Psychological Testing

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ISBN: 9780205142149 | 0205142141
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/24/1995

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This book fills the gap in the undergraduate market for a one that is manageable both in length and in readability. Students learn not only what kinds of information are provided by testing, but also how to construct, administer, and evaluate tests themselves.

Preface

xiii

Using This Book

xvii

PART I PRINCIPLES OF TEST DESIGN

(126)

Overview

(2)

Introduction to Psychological Testing

(26)

Testing and Assessment

(3)

A More Precise Definition of ``Test''

(1)

Comparing Testing to Other Assessments

(2)

Use of Psychological Tests

(3)

Rating

(1)

Placement

(1)

Selection

(1)

Competency and Proficiency

(1)

Diagnosis

(1)

Outcome Evaluation

(1)

Characteristics of a Good Test

(4)

Design Properties

(2)

Psychometric Properties

(2)

Testing and Scales of Measurement

(5)

Scales of Measurement

(4)

Why Scale of Measurement Matters

(1)

Measuring Psychological versus Physical Characteristics

(3)

Why Psychological Measurement is Less Precise

(1)

Why Psychological Measurement is Less Direct

(2)

Sources of Information About Tests

(1)

Regulations Governing the Use of Tests

(1)

Pros and Cons of Testing

(2)

Summary and Key Concepts

(1)

Questions

(2)

Issues in Test Design

(32)

Tests Differing in Purpose

(14)

Test Domain

(6)

Test Audience

(1)

Test Score Type

(6)

Tests Differing in Content

(8)

Knowledge or Skill Domains: Test Plans

(4)

Behavioral Domains: Task Analysis

(2)

Construct Domains: Construct Explication

(1)

Tests Differing in Administration Format

(5)

Individual Administration

(2)

Group Administration

(1)

Computer-assisted Administration

(1)

Summary and Key Concepts

(2)

Questions

(2)

Design of Ability Tests

(32)

Basic Design Issues

(2)

Alternate Choice Formats

(7)

True/False Items

(1)

Matching Items

(1)

Multiple-choice Items

(5)

Free-Response Formats

(4)

Completion Items

(1)

Short Answer

(1)

Essay

(1)

Comparing Alternate-Choice and Free-Response Items

(1)

Selecting a Scoring System

(13)

Correction for Guessing

(1)

Norm-referenced Scores

(8)

Criterion-referenced Scores

(4)

Comparing Norm-and Criterion-Referenced Scores

(1)

Summary and key Concepts

(2)

Questions

(1)

Design of Typical Performance Tests

(34)

Objective Tests: Personality and Interests

(12)

Item Formats

(4)

Response Bias and Item Format

(3)

Item Selection and Scale Construction

102

(4)

Generating Norm-referenced Scores

106

(1)

Projective Tests: Personality

107

(7)

Logic of Projective Testing

108

(1)

Item Formats

109

(1)

Item Selection and Scale Construction

110

(4)

Personality Testing Revisited

114

(1)

Attitude Scales

114

(3)

Item Formats

114

(1)

Item Selection and Scale Construction

115

(2)

Evaluation Scales

117

(7)

Item Formats

118

(5)

Rater Errors and Item Format

123

(1)

Increasing the Accuracy of Ratings

123

(1)

Summary and Key Concepts

124

(2)

Questions

126

(1)

PART II PRINCIPLES OF TEST ANALYSIS

127

(170)

Overview

127

(2)

Working with Scores

129

(48)

Describing A Set of Scores

130

(18)

Raw Score Distributions

131

(1)

Frequency Distributions

131

(2)

Descriptive Statistics

133

(12)

Shapes of Distributions

145

(1)

Symmetric Distributions

145

(3)

Relationship Between Scores in a Distribution

148

(4)

Standard Scores

150

(2)

Relationship Between Two Distributions

152

(8)

Scatterplots

152

(1)

Correlation

153

(7)

Making Predictions From the Relationship Between Scores

160

(3)

Linear Regression

160

(3)

Transforming Raw Scores

163

(10)

Linear and Area Transformations

163

(1)

Common Linear Transformations

164

(4)

Common Nonlinear (Area) Transformations

168

(4)

Relationships Between z-scores and Percentile Ranks

172

(1)

Summary and Key Concepts

173

(1)

Questions

174

(3)

Reliability

177

(42)

Logic of Reliability Analysis

178

(9)

Theory Behind Reliability Analysis

179

(3)

Measuring Reliability

182

(1)

Factors Affecting Test Reliability

183

(4)

Types of Reliability Analyses

187

(17)

Using Two Sets of Scores

187

(6)

Using One Set of Scores

193

(11)

Applying Reliability Information

204

(9)

Standard Error of Measurement

204

(2)

Confidence Intervals

206

(3)

Evaluating the Difference Between Two Scores

209

(2)

Evaluating Composite or Average Scores

211

(2)

Standards for Reliability

213

(2)

Estimating Reliability

213

(1)

Improving Reliability

213

(2)

Summary and Key Concepts

215

(1)

Questions

216

(3)

Validity Analysis

219

(40)

Logic of Validity Analysis

220

(5)

Relationship Between Reliability and Validity

221

(1)

Theory Behind Validity Analysis

222

(3)

Criterion Validity

225

(22)

Designs for Criterion Validity Studies

225

(1)

Criterion Validity Coefficient

226

(4)

Applying Criterion Validity Coefficients

230

(8)

Selection Efficiency Analysis

238

(9)

Content Validity

247

(5)

Process of Content Validation

248

(3)

Content Validity versus Face Validity

251

(1)

Other Approaches to Content Validity

251

(1)

Construct Validity

252

(3)

Process of Construct Validation

253

(1)

Construct Validation Techniques

254

(1)

Summary and Key Concepts

255

(2)

Questions

257

(2)

Item Analysis

259

(38)

Logic of Item Analysis

260

(2)

Item Difficulty Analysis

262

(9)

Interpreting the Item Difficulty Statistic

265

(3)

Effects of Item Difficulty on Test Scores

268

(1)

Use of ``Percent Endorsement''

268

(3)

Item-Discrimination Analysis

271

(14)

Measures of Item Discrimination

271

(7)

Shortcuts Using Item-discrimination Data

278

(7)

Distractor Power Analysis

285

(3)

Expected and Actual Distractor Power

286

(1)

Interpreting Distractor Values

286

(2)

Interactions Among Item Characteristics

288

(1)

Graphing Item Characteristics

289

(4)

Discrimination by Difficulty Graph

289

(1)

Item Characteristic Curves

289

(4)

Summary and Key Concepts

293

(1)

Questions

294

(3)

PART III PRINCIPLES OF TEST USE

297

(140)

Overview

297

(2)

Testing in Educational Settings

299

(38)

Uses of Tests in Educational Settings

300

(3)

Types of Tests Used

301

(1)

Role of School Psychologists

302

(1)

Other Components of Educational Decisions

303

(1)

Routine Assessment of Abilities

303

(7)

Measuring Student Aptitude

304

(5)

Measuring Student Achievement

309

(1)

Identification of Special Needs

310

(17)

Types of Special Needs

312

(2)

Separate Test Approach

314

(9)

Integrated Battery Approach

323

(4)

Problem of Test Bias

327

(7)

Defining Test Bias

328

(1)

Assessing Test Bias

329

(4)

Outcomes on Research on Test Bias

333

(1)

Summary and Key Concepts

334

(1)

Questions

334

(3)

Testing in Clinical Settings

337

(36)

Uses of Tests in Clinical Settings

339

(4)

Clinical Psychology versus Other Fields

339

(1)

Testing by Clinical Psychologists

339

(3)

Other Components of Clinical Assessment

342

(1)

Psychological Assessment

343

(18)

Intelligence Tests

343

(3)

Objective Personality Tests

346

(4)

Projective Personality Tests

350

(6)

Other Types of Projective Tasks

356

(4)

Issues in Psychological Assessment

360

(1)

Neuropsychological Assessment

361

(8)

Intelligence Tests

361

(1)

Neuropsychological Tests

362

(7)

Issues in Neuropsychological Assessment

369

(1)

Summary and Key Concepts

369

(1)

Questions

370

(3)

Testing in Counseling Settings

373

(34)

Uses of Tests in Counseling Settings

374

(5)

Nature of Counseling Activities

374

(3)

How Tests Are Used in Counseling

377

(2)

Vocational Counseling

379

(18)

Interest Tests

380

(7)

Ability Tests

387

(10)

Personal Counseling

397

(7)

Personality Tests

398

(4)

Issues in the Use of Personality Tests

402

(1)

Attitude and Other Scales

403

(1)

Issues in the Use of Scales

403

(1)

Summary and Key Concepts

404

(1)

Questions

405

(2)

Testing in Business and Industry

407

(30)

Uses of Tests in Business and Industry

408

(3)

Selection of New Employees

409

(1)

Evaluation of Current Employees

409

(1)

Evaluation of Programs and Products

410

(1)

Procedures for Selecting New Employees

411

(11)

Selection Testing versus Employment Interviews

411

(2)

Types of Tests

413

(6)

Regulation of Selection Procedures

419

(2)

Conducting Validity Studies

421

(1)

Procedures for Evaluating Current Employees

422

(8)

Evaluation Procedures

422

(7)

Regulation of Evaluation Procedures

429

(1)

Procedures for Evaluating Programs and Products

430

(4)

Organizational Studies

430

(2)

Human Factors Studies

432

(1)

Marketing Studies

433

(1)

Summary and Key Concepts

434

(2)

Questions

436

(1)

Appendix A Sources of Information about Tests

437

(6)

Appendix B Normal Distribution or z-score Table

443

(2)

Glossary

445

(10)

References

455

(18)

Answers to Practice Problems

473

(24)

Name Index

497

(4)

Subject Index

501

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Psychological Testing

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials