Analysis And Design of Shallow And Deep Foundations

, by Reese, Lymon C.; Isenhower, William M.; Wang, Shin-Tower

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ISBN: 9780471431596 | 0471431591
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/25/2005

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One-of-a-kind coverage on the fundamentals of foundation analysis and design Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations is a significant new resource to the engineering principles used in the analysis and design of both shallow and deep, load-bearing foundations for a variety of building and structural types. Its unique presentation focuses on new developments in computer-aided analysis and soil-structure interaction, including foundations as deformable bodies. Written by the world's leading foundation engineers, Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations covers everything from soil investigations and loading analysis to major types of foundations and construction methods. It also features: * Coverage on computer-assisted analytical methods, balanced with standard methods such as site visits and the role of engineering geology * Methods for computing the capacity and settlement of both shallow and deep foundations * Field-testing methods and sample case studies, including projects where foundations have failed, supported with analyses of the failure * CD-ROM containing demonstration versions of analytical geotechnical software from Ensoft, Inc. tailored for use by students in the classroom

PREFACE

xvii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xxi

SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS

xxiii

1 INTRODUCTION

(10)

1.1 Historical Use of Foundations

(1)

1.2 Kinds of Foundations and their Uses

(6)

1.2.1 Spread Footings and Mats

(3)

1.2.2 Deep Foundations

(3)

1.2.3 Hybrid Foundations

(1)

1.3 Concepts in Design

(3)

1.3.1 Visit the Site

(1)

1.3.2 Obtain Information on Geology at Site

(1)

1.3.3 Obtain Information on Magnitude and Nature of Loads on Foundation

(1)

1.3.4 Obtain Information on Properties of Soil at Site

(1)

1.3.5 Consider Long-Term Effects

(1)

1.3.6 Pay Attention to Analysis

(1)

1.3.7 Provide Recommendations for Tests of Deep Foundations

(1)

1.3.8 Observe the Behavior of the Foundation of a Completed Structure

(1)

Problems

(1)

2 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

(10)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Nature of Soil Affected by Geologic Processes

(1)

2.2.1 Nature of Transported Soil

(2)

2.2.2 Weathering and Residual Soil

(1)

2.2.3 Nature of Soil Affected by Volcanic Processes

(1)

2.2.4 Nature of Glaciated Soil

(1)

2.2.5 Karst Geology

(1)

2.3 Available Data on Regions in the United States

(1)

2.4 U.S. Geological Survey and State Agencies

(1)

2.5 Examples of the Application of Engineering Geology

(1)

2.6 Site Visit

(1)

Problems

(2)

3 FUNDAMENTALS OF SOIL MECHANICS

(113)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Data Needed for the Design of Foundations

(3)

3.2.1 Soil and Rock Classification

(1)

3.2.2 Position of the Water Table

(1)

3.2.3 Shear Strength and Density

(1)

3.2.4 Deformability Characteristics

(1)

3.2.5 Prediction of Changes in Conditions and the Environment

(1)

3.3 Nature of Soil

(13)

3.3.1 Grain-Size Distribution

(2)

3.3.2 Types of Soil and Rock

(1)

3.3.3 Mineralogy of Common Geologic Materials

(4)

3.3.4 Water Content and Void Ratio

(1)

3.3.5 Saturation of Soil

(1)

3.3.6 Weight–Volume Relationships

(3)

3.3.7 Atterberg Limits and the Unified Soils Classification System

(3)

3.4 Concept of Effective Stress

(12)

3.4.1 Laboratory Tests for Consolidation of Soils

(3)

3.4.2 Spring and Piston Model of Consolidation

(3)

3.4.3 Determination of Initial Total Stresses

(2)

3.4.4 Calculation of Total and Effective Stresses

(2)

3.4.5 The Role of Effective Stress in Soil Mechanics

(1)

3.5 Analysis of Consolidation and Settlement

(32)

3.5.1 Time Rates of Settlement

(8)

3.5.2 One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing

(7)

3.5.3 The Consolidation Curve

(3)

3.5.4 Calculation of Total Settlement

(1)

3.5.5 Calculation of Settlement Due to Consolidation

(1)

3.5.6 Reconstruction of the Field Consolidation Curve

(4)

3.5.7 Effects of Sample Disturbance on Consolidation Properties

(5)

3.5.8 Correlation of Consolidation Indices with Index Tests

(2)

3.5.9 Comments on Accuracy of Settlement Computations

(1)

3.6 Shear Strength of Soils

(43)

3.6.1 Introduction

(1)

3.6.2 Friction Between Two Surfaces in Contact

(3)

3.6.3 Direct Shear Testing

(1)

3.6.4 Triaxial Shear Testing

(5)

3.6.5 Drained Triaxial Tests on Sand

(3)

3.6.6 Triaxial Shear Testing of Saturated Clays

(27)

3.6.7 The SHANSEP Method

119

(3)

3.6.8 Other Types of Shear Testing for Soils

122

(1)

3.6.9 Selection of the Appropriate Testing Method

123

(1)

Problems

124

(10)

4 INVESTIGATION OF SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS

134

(24)

4.1 Introduction

134

(2)

4.2 Methods of Advancing Borings

136

(3)

4.2.1 Wash-Boring Technique

136

(1)

4.2.2 Continuous-Flight Auger with Hollow Core

137

(2)

4.3 Methods of Sampling

139

(5)

4.3.1 Introduction

139

(1)

4.3.2 Sampling with Thin-Walled Tubes

139

(3)

4.3.3 Sampling with Thick-Walled Tubes

142

(1)

4.3.4 Sampling Rock

142

(2)

4.4 In Situ Testing of Soil

144

(8)

4.4.1 Cone Penetrometer and Piezometer-Cone Penetrometer

144

(2)

4.4.2 Vane Shear Device

146

(2)

4.4.3 Pressuremeter

148

(4)

4.5 Boring Report

152

(1)

4.6 Subsurface Investigations for Offshore Structures

153

(2)

Problems

155

(3)

5 PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

158

(18)

5.1 Shallow Foundations

158

(2)

5.2 Deep Foundations

160

(12)

5.2.1 Introduction

160

(1)

5.2.2 Driven Piles with Impact Hammer

160

(2)

5.2.3 Drilled Shafts

162

(6)

5.2.4 Augercast Piles

168

(2)

5.2.5 GeoJet Piles

170

(2)

5.2.6 Micropiles

172

(1)

5.3 Caissons

172

(1)

5.4 Hybrid Foundation

173

(2)

Problems

175

(1)

6 DESIGNING STABLE FOUNDATIONS

176

(20)

6.1 Introduction

176

(1)

6.2 Total and Differential Settlement

177

(1)

6.3 Allowable Settlement of Structures

178

(2)

6.3.1 Tolerance of Buildings to Settlement

178

(1)

6.3.2 Exceptional Case of Settlement

178

(2)

6.3.3 Problems in Proving Settlement

180

(1)

6.4 Soil Investigations Appropriate to Design

180

(6)

6.4.1 Planning

180

(1)

6.4.2 Favorable Profiles

181

(1)

6.4.3 Soils with Special Characteristics

181

(1)

6.4.4 Calcareous Soil

182

(4)

6.5 Use of Valid Analytical Methods

186

(3)

6.5.1 Oil Tank in Norway

187

(1)

6.5.2 Transcona Elevator in Canada

187

(1)

6.5.3 Bearing Piles in China

188

(1)

6.6 Foundations at Unstable Slopes

189

(1)

6.6.1 Pendleton Levee

189

(1)

6.6.2 Fort Peck Dam

190

(1)

6.7 Effects of Installation on the Quality of Deep Foundations

190

(2)

6.7.1 Introduction

190

(2)

6.8 Effects of Installation of Deep Foundations on Nearby Structures

192

(1)

6.8.1 Driving Piles

192

(1)

6.9 Effects of Excavations on Nearby Structures

193

(1)

6.10 Deleterious Effects of the Environment on Foundations

194

(1)

6.11 Scour of Soil at Foundations

194

(1)

Problems

194

(2)

7 THEORIES OF BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT

196

(27)

7.1 Introduction

196

(2)

7.2 Terzaghi's Equations for Bearing Capacity

198

(1)

7.3 Revised Equations for Bearing Capacity

199

(1)

7.4 Extended Formulas for Bearing Capacity by J. Brinch Hansen

200

(13)

7.4.1 Eccentricity

203

(1)

7.4.2 Load Inclination Factors

204

(1)

7.4.3 Base and Ground Inclination

205

(1)

7.4.4 Shape Factors

205

(1)

7.4.5 Depth Effect

206

(1)

7.4.6 Depth Factors

206

(2)

7.4.7 General Formulas

208

(1)

7.4.8 Passive Earth Pressure

208

(1)

7.4.9 Soil Parameters

209

(1)

7.4.10 Example Computations

209

(4)

7.5 Equations for Computing Consolidation Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Saturated Clays

213

(9)

7.5.1 Introduction

213

(1)

7.5.2 Prediction of Total Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table

214

(5)

7.5.3 Prediction of Time Rate of Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table

219

(3)

Problems

222

(1)

8 PRINCIPLES FOR THE DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS

223

(12)

8.1 Introduction

223

(1)

8.2 Standards of Professional Conduct

223

(1)

8.2.1 Fundamental Principles

223

(1)

8.2.2 Fundamental Canons

224

(1)

8.3 Design Team

224

(1)

8.4 Codes and Standards

225

(1)

8.5 Details of the Project

225

(1)

8.6 Factor of Safety

226

(4)

8.6.1 Selection of a Global Factor of Safety

228

(1)

8.6.2 Selection of Partial Factors of Safety

229

(1)

8.7 Design Process

230

(1)

8.8 Specifications and Inspection of the Project

231

(1)

8.9 Observation of the Completed Structure

232

(1)

Problems

233

(1)

Appendix 8.1

234

(1)

9 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

235

(35)

9.1 Introduction

235

(1)

9.2 Problems with Subsidence

235

(2)

9.3 Designs to Accommodate Construction

237

(1)

9.3.1 Dewatering During Construction

237

(1)

9.3.2 Dealing with Nearby Structures

237

(1)

9.4 Shallow Foundations on Sand

238

(9)

9.4.1 Introduction

238

(1)

9.4.2 Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Sand

239

(5)

9.4.3 Bearing Capacity of Footings on Sand

244

(3)

9.4.4 Design of Rafts on Sand

247

(1)

9.5 Shallow Foundations on Clay

247

(8)

9.5.1 Settlement from Consolidation

247

(4)

9.5.2 Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Clay

251

(2)

9.5.3 Design of Shallow Foundations on Clay

253

(2)

9.5.4 Design of Rafts

255

(1)

9.6 Shallow Foundations Subjected to Vibratory Loading

255

(2)

9.7 Designs in Special Circumstances

257

(8)

9.7.1 Freezing Weather

257

(3)

9.7.2 Design of Shallow Foundations on Collapsible Soil

260

(1)

9.7.3 Design of Shallow Foundations on Expansive Clay

260

(2)

9.7.4 Design of Shallow Foundations on Layered Soil

262

(1)

9.7.5 Analysis of a Response of a Strip Footing by Finite Element Method

263

(2)

Problems

265

(5)

10 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF DRIVEN PILES UNDER AXIAL LOADS

270

(53)

10.1 Comment on the Nature of the Problem

270

(3)

10.2 Methods of Computation

273

(4)

10.2.1 Behavior of Axially Loaded Piles

273

(2)

10.2.2 Geotechnical Capacity of Axially Loaded Piles

275

(2)

10.3 Basic Equation for Computing the Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity of a Single Pile

277

(20)

10.3.1 API Methods

277

(7)

10.3.2 Revised Lambda Method

284

(2)

10.3.3 U.S. Army Corps Method

286

(5)

10.3.4 FHWA Method

291

(6)

10.4 Analyzing the Load–Settlement Relationship of an Axially Loaded Pile

297

(9)

10.4.1 Methods of Analysis

297

(6)

10.4.2 Interpretation of Load-Settlement Curves

303

(3)

10.5 Investigation of Results Based on the Proposed Computation Method

306

(1)

10.6 Example Problems

307

(5)

10.6.1 Skin Friction

308

(4)

10.7 Analysis of Pile Driving

312

(9)

10.7.1 Introduction

312

(1)

10.7.2 Dynamic Formulas

313

(1)

10.7.3 Reasons for the Problems with Dynamic Formulas

314

(1)

10.7.4 Dynamic Analysis by the Wave Equation

315

(2)

10.7.5 Effects of Pile Driving

317

(3)

10.7.6 Effects of Time After Pile Driving with No Load

320

(1)

Problems

321

(2)

11 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF DRILLED SHAFTS UNDER AXIAL LOADING

323

(56)

11.1 Introduction

323

(1)

11.2 Presentation of the FHWA Design Procedure

323

(1)

11.2.1 Introduction

323

(1)

11.3 Strength and Serviceability Requirements

324

(1)

11.3.1 General Requirements

324

(1)

11.3.2 Stability Analysis

324

(1)

11.3.3 Strength Requirements

324

(1)

11.4 Design Criteria

325

(1)

11.4.1 Applicability and Deviations

325

(1)

11.4.2 Loading Conditions

325

(1)

11.4.3 Allowable Stresses

325

(1)

11.5 General Computations for Axial Capacity of Individual Drilled Shafts

325

(1)

11.6 Design Equations for Axial Capacity in Compression and in Uplift

326

(51)

11.6.1 Description of Soil and Rock for Axial Capacity Computations

326

(1)

11.6.2 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Soils

326

(8)

11.6.3 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Soils

334

(11)

11.6.4 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Intermediate Geomaterials and Jointed Rock

345

(17)

11.6.5 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Intermediate Geomaterials

362

(3)

11.6.6 Design for Axial Capacity in Massive Rock

365

(9)

11.6.7 Addition of Side Resistance and End Bearing in Rock

374

(1)

11.6.8 Commentary on Design for Axial Capacity in Karst

375

(1)

11.6.9 Comparison of Results from Theory and Experiment

376

(1)

Problems

377

(2)

12 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS REGARDING DEEP FOUNDATIONS UNDER LATERAL LOADING

379

(34)

12.1 Introduction

379

(3)

12.1.1 Description of the Problem

379

(1)

12.1.2 Occurrence of Piles Under Lateral Loading

379

(2)

12.1.3 Historical Comment

381

(1)

12.2 Derivation of the Differential Equation

382

(11)

12.2.1 Solution of the Reduced Form of the Differential Equation

386

(7)

12.3 Response of Soil to Lateral Loading

393

(3)

12.4 Effect of the Nature of Loading on the Response of Soil

396

(1)

12.5 Method of Analysis for Introductory Solutions for a Single Pile

397

(4)

12.6 Example Solution Using Nondimensional Charts for Analysis of a Single Pile

401

(10)

Problems

411

(2)

13 ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL DEEP FOUNDATIONS UNDER AXIAL LOADING USING t-z MODEL

413

(28)

13.1 Short-Term Settlement and Uplift

413

(24)

13.1.1 Settlement and Uplift Movements

413

(1)

13.1.2 Basic Equations

414

(3)

13.1.3 Finite Difference Equations

417

(1)

13.1.4 Load-Transfer Curves

417

(1)

13.1.5 Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil

418

(1)

13.1.6 Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesive Soil

419

(2)

13.1.7 Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesionless Soil

421

(4)

13.1.8 Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesionless Soil

425

(1)

13.1.9 Load-Transfer Curves for Cohesionless Intermediated Geomaterials

426

(4)

13.1.10 Example Problem

430

(6)

13.1.11 Experimental Techniques for Obtaining Load-Transfer Versus Movement Curves

436

(1)

13.2 Design for Vertical Ground Movements Due to Downdrag or Expansive Uplift

437

(3)

13.2.1 Downward Movement Due to Downdrag

438

(1)

13.2.2 Upward Movement Due to Expansive Uplift

439

(1)

Problems

440

(1)

14 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY COMPUTER OR PILES SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOADING

441

(62)

14.1 Nature of the Comprehensive Problem

441

(1)

14.2 Differential Equation for a Comprehensive Solution

442

(1)

14.3 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Soil and Rock

443

(41)

14.3.1 Introduction

443

(4)

14.3.2 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Clays

447

(17)

14.3.3 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Sands

464

(9)

14.3.4 Modifications to p-y Curves for Sloping Ground

473

(4)

14.3.5 Modifications for Raked (Battered Piles)

477

(1)

14.3.6 Recommendations for my Curves for Rock

478

(6)

14.4 Solution of the Differential Equation by Computer

484

(5)

14.4.1 Introduction

484

(2)

14.4.2 Formulation of the Equation by Finite Differences

486

(1)

14.4.3 Equations for Boundary Conditions for Useful Solutions

487

(2)

14.5 Implementation of Computer Code

489

(10)

14.5.1 Selection of the Length of the Increment

490

(1)

14.5.2 Safe Penetration of Pile with No Axial Load

491

(1)

14.5.3 Buckling of a Pipe Extending Above the Groundline

492

(1)

14.5.4 Steel Pile Supporting a Retaining Wall

492

(4)

14.5.5 Drilled Shaft Supporting an Overhead Structure

496

(3)

Problems

499

(4)

15 ANALYSIS OF PILE GROUPS

503

(34)

15.1 Introduction

503

(1)

15.2 Distribution of Load to Piles in a Group: The Two-Dimensional Problem

503

(7)

15.2.1 Model of the Problem

504

(6)

15.2.2 Detailed Step-by-Step Solution Procedure

510

(1)

15.3 Modification of p-y Curves for Battered Piles

510

(1)

15.4 Example Solution Showing Distribution of a Load to Piles in a Two-Dimensional Group

511

(6)

15.4.1 Solution by Hand Computations

511

(6)

15.5 Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Lateral Loading

517

(10)

15.5.1 Modifying Lateral Resistance of Closely Spaced Piles

517

(1)

15.5.2 Customary Methods of Adjusting Lateral Resistance for Close Spacing

518

(3)

15.5.3 Adjusting for Close Spacing under Lateral Loading by Modified p-y Curves

521

(6)

15.6 Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Axial Loading

527

(8)

15.6.1 Introduction

527

(2)

15.6.2 Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesionless Soils

529

(2)

15.6.3 Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesive Soils

531

(3)

15.6.4 Concluding Comments

534

(1)

Problems

535

(2)

APPENDIX

537

(2)

REFERENCES

539

(20)

INDEX

559

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Analysis And Design of Shallow And Deep Foundations

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials