Active Vision The Psychology of Looking and

More than one third of the human brain is devoted to the processes of seeing--vision is after all the main way in which we gather information about the world. This book is unique in focusing on vision as an "active" process. It goes beyond most accounts of vision where the focus is on seeing, to provide an integrated account of seeing and looking. Written by two leading vision scientists, this book will be valuable for vision researchers and psychology students.

John M. Findlay, Centre for Vision and Visual Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Durham Iain D. Gilchrist, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol

Preface

xii

Chapter 1 Passive vision and active vision

1

(8)

1.1 Introduction

1

(1)

1.2 Passive vision

1

(2)

1.3 Visual attention

3

(1)

1.4 Active vision

4

(2)

1.5 Active vision and vision for action

6

(1)

1.6 Outline of the book

7

(2)

Chapter 2 Background to active vision

9

(26)

2.1 Introduction

9

(1)

2.2 The inhomogeneity of the visual projections

10

(7)

2.2.1 Introduction

10

(1)

2.2.2 Physiology of the visual projections

11

(3)

2.2.3 Psychophysical performance in peripheral vision

14

(2)

2.2.4 Comparison of psychophysical and physiological measures

16

(1)

2.3 Parallel visual pathways

17

(4)

2.3.1 Magnocellular and parvocellular systems

17

(2)

2.3.2 Visual processing in the cortex

19

(2)

2.4 The oculomotor system

21

(4)

2.4.1 The muscles of the eye

21

(1)

2.4.2 Classification of eye movements

22

(3)

2.5 Saccadic eye movements

25

(9)

2.5.1 Characteristic of saccades

25

(4)

2.5.2 Combining saccadic movements with pursuit and vergence

29

(2)

2.5.3 Saccadic suppression

31

(1)

2.5.4 Physiological pathways for saccadic eye movements

32

(2)

2.6 Summary

34

(1)

Chapter 3 Visual selection, covert attention and eye movements

35

(20)

3.1 Covert and overt attention

35

(1)

3.2 Covert spatial attention

36

(6)

3.2.1 Spotlights

38

(1)

3.2.2 Zoom lens accounts of attention

39

(1)

3.2.3 Late vs. early selection models of attention

40

(1)

3.2.4 The visual benefits of covert spatial attention

41

(1)

3.3 The relationship between covert and overt attention

42

(4)

3.3.1 Klein's independence account

42

(1)

3.3.2 The sequential attentional model

43

(1)

3.3.3 The pre-motor theory of attention

44

(2)

3.4 Speed of attention

46

(2)

3.5 Neurophysiology of attention

48

(2)

3.6 Non-spatial attention

50

(2)

3.6.1 Attention to objects

50

(2)

3.6.2 Attention to visual properties

52

(1)

3.7 Active vision and attention

52

(2)

3.8 Summary

54

(1)

Chapter 4 Visual orienting

55

(28)

4.1 Introduction

55

(1)

4.2 What determines the latency of orienting saccades?

56

(6)

4.2.1 Target properties

56

(1)

4.2.2 The gap effect

57

(2)

4.2.3 The remote distractor effect

59

(1)

4.2.4 Express saccades

60

(1)

4.2.5 Variability in latencies

61

(1)

4.3 Physiology of saccade initiation

62

(6)

4.3.1 Burst and pause cells in the reticular formation

62

(3)

4.3.2 Fixation, burst and buildup neurons in the superior colliculus

65

(3)

4.3.3 Variability of saccade latencies

68

(1)

4.3 What determines the landing position of orienting saccades?

68

(7)

4.4.1 Corrective saccades

69

(1)

4.4.2 The double step paradigm

69

(3)

4.4.3 The double target paradigm

72

(1)

4.4.4 Parallel processing of saccades

73

(1)

4.4.5 Antisaccades

74

(1)

4.5 Physiology of the WHERE system

75

(2)

4.5.1 Spatial coding and the saccadic system

77

(1)

4.6 The Findlay and Walker model

77

(2)

4.7 Development and plasticity

79

(4)

Chapter 5 Visual sampling during text reading

83

(22)

5.1 Introduction

83

(1)

5.2 Basic patterns of visual sampling during reading

84

(3)

5.3 Perception during fixations in reading

87

(4)

5.3.1 Gaze-contingent methodologies

87

(2)

5.3.2 Measurement of the perceptual span

89

(1)

5.3.3 Preview benefit

90

(1)

5.4 Language processing

91

(3)

5.4.1 Lexical access: influences on the speed of word recognition

91

(2)

5.4.2 Optimal viewing position

93

(1)

5.5 Control of fixation duration

94

(1)

5.6 Control of landing position

95

(4)

5.6.1 Skipping words

97

(1)

5.6.2 Can linguistic variables influence landing position within words?

98

(1)

5.7 Theories of eye control during reading

99

(3)

5.7.1 Models emphasizing non-cognitive factors

99

(1)

5.7.2 Models driven by the lexical access process

100

(1)

5.7.3 Evaluation

101

(1)

5.8 Practical aspects of eye control in reading

102

(1)

5.8.1 Reading and the physical characteristics of the text

102

(1)

5.8.2 Dyslexia

102

(1)

5.9 Overview

103

(2)

Chapter 6 Visual search

105

(24)

6.1 Visual search tasks

105

(1)

6.2 Theories of visual search

106

(3)

6.2.1 Feature integration theory

106

(2)

6.2.2 Guided search

108

(1)

6.2.3 A late-selection model of visual search

108

(1)

6.2.4 Overview of the models

109

(1)

6.3 The need for eye movements in visual search

109

(3)

6.3.1 Search without eye movements

110

(1)

6.3.2 Visual search and the conspicuity area or visual lobe

111

(1)

6.4 Eye movements in visual search

112

(7)

6.4.1 Saccades in parallel and serial visual search

112

(1)

6.4.2 Processing within an eye fixation during visual search

113

(2)

6.4.3 Guidance of saccades in visual search

115

(1)

6.4.4 Saccades in visual search: latencies and fixation durations

116

(1)

6.4.5 Saccades in visual search: landing positions

117

(2)

6.5 Ocular capture in visual search

119

(1)

6.6 Saccades in visual search: scanpaths

120

(4)

6.7 Physiology of visual search

124

(2)

6.8 Summary

126

(3)

Chapter 7 Natural scenes and activities

129

(22)

7.1 Introduction

129

(6)

7.1.1 Early studies of picture scanning

130

(2)

7.1.2 Average characteristics of eye movement patterns during picture viewing

132

(1)

7.1.3 Scanpaths

133

(1)

7.1.4 The gaze selects informative details

134

(1)

7.2 Analytic studies of scene and object perception

135

(10)

7.2.1 Scenes and objects

135

(1)

7.2.2 Theories of object perception and scene perception

135

(2)

7.2.3 Are eye movements necessary for scene and object perception?

137

(2)

7.2.4 Object perception in peripheral vision

139

(1)

7.2.5 Scene context and object perception

140

(3)

7.2.6 Change blindness

143

(2)

7.3 Dynamic scenes and situations

145

(4)

7.3.1 Deictic vision

145

(2)

7.3.2 Vision supporting everyday actions

147

(2)

7.4 Summary

149

(2)

Chapter 8 Human neuropsychology

151

(18)

8.1 Blindsigtet

152

(3)

8.2 Neglect

155

(4)

8.3 Balint's syndrome and dorsal simultanagnosia

159

(1)

8.4 Frontal lobe damage

160

(2)

8.5 Orienting without eye movements

162

(5)

8.5.1 Peripheral neuropsychology

163

(1)

8.5.2 Reading without eye movements

164

(1)

8.5.3 Saccadic head movements

165

(2)

8.6 Summary

167

(2)

Chapter 9 Space constancy and trans-saccadic integration

169

(12)

9.1 The traditional approach: 'compensatory taking into account'

169

(2)

9.2 Trans-saccadic integrations

171

(4)

9.2.1 Detection of displacement during saccades

171

(1)

9.2.2 Trans-saccadic fusion

172

(1)

9.2.3 Localisation of peri-saccadic probes

172

(2)

9.2.4 Memory guidance of saccades

174

(1)

9.3 Resolution of the conflicting results

175

(3)

9.3.1 Target displacements during saccades can be detected under some circumstances

175

(1)

9.3.2 A revised theory of space constancy and trans-saccadic integration

176

(2)

9.3.3 The neurophysiology of trans-saccadic processes

178

(1)

9.4 Conclusion: The Active Vision Cycle

178

(2)

9.5 Future directions

180

(1)

References

181

(34)

Index

215

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Active Vision The Psychology of Looking and Seeing

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials