Digital Image Processing for Medical

Image processing is a hands-on discipline, and the best way to learn is by doing. This text takes its motivation from medical applications and uses real medical images and situations to illustrate and clarify concepts and to build intuition, insight and understanding. Designed for advanced undergraduates and graduate students who will become end-users of digital image processing, it covers the basics of the major clinical imaging modalities, explaining how the images are produced and acquired. It then presents the standard image processing operations, focusing on practical issues and problem solving. Crucially, the book explains when and why particular operations are done, and practical computer-based activities show how these operations affect real images. All images, links to the public-domain software ImageJ and custom plug-ins, and selected solutions are available from www.cambridge.org/books/dougherty.

Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgements	p. xiii
Introduction to image processing	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
Imaging systems	p. 3
Objects and images	p. 7
The digital image processing system	p. 10
Applications of digital image processing	p. 13
Exercises	p. 15
Imaging systems	p. 16
The human visual pathway	p. 16
Photographic film	p. 20
Other sensors	p. 26
Digitizing an image	p. 27
The quality of a digital image	p. 34
Color images	p. 40
Computer-based activities	p. 43
Exercises	p. 45
Medical images obtained with ionizing radiation	p. 47
Medical imaging modalities	p. 47
Images from x-rays	p. 48
Images from y-rays	p. 77
Dose and risk	p. 84
Computer-based activities	p. 86
Exercises	p. 87
Medical images obtained with non-ionizing radiation	p. 90
Ultrasound imaging	p. 91
Magnetic resonance imaging	p. 100
Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS)	p. 115
Computer-based activities	p. 118
Exercises	p. 120
Fundamental concepts of image processing	p. 121
Fundamentals of digital image processing	p. 123
The gray-level histogram	p. 123
Histogram transformations and look-up tables	p. 135
Computer-based activities	p. 148
Exercises	p. 151
Image enhancement in the spatial domain	p. 155
Algebraic operations	p. 156
Logical (Boolean) operations	p. 159
Geometric operations	p. 162
Convolution-based operations	p. 170
Computer-based activities	p. 189
Exercises	p. 191
Image enhancement in the frequency domain	p. 194
The Fourier domain	p. 195
The Fourier transform	p. 198
Properties of the Fourier transform	p. 205
Sampling	p. 207
Cross-correlation and autocorrelation	p. 217
Imaging systems - point spread function and optical transfer function	p. 219
Frequency domain filters	p. 223
Tomographic reconstruction	p. 231
Computer-based activities	p. 237
Exercises	p. 243
Image restoration	p. 246
Image degradation	p. 246
Noise	p. 247
Noise-reduction filters	p. 252
Blurring	p. 258
Modeling image degradation	p. 260
Geometric degradations	p. 263
Computer-based activities	p. 268
Exercises	p. 269
Image analysis	p. 271
Morphological image processing	p. 273
Mathematical morphology	p. 273
Morphological operators	p. 275
Extension to grayscale images	p. 295
Computer-based activities	p. 301
Exercises	p. 305
Image segmentation	p. 309
What is segmentation?	p. 309
Thresholding	p. 311
Region-based methods	p. 321
Boundary-based methods	p. 324
Other methods	p. 326
Computer-based activities	p. 335
Exercises	p. 338
Feature recognition and classification	p. 339
Object recognition and classification	p. 340
Connected components labeling	p. 340
Features	p. 342
Object recognition and classification	p. 348
Statistical classification	p. 351
Structural/syntactic classification	p. 364
Applications in medical image analysis	p. 364
Computer-based activities	p. 367
Exercises	p. 367
Three-dimensional visualization	p. 369
Image visualization	p. 369
Surface rendering	p. 370
Volume rendering	p. 374
Virtual reality	p. 376
Computer-based activities	p. 377
Exercises	p. 377
Medical applications and ongoing developments	p. 379
Medical applications of imaging	p. 381
Computer-aided diagnosis in mammography	p. 381
Tumor imaging and treatment	p. 385
Angiography	p. 386
Bone strength and osteoporosis	p. 388
Tortuosity	p. 389
Frontiers of image processing in medicine	p. 395
Trends	p. 395
The last word	p. 398
The Fourier series and Fourier transform	p. 399
Set theory and probability	p. 405
Shape and texture	p. 423
Bibliography	p. 432
Index	p. 440
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Digital Image Processing for Medical Applications

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