Changing Supreme Court Constitutional Rights and Liberties

, by Thomas R. Hensley; Christopher E. Smith; Joyce A. Baugh

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ISBN: 9780314098788 | 031409878X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/5/1996

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Provides a thorough discussion of the historical development of civil rights and liberties under the Constitution. A fresh approach features chapter opening case studies and places special emphasis on the modern Supreme Court and contemporary legal controversies. A unique chapter focuses on members of the Rehnquist Court which provides a background to understand how the make-up of the Court affects the decisions made and thus the development of the law. A broad selection of edited cases are integrated within each chapter. Unique Empirical Data Tables and Doctrinal Analysis Tables analyze decisions, voting patterns and show philosophical differences among members of the modern court.

Table of Cases

Table of Tables

xxiii

Preface

xxvi

Section I The Supreme Court and American Politics: Introduction and Overview

xxxii

Approaches to the Study of Civil Rights and Liberties

(20)

Introduction

(2)

The Bork Nomination: A Case Study

(9)

Background

(2)

The Bork Nomination

(4)

Aftermath of the Bork Defeat

(3)

Three Approaches to the Study of Civil Rights and Liberties

(5)

The Legal Model

(2)

The Political Model

(2)

The Attitudinal Model

(1)

Utilization of the Three Models

(4)

The Supreme Court in the American Political System

(32)

Introduction

(2)

Case Study: The Law and Politics of Abortion

(5)

The Supreme Court, the Constitution, and Judicial Review

(2)

Political Limitations on Supreme Court Power

(5)

The Supreme Court's Cases

(7)

Supreme Court Decision Making

(9)

The Constitution and Theories of Interpretation

(2)

The Facts of the Case

(1)

Legal Doctrines and Case Precedent

(2)

History and Changing Social Conditions

(1)

Attitudes, Values, and Small Group Interactions

(2)

Conclusion

(2)

The Justices of the Rehnquist Court

(37)

Introduction

(1)

William J. Brennan

(2)

Byron R. White

(2)

Thurgood Marshall

(1)

Harry A. Blackmun

(2)

William H. Rehnquist

(2)

Lewis Powell

(2)

John Paul Stevens

(2)

Sandra Day O'Connor

(2)

Antonin Scalia

(2)

Anthony M. Kennedy

(2)

David Souter

(2)

Clarence Thomas

(3)

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

(1)

Stephen G. Breyer

(11)

Incorporation of the Bill of Rights

(34)

Case Study: Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)

(3)

Origins of the Bill of Rights and Incorporation

(4)

Developments Prior to the New Deal Era

(11)

The New Deal until the Warren Court

110

(8)

The Warren Court Era

118

(4)

Incorporation Doctrines

122

(4)

Section II The First Amendment: Introduction and Overview

126

(288)

The Establishment Clause

130

(62)

Case Study: Engel v. Vitale (1962)

130

(2)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

132

(4)

Supreme Court Decision Making in Establishment Clause Cases

136

(2)

Pre-Warren Court Period

138

(6)

The Warren Court Era

144

(5)

The Burger Court Era

149

(17)

The Rehnquist Court Era

166

(24)

Conclusion

190

(2)

The Free Exercise of Religion

192

(50)

Case Study: Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990)

192

(3)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

195

(3)

Supreme Court Decision Making in Free Exercise of Religion Cases

198

(3)

The Belief versus Action Controversy

198

(1)

The Sherbert Test

198

(2)

The Smith Test

200

(1)

Pre-Warren Court Period

201

(8)

Pre-New Deal

201

(3)

New Deal Era

204

(5)

The Warren Court Era

209

(7)

The Burger Court Era

216

(7)

The Rehnquist Court Era

223

(17)

Conclusion

240

(2)

Freedom of Expression

242

(128)

Case Study: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)

242

(3)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

245

(5)

Pre-Colonial Background: Athens, Rome, and England

246

(1)

The American Colonial Experience

247

(1)

The Revolutionary War and Founding Period

248

(2)

Supreme Court Decision Making in Freedom of Expression Cases

250

(12)

Two General Approaches: Balancing and Preferred Freedoms

251

(2)

Specific Freedom of Expression Doctrines

253

(7)

The Emerging Three-Level Doctrinal Framework in Freedom of Expression Cases

260

(2)

The Supreme Court and Freedom of Expression: A Quantitative Analysis

262

(7)

Analyzing the Rehnquist Court's Freedom of Expression Cases Through the Doctrinal Framework

269

(2)

Freedom of Speech

271

(54)

National Security Cases

271

(12)

Symbolic Speech

283

(8)

Offensive Speech and Hate Speech

291

(13)

Speech-Plus-Conduct

304

(15)

Commercial Speech

319

(6)

Freedom of the Press

325

(43)

Censorship

325

(13)

Libel

338

(16)

The Conflict Between a Free Press and a Fair Trial

354

(8)

Broadcasting

362

(6)

Conclusion

368

(2)

Obscenity

370

(44)

Case Study: Roth v. United States (1957)

370

(2)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

372

(4)

Supreme Court Decision Making in Obscenity Cases

376

(2)

Pre-Warren Court Period

378

(1)

The Warren Court Era

379

(8)

The Burger Court Era

387

(12)

The Rehnquist Court Era

399

(12)

Conclusion

411

(3)

Section III Constitutional Guarantees for the Criminally Accused: Introduction And Overview

414

(194)

The Fourth Amendment Guarantee Against Unreasonable Searches and Seizures

419

(45)

Case Study: Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

419

(2)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

421

(2)

Approaches to Fourth Amendment Decision Making

423

(2)

Pre-Warren Court Period

425

(4)

The Warren Court Era

429

(10)

The Burger Court Era

439

(9)

The Rehnquist Court Era

448

(14)

Conclusion

462

(2)

The Fifth Amendment Guarantees Against Compelled Self-Incrimination and Double Jeopardy

464

(47)

Case Study: Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

464

(3)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

467

(3)

Grand Jury

468

(1)

Self-Incrimination

468

(1)

Double Jeopardy

469

(1)

Approaches to Fifth Amendment Decision Making

470

(1)

Pre-Warren Court Period

471

(2)

Double Jeopardy

471

(1)

Self-Incrimination

471

(2)

The Warren Court Era

473

(7)

Self-Incrimination

473

(7)

Double Jeopardy

480

(1)

The Burger Court Era

480

(14)

Self-Incrimination

480

(13)

Double Jeopardy

493

(1)

The Rehnquist Court Era

494

(15)

Self-Incrimination

498

(6)

Double Jeopardy

504

(5)

Conclusion

509

(2)

The Sixth Amendment and Fair Trial Guarantees

511

(45)

Case Study: Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

511

(3)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

514

(1)

Approaches to Sixth Amendment Decision Making

515

(2)

Pre-Warren Court Period

517

(6)

Right to Counsel

517

(4)

Trial Rights

521

(2)

The Warren Court Era

523

(4)

Right to Counsel

523

(3)

Trial Rights

526

(1)

The Burger Court Era

527

(9)

Right to Counsel

527

(2)

Trial Rights

529

(7)

The Rehnquist Court Era

536

(19)

Right to Counsel

539

(3)

Trial Rights

542

(13)

Conclusion

555

(1)

The Eighth Amendment Guarantee Against Cruel and Unusual Punishments

556

(52)

Case Study: Furman v. Georgia (1972)

556

(3)

Approaches to Eighth Amendment Decision Making

559

(3)

Historical Development Prior to the Warren Court Era

562

(2)

The Warren Court Era

564

(5)

The Burger Court Era

569

(15)

Capital Punishment

569

(9)

Noncapital Punishment

578

(6)

The Rehnquist Court Era

584

(21)

Capital Punishment

589

(10)

Noncapital Punishment

599

(6)

Conclusion

605

(3)

Section IV Equal Protection and Privacy: Introduction, Overview, and Doctrinal Framework

608

(252)

Equal Protection and Race

613

(52)

Case Study: Loving v. Virginia (1967)

613

(3)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

616

(1)

Supreme Court Decision Making in Racial Discrimination Cases under the Equal Protection Clause

617

(1)

The Pre-1937 Period

618

(11)

The New Deal Era Until the Warren Court

629

(4)

The Warren Court Era

633

(9)

Racial Segregation in Education

634

(5)

Public Accommodations

639

(1)

Personal and Family Matters

640

(1)

Racial Discrimination and the Right to Trial by Jury

641

(1)

Statutory Cases

642

(1)

The Impact of the Warren Court

642

(1)

The Burger Court Era

642

(9)

Desegregation of Public Schools

643

(6)

Public Accommodations

649

(1)

Jury Selection and Housing Discrimination Cases

650

(1)

Statutory Cases

651

(1)

Impact of the Burger Court

651

(1)

The Rehnquist Court Era

651

(13)

School Desegregation Cases

653

(8)

Discrimination in Jury Selection

661

(1)

Voting Rights Cases

661

(2)

Statutory Cases

663

(1)

Conclusion

664

(1)

Equal Protection and Gender

665

(47)

Case Study: Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)

665

(2)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

667

(1)

Supreme Court Approaches to Equal Protection and Gender

668

(1)

Pre-Warren Court Period

669

(5)

Pre-1937 Period

669

(4)

New Deal Until the Warren Court

673

(1)

The Warren Court Era

674

(3)

The Burger Court Era

677

(22)

Reed v. Reed (1971) and Its Aftermath

677

(4)

The Important Government Objective Test

681

(10)

Gender and Disparate Impact

691

(4)

Gender and Statutory Classifications

695

(2)

Gender Discrimination and Freedom of Association

697

(2)

The Rehnquist Court Era

699

(12)

Conclusion

711

(1)

Affirmative Action

712

(57)

Case Study: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

712

(3)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

715

(1)

Supreme Court Decision Making in Affirmative Action Cases Decided under the Equal Protection Clause

716

(1)

Burger Court Era

716

(21)

The Early Cases

717

(16)

The Later Cases

733

(4)

The Rehnquist Court Era

737

(30)

Conclusion

767

(2)

Equal Protection in Other Areas: Alienage, Poverty, Illegitimacy, Fundamental Rights

769

(33)

Case Study: San Antonio v. Rodriguez (1973)

769

(3)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

772

(1)

Decision Making on the Equal Protection Clause in Other Areas

773

(1)

Pre-Warren Court Period

774

(1)

The Warren Court Era

774

(6)

Fundamental Rights

775

(5)

Illegitimacy

780

(1)

The Burger Court Era

780

(16)

Indigency or Poverty

780

(7)

Fundamental Rights

787

(1)

Illegitimacy

787

(3)

Alienage

790

(5)

Age

795

(1)

Mental Retardation

796

(1)

The Rehnquist Court Era

796

(4)

Conclusion

800

(2)

Privacy and Abortion

802

(58)

Case Study: Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)

802

(2)

Historical Origins and Contemporary Conflicts

804

(1)

Decision Making in Privacy Cases

805

(1)

Pre-Warren Court Period

806

(2)

The Warren Court Era

808

(4)

The Burger Court Era

812

(20)

Reproductive Rights Cases

812

(14)

Nonreproductive Rights Cases

826

(6)

The Rehnquist Court Era

832

(26)

Reproductive Rights Cases

836

(16)

Nonreproductive Rights Cases

852

(6)

Conclusion

858

(2)

Section V American Civil Rights/Liberties and the Changing Supreme Court: Conclusions

860

(33)

Appendix A Doctrinal Framework

863

(3)

Appendix B Quantitative Techniques of Analysis

866

(5)

Appendix C The Justices of the United States Supreme Court

871

(7)

Appendix D Twentieth Century Natural Court Periods

878

(4)

Appendix E The Constitution of the United States

882

(11)

Glossary

893

(6)

Index

899

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Changing Supreme Court Constitutional Rights and Liberties

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials