Cycle

371

(1)

13-3.4 Extending the Duty Cycle

372

(1)

13-4 Applications of the 555 as an Astable Multivibrator

373

(3)

13-4.1 Tone-Burst Oscillator

373

(2)

13-4.2 Voltage-Controlled Frequency Shifter

375

(1)

13-5 One-Shot or Monostable Operation

376

(3)

13-5.1 Introduction

376

(2)

13-5.2 Input Pulse Circuit

378

(1)

13-6 Applications of the 555 as a One-Shot Multivibrator

379

(3)

13-6.1 Water-Level Fill Control

379

(1)

13-6.2 Touch Switch

379

(1)

13-6.3 Frequency Divider

380

(1)

13-6.4 Missing Pulse Detector

381

(1)

13-7 Introduction to Counter Timers

382

(1)

13-8 The XR 2240 Programmable Timer/Counter

383

(4)

13-8.1 Circuit Description

383

(1)

13-8.2 Counter Operation

384

(2)

13-8.3 Programming the Outputs

386

(1)

13-9 Timer/Counter Applications

387

(5)

13-9.1 Timing Applications

387

(1)

13-9.2 Free-Running Oscillator, Synchronized Outputs

388

(1)

13-9.3 Binary Pattern Signal Generator

389

(1)

13-9.4 Frequency Synthesizer

390

(2)

13-10 Switch Programmable Timer

392

(1)

13-10.1 Timing Intervals

392

(1)

13-10.2 Circuit Operation

392

(1)

13-11 PSpice Simulation of 555 Timer

392

(5)

13-11.1 Astable or Free-Running Multivibrator

392

(3)

13-11.2 Tone-Burst-Control Circuit

395

(2)

Laboratory Exercises

397

(1)

Problems

397

(1)

14 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG AND ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS

398

(43)

Learning Objectives

398

(1)

14-0 Introduction

399

(1)

14-1 DAC Characteristics

399

(3)

14-1.1 Resolution

399

(2)

14-1.2 Output-Input Equation

401

(1)

14-2 ADC Characteristics

402

(2)

14-2.1 Output-Input Equation

402

(2)

14-2.2 Quantization Error

404

(1)

14-3 Digital-to-Analog Conversion Process

404

(3)

14-3.1 Block Diagram

404

(1)

14-3.2 R-2R Ladder Network

405

(1)

14-3.3 Ladder Currents

406

(1)

14-3.4 Ladder Equation

407

(1)

14-4 Voltage Output DACs

407

(2)

14-5 Multiplying DAC

409

(1)

14-6 8-Bit Digital-to-Analog Converter; the DAC-08

410

(6)

14-6.1 Power Supply Terminals

410

(1)

14-6.2 Reference (Multiplying) Terminal

410

(1)

14-6.3 Digital Input Terminals

410

(2)

14-6.4 Analog Output Currents

412

(1)

14-6.5 Unipolar Output Voltage

413

(1)

14-6.6 Bipolar Analog Output Voltage

414

(2)

14-7 Microprocessor Compatibility

416

(1)

14-7.1 Interfacing Principles

416

(1)

14-7.2 Memory Buffer Registers

416

(1)

14-7.3 The Selection Process

416

(1)

14-8 AD558 Microprocessor-Compatible DAC

417

(4)

14-8.1 Introduction

417

(2)

14-8.2 Power Supply

419

(1)

14-8.3 Digital Inputs

419

(1)

14-8.4 Logic Circuitry

419

(1)

14-8.5 Analog Output

419

(2)

14-8.6 Dynamic Test Circuit

421

(1)

14-9 Integrating ADC

421

(4)

14-9.1 Types of ADCs

421

(1)

14-9.2 Principles of Operation

421

(2)

14-9.3 Signal Integrate Phase, T(1)

423

(1)

14-9.4 Reference Integrate Phase, T(2)

423

(1)

14-9.5 The Conversion

424

(1)

14-9.6 Auto-Zero

425

(1)

14-9.7 Summary

425

(1)

14-10 Successive Approximation ADC

425

(3)

14-10.1 Circuit Operation

426

(1)

14-10.2 Successive Approximation Analogy

426

(2)

14-10.3 Conversion Time

428

(1)

14-11 ADCs for Microprocessors

428

(1)

14-12 AD670 Microprocessor-Compatible ADC

429

(3)

14-12.1 Analog Input Voltage Terminals

429

(1)

14-12.2 Digital Output Terminals

429

(2)

14-12.3 Input Option Terminal

431

(1)

14-12.4 Output Option Terminal

431

(1)

14-12.5 Microprocessor Control Terminals

432

(1)

14-13 Testing the AD670

432

(2)

14-14 Flash Converters

434

(1)

14-14.1 Principles of Operation

434

(1)

14-14.2 Conversion Time

434

(1)

14-15 Frequency Response of ADCs

434

(3)

14-15.1 Aperture Error

434

(2)

14-15.2 Sample-and-Hold Amplifier

436

(1)

Laboratory Exercises

437

(2)

Problems

439

(2)

15 POWER SUPPLIES

441

(28)

Learning Objectives

441

(1)

15-0 Introduction

442

(1)

15-1 Introduction to the Unregulated Power Supply

442

(3)

15-1.1 Power Transformer

442

(2)

15-1.2 Rectifier Diodes

444

(1)

15-1.3 Positive versus Negative Supplies

444

(1)

15-1.4 Filter Capacitor

445

(1)

15-1.5 Load

445

(1)

15-2 DC Voltage Regulation

445

(4)

15-2.1 Load Voltage Variations

445

(1)

15-2.2 DC Voltage Regulation Curve

446

(1)

15-2.3 DC Model of a Power Supply

447

(2)

15-2.4 Percent Regulation

449

(1)

15-3 AC Ripple Voltage

449

(3)

15-3.1 Predicting AC Ripple Voltage

449

(2)

15-3.2 Ripple Voltage Frequency and Percent Ripple

451

(1)

15-3.3 Controlling Ripple Voltage

452

(1)

15-4 Design Procedure for a Full-Wave Bridge Unregulated Supply

452

(4)

15-4.1 Design Specification, General

452

(4)

15-5 Bipolar and Two-Value Unregulated Power Supplies

456

(1)

15-5.1 Bipolar or Positive and Negative Power Supplies

456

(1)

15-5.2 Two-Value Power Supplies

457

(1)

15-6 Need for Voltage Regulation

457

(1)

15-7 The History of Linear Voltage Regulators

457

(1)

15-7.1 The First Generation

457

(1)

15-7.2 The Second Generation

458

(1)

15-7.3 The Third Generation

458

(1)

15-8 Linear IC Voltage Regulators

458

(2)

15-8.1 Classification

458

(1)

15-8.2 Common Characteristics

458

(2)

15-8.3 Self-Protection Circuits

460

(1)

15-8.4 External Protection

460

(1)

15-8.5 Ripple Reduction

460

(1)

15-9 Power Supply for Logic Circuits

460

(1)

15-9.1 The Regulator Circuit

460

(1)

15-9.2 The Unregulated Supply

461

(1)

15-10 XXX15-V Power Supplies for Linear Application

461

(2)

15-10.1 High-Current XXX 15-V Regulator

461

(1)

15-10.2 Low-Current XXX 15-V Regulator

462

(1)

15-10.3 Unregulated Supply for the XXX 15-V Regulators

463

(1)

15-11 Adjustable Three-Terminal Positive Voltage Regulator (the LM317HV) and Negative Voltage Regulator (the LM337HV)

463

(1)

15-12 Load Voltage Adjustment

463

(3)

15-12.1 Adjusting the Positive Regulated Output Voltage

463

(2)

15-12.2 Characteristics of the LM317HVK

465

(1)

15-12.3 Adjustable Negative-Voltage Regulator

465

(1)

15-12.4 External Protection

465

(1)

15-13 Adjustable Laboratory-Type Voltage Regulator

466

(1)

15-14 Other Linear Regulators

467

(1)

Laboratory Exercise

467

(1)

Problems

467

(2)

APPENDIX 1 XXXA741 FREQUENCY-COMPENSATED OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

469

(10)

APPENDIX 2 LM301 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

479

(7)

APPENDIX 3 LM311 VOLTAGE COMPARATOR

486

(7)

APPENDIX 4 LM117 3-TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR

493

(6)

ANSWERS TO SELECTED ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

499

(6)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

505

(2)

INDEX

507

Please wait while the item is added to your bag...

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Operational Amplifiers and Linear Intergrated Circuits

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials