Fundamentals of Environmental Management

, by Erickson, Steven L.; King, Brian J.

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ISBN: 9780471291343 | 047129134X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/5/1999

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A powerful tool in the hands of environmental managers, plant managers, and environmental, health, and safety managers for manufacturing firms, Fundamentals of Environmental Management is also an excellent text for graduate students in environmental management programs and an important reference for environmental attorneys and consultants.

Foreword

xvii

Preface

xix

Acknowledgments

xxi

Environmental Management Overview

(4)

Introduction to Environmental Law

(6)

Statutes, Regulations, and Executive Orders

(2)

Common-Law Theories of Liability

(1)

Cardinal Principles of Administrative Law

(1)

History of Environmental Law

(3)

Summary of the Clean Air Act

(6)

Ambient Air Quality Standards

(1)

State Implementation Plans (SIPs)

(1)

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)

(1)

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)

(1)

Nonattainment Areas

(1)

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

(1)

Visibility Protection for Federal Class I Areas

(1)

Air Operating Permits

(1)

Mobile Sources

(1)

Acid Rain Control Program

(1)

Stratospheric Ozone Protection

(2)

Air Emission Inventory and Analysis

(8)

Identifying Sources

(2)

Actual versus Potential Emissions

(1)

Estimating Emissions

(2)

Creating the Inventory

(1)

Determining Permit Requirements

(2)

Permits to Construct

(6)

PTC General Requirements

(1)

Specific Application Requirements

(2)

Process Description

(1)

Site Plans

(1)

Equipment List

(1)

Air Emissions Inventory

(1)

PTC Appendixes

(1)

Other Potential PTC Application Requirements

(2)

Permitting Major Sources---PSD and NSR

(10)

Attainment and Nonattainment Areas

(2)

New or Modified Source Determinations

(2)

Preapplication Monitoring

(1)

Determining Best Available Control Technology (BACT)

(2)

Determining the Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER)

(1)

Modeling Visibility Impacts in Class I Areas

(1)

PSD and NSR Application Process

(1)

Implementing Permit Requirements

(1)

Air Operating Permits

(6)

Qualifying Facilities

(1)

Application Process

(1)

Implementing Air Operating Permits

(1)

Compliance Assurance Monitoring (CAM)

(3)

National Emission Standards for Air Pollutants

(6)

New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) Sources

(2)

NSPS Triggers

(1)

NSPS Performance Provisions

(1)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)

(4)

List of Hazardous Air Pollutants

(1)

MACT Determinations

(1)

MACT Implementation

(1)

Early Reduction Extensions

(2)

Ozone-Depleting Chemicals (ODCs)

(6)

Substances of Concern

(1)

Production and Consumption Phaseouts

(1)

Managing Remaining ODC-Containing Equipment

(4)

Risk Management Plans

(10)

RMP Applicability

(2)

Program Level Determination

(1)

Program Level Requirements

(1)

Hazard Assessments

(2)

Worst-Case Release Scenario

(1)

Alternative Release Scenarios

(1)

Five-Year Accident History

(1)

Prevention Program Requirements

(1)

Emergency Response Program

(1)

Risk Management Plans and Other Requirements

(2)

Asbestos Management

(8)

Clean Air Act Requirements

(1)

Notification Requirements

(1)

Procedures for Asbestos Emission Control

(1)

Preparation of Asbestos for Disposal

(1)

Asbestos Waste Disposal Sites

(1)

OSHA and Worker Safety

(4)

Exposure Monitoring

(1)

Methods of Compliance

(1)

Respirators

(1)

Regulated Areas

(1)

Labels

(1)

Record Keeping

(1)

Protective Clothing

(1)

Hygiene Facilities and Practices

(1)

Medical Exams

(1)

Asbestos Management Procedures

(2)

Asbestos Survey

(1)

Asbestos Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Program

(1)

Asbestos Abatement Activities

(2)

Summary of Clean Water Regulation

(4)

Water Discharge Permits

(1)

Storm Water Discharges

(1)

Obligations of Indirect Dischargers

(1)

Water Quality Standards

(1)

Surface Water Runoff

(1)

Dredge and Fill Permits

(1)

Groundwater Protection and Control

(1)

Spill Prevention and Notification

(1)

Water Quality Regulation

(6)

Establishment of Water Quality Standards

(1)

Antidegradation

(1)

Identification of Water Quality Stream Segments

(1)

The TMDL Process

(1)

Control of Nonpoint Sources

(2)

Best Management Practices (BMPs)

(1)

Watershed Management

(1)

Water Discharges

(14)

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permits

(5)

Technology-Based Effluent Limitations

(2)

Water Quality-Based Effluent Limitations

(1)

NPDES Permitting Practices

(1)

Industrial Discharges into Publicly Owned Treatment Works

(1)

Storm Water Discharges

(4)

Individual Permits

(1)

Group Permits

(1)

General Permits

(2)

Dredge and Fill Permits

(4)

Exempted Activity

(1)

General Permits

(1)

Individual Permits

(2)

The Safe Drinking Water Act

101

(6)

Applicability of the SDWA

101

(1)

Public Water Systems

102

(3)

Enforcement Responsibilities

105

(1)

Protection of Underground Sources of Drinking Water

106

(1)

Emergency Powers

106

(1)

Groundwater

107

(8)

Groundwater Basics

107

(2)

Studies and Permits

109

(1)

Use and Treatment

110

(1)

Groundwater Protection Monitoring

110

(1)

Testing Requirements

111

(1)

Remediation

112

(3)

Water Rights

115

(6)

Water Rights Systems

115

(1)

Riparian Rights

115

(1)

Prior Appropriation

116

(1)

Hybrid Systems

116

(1)

Other Systems

116

(1)

Permit Programs

116

(1)

Water Rights Management

117

(4)

Establishment of Water Rights

117

(1)

Documenting Use

117

(2)

Excess Water Rights

119

(2)

Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

121

(14)

Federal Regulation of Solid Waste

121

(1)

State Solid Waste Management

122

(1)

Federal Regulation of Hazardous Wastes

123

(2)

Listed Hazardous Wastes

124

(1)

Hazardous Characteristics

125

(1)

General Standards Applicable to Hazardous Waste Generators

125

(1)

Hazardous Waste Generator Categories

126

(1)

Hazardous Waste Management Practices

127

(1)

Standards for Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities

128

(1)

Used Oil

129

(1)

State Hazardous Waste Programs

129

(1)

Solid Waste Minimization and Recycling

130

(1)

Selecting a Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility

131

(2)

Compliance History

131

(1)

On-Site Inspection

131

(1)

Financial Analysis

132

(1)

Review of Customer List

132

(1)

Proper Management Methods

133

(1)

Waste Management Contracts

133

(1)

Periodic Review of the Management Facility

133

(1)

Underground Storage Tanks

133

(2)

Superfund Liability

135

(8)

Spills and Discharges of Hazardous Substances

136

(1)

Remedial Action

136

(2)

EPA's Evaluation of Superfund Sites

138

(1)

Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study

139

(1)

Involvement with EPA and PRP Groups

140

(1)

Settlements Under Superfund

140

(1)

Minimizing Superfund Liability

141

(1)

State Superfund Legislation

142

(1)

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know

143

(12)

Emergency Planning and Notification

144

(3)

Threshold Planning Quantity (TPQ) Determinations

145

(1)

Notification Requirements

145

(2)

Continuous Releases

147

(1)

Chemical Inventory Reports

147

(2)

Annual Toxic Chemical Release Reports (Form R)

149

(2)

Facilities Subject to Toxic Chemical Release Reporting

149

(1)

Threshold Determinations

150

(1)

Form R Reports

151

(1)

Supplier Notification Requirements

151

(1)

EPA's Toxic Release Inventory

151

(4)

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)

155

(6)

Premanufacture Notification

155

(1)

Prohibition of Use

156

(1)

Testing Requirements

156

(1)

Required Record Keeping

156

(2)

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

158

(3)

PCB Management Programs

159

(2)

Spill Prevention and Response Plans

161

(6)

Oil Spill Prevention Plan Applicability

161

(2)

Spill Plan Requirements

163

(1)

SPCC Plan Certification and Approval

163

(1)

Facility Spill Response Plans

163

(4)

Environmental Impact Statements

167

(6)

The NEPA Process

167

(2)

Required Content of an EIS

169

(1)

Planning for NEPA Compliance

169

(3)

State Environmental Policy Acts

172

(1)

Risk Assessments

173

(8)

Risk Assessment Methodology

174

(3)

Hazard Identification

175

(1)

Exposure Assessment

175

(1)

Toxicity Assessment

176

(1)

Risk Characterization

176

(1)

Ecological Exposure Assessment

177

(2)

Species Selection

177

(1)

Exposure Concentrations

178

(1)

Uncertainties

179

(1)

Risk Assessment Communications

179

(2)

Basic Environmental Management Programs

181

(12)

Data Collection and Record Keeping

181

(2)

Monitoring and Analytical Testing

183

(1)

Reporting

184

(2)

Schedules and Planning

186

(1)

Managing Permit Compliance

187

(1)

Process Knowledge

187

(1)

Capital Program Input

188

(1)

Environmental Communications

188

(1)

Citizen Involvement

189

(1)

Culture and Integration

190

(1)

Other Key Areas of Environmental Management

191

(2)

Environmental Management and Compliance Oversight Programs

193

(8)

Environmental Compliance Audits

193

(2)

Environmental Management Assessments

195

(2)

Compliance-Focused Environmental Management Systems

197

(4)

Integrating Environmental and Safety Management

201

(10)

Overview of the Occupational Safety and Health Act

201

(2)

Background

201

(1)

To Whom Does the Act Apply?

202

(1)

General Provisions of the Act

202

(1)

OSHA Hazard Communication Standard

203

(4)

Hazard Determination

203

(1)

Written Hazard Communication Program

204

(1)

Employee Information and Training

204

(1)

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)

205

(1)

Container Labeling

206

(1)

Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals

207

(3)

Employee Participation

207

(1)

Process Safety Information

208

(1)

Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)

208

(1)

Operating Procedures

208

(1)

Training

208

(1)

Contractors

209

(1)

Prestart-up Safety Review

209

(1)

Mechanical Integrity

209

(1)

Hot Work Permit

209

(1)

Management of Change

209

(1)

Incident Investigation

209

(1)

Emergency Planning and Response

210

(1)

Compliance Audits

210

(1)

Trade Secrets

210

(1)

Management Procedures

210

(1)

Managing Relationships with Agencies

211

(6)

Environmental Agency Overview

211

(4)

The Environmental Protection Agency

212

(1)

The State and Local Environmental Agencies

213

(2)

Dynamics of Relationships with Agencies

215

(1)

Trade Associations and Government Affairs

215

(2)

Enforcement

217

(14)

Federal Inspection Authority

217

(2)

Clean Air Act

218

(1)

Clean Water Act

218

(1)

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

218

(1)

Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act

219

(1)

Toxic Substances Control Act

219

(1)

Multimedia Inspections

219

(1)

How to Handle Regulatory Inspections

220

(2)

How to Handle an Environmental Criminal Investigation

222

(1)

Federal Civil Penalties

222

(1)

Federal Criminal Penalties

223

(4)

Criminal Provisions of Environmental Laws

223

(2)

Prosecution of Environmental Crimes

225

(2)

Avoiding Criminal Liability for Violations of Environmental Laws

227

(1)

Citizen Suits

227

(4)

Statutory Authority

227

(1)

Practical Advice Regarding Citizen Suits

228

(3)

Managing Beyond Compliance

231

(14)

Pollution Prevention

231

(2)

Overview

231

(1)

Pollution Prevention Initiatives

232

(1)

Managing Pollution Prevention Programs

233

(1)

Chemical Management and Minimization

233

(3)

Overview

233

(1)

Chemical Inventory

234

(1)

Chemical Minimization

234

(1)

Existing Chemical Review

235

(1)

Central Chemical Control System

236

(1)

ISO 14000

236

(3)

Overview

236

(1)

ISO 14001

237

(1)

Why Implement ISO 14001?

238

(1)

EPA Industry Partnerships

239

(2)

Beyond the Command and Control Approach

239

(1)

Project XL

240

(1)

Life Cycle Assessments

241

(4)

Appendix A Acronyms

245

(10)

Appendix B Glossary

255

(24)

Appendix C Example Environmental Filing Index

279

(4)

Appendix D General Environmental Audit Checklist

283

(4)

Appendix E Washington State Environmental Policy Act Environmental Checklist

287

(10)

Appendix F NPDES Permit General Conditions

297

(6)

Appendix G Effluent Guidelines Example: Organic Pesticide Chemicals

303

(4)

Appendix H Notification of Demolition and Renovation

307

(4)

Appendix I EPA Form R

311

(6)

Appendix J The Clean Sound Cooperative, Inc.: What Is It?

317

(6)

Index

323

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Fundamentals of Environmental Management

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials