Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials

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ISBN: 9780195150971 | 019515097X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/24/2005

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Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials, 2/e analyzes the behavior and properties of composite materials--rigid, high-strength, lightweight components that can be used in infrastructure, aircraft, automobiles, biomedical products, and a myriad of other goods. This edition featuresadditional exercises and new material based on the author's research and advances in the field.

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

xvii

Introduction

(17)

Definition and Characteristics

(1)

Historical Development

(1)

Applications

(10)

Overview of Advantages and Limitations of Composite Materials

(3)

Micromechanics

(1)

Macromechanics

(1)

Mechanical Characterization

(1)

Structural Design, Analysis, and Optimization

(1)

Manufacturing Technology

(1)

Maintainability, Serviceability, and Durability

(1)

Cost Effectiveness

(1)

Significance and Objectives of Composite Materials Science and Technology

(1)

Current Status and Future Prospects

(2)

References

(1)

Basic Concepts, Materials, Processes, and Characteristics

(25)

Structural-Performance of Conventional Materials

(1)

Geometric and Physical Definitions

(2)

Type of Material

(1)

Homogeneity

(1)

Heterogeneity or Inhomogeneity

(1)

Isotropy

(1)

Anisotropy/Orthotropy

(1)

Material Response Under Load

(4)

Types and Classification of Composite Materials

(2)

Lamina and Laminate---Characteristics and Configurations

(1)

Scales of Analysis---Micromechanics and Macromechanics

(2)

Basic Lamina Properties

(1)

Degrees of Anisotropy

(1)

Constituent Materials

(5)

Reinforcement

(3)

Matrices

(2)

Material Forms---Prepregs

(1)

Manufacturing Methods for Composite Materials

(4)

Autoclave Molding

(1)

Filament Winding

(1)

Resin Transfer Molding

(2)

Properties of Typical Composite Materials

(3)

References

(1)

Elastic Behavior of Composite Lamina---Micromechanics

(20)

Scope and Approaches

(2)

Micromechanics Methods

(4)

Mechanics of Materials Methods

(1)

Bounding Methods

(2)

Semiempirical Methods

(1)

Geometric Aspects and Elastic Symmetry

(1)

Longitudinal Elastic Properties---Continuous Fibers

(2)

Transverse Elastic Properties---Continuous Fibers

(5)

In-Plane Shear Modulus

(2)

Longitudinal Properties---Discontinuous (Short) Fibers

(5)

Elastic Stress Transfer Model---Shear Lag Analysis (Cox)

(2)

Semiempirical Relation (Halpin)

(1)

References

(1)

Problems

(2)

Elastic Behavior of Composite Lamina---Macromechanics

(35)

Stress-Strain Relations

(8)

General Anisotropic Material

(3)

Specially Orthotropic Material

(1)

Transversely Isotropic Material

(2)

Orthotropic Material Under Plane Stress

(2)

Isotropic Material

(1)

Relations Between Mathematical and Engineering Constants

(5)

Stress-Strain Relations for a Thin Lamina (Two-Dimensional)

(1)

Transformation of Stress and Strain (Two-Dimensional)

(1)

Transformation of Elastic Parameters (Two-Dimensional)

(3)

Transformation of Stress-Strain Relations in Terms of Engineering Constants (Two-Dimensional)

(2)

Transformation Relations for Engineering Constants (Two-Dimensional)

(5)

Transformation of Stress and Strain (Three-Dimensional)

(2)

General Transformation

(1)

Rotation About 3-Axis

(1)

Transformation of Elastic Parameters (Three-Dimensional)

(8)

References

(1)

Problems

(6)

Strength of Unidirectional Lamina---Micromechanics

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Longitudinal Tension---Failure Mechanisms and Strength

(4)

Longitudinal Tension---Ineffective Fiber Length

102

(3)

Longitudinal Compression

105

(5)

Transverse Tension

110

(3)

Transverse Compression

113

(1)

In-Plane Shear

114

(1)

Out-of-Plane Loading

115

(1)

General Micromechanics Approach

116

(4)

References

116

(1)

Problems

117

(3)

Strength of Composite Lamina---Macromechanics

120

(38)

Introduction

120

(2)

Failure Theories

122

(1)

Maximum Stress Theory

123

(3)

Maximum Strain Theory

126

(2)

Energy-Based Interaction Theory (Tsai-Hill)

128

(2)

Interactive Tensor Polynomial Theory (Tsai-Wu)

130

(5)

Failure-Mode-Based Theories (Hashin-Rotem)

135

(2)

Failure Criteria for Textile Composites

137

(2)

Computational Procedure for Determination of Lamina Strength---Tsai-Wu Criterion (Plane Stress Conditions)

139

(4)

Evaluation and Applicability of Lamina Failure Theories

143

(15)

References

148

(1)

Problems

149

(9)

Elastic Behavior of Multidirectional Laminates

158

(46)

Basic Assumptions

158

(1)

Strain-Displacement Relations

158

(2)

Stress-Strain Relations of a Layer Within a Laminate

160

(1)

Force and Moment Resultants

161

(2)

General Load-Deformation Relations: Laminate Stiffnesses

163

(2)

Inversion of Load-Deformation Relations: Laminate Compliances

165

(2)

Symmetric Laminates

167

(4)

Symmetric Laminates with Isotropic Layers

168

(1)

Symmetric Laminates with Specially Orthotropic Layers (Symmetric Crossply Laminates)

169

(1)

Symmetric Angle-Ply Laminates

170

(1)

Balanced Laminates

171

(4)

Antisymmetric Laminates

172

(1)

Antisymmetric Crossply Laminates

172

(2)

Antisymmetric Angle-Ply Laminates

174

(1)

Orthotropic Laminates: Transformation of Laminate Stiffnesses and Compliances

175

(2)

Quasi-isotropic Laminates

177

(2)

Design Considerations

179

(2)

Laminate Engineering Properties

181

(8)

Symmetric Balanced Laminates

181

(1)

Symmetric Laminates

182

(2)

General Laminates

184

(5)

Computational Procedure for Determination of Engineering Elastic Properties

189

(1)

Comparison of Elastic Parameters of Unidirectional and Angle-Ply Laminates

190

(1)

Carpet Plots for Multidirectional Laminates

191

(1)

Textile Composite Laminates

192

(1)

Modified Lamination Theory---Effects of Transverse Shear

193

(3)

Sandwich Plates

196

(8)

References

200

(1)

Problems

200

(4)

Hygrothermal Effects

204

(39)

Introduction

204

(1)

Physical and Chemical Effects

205

(1)

Effects on Mechanical Properties

205

(1)

Hygrothermoelastic (HTE) Effects

205

(1)

Hygrothermal Effects on Mechanical Behavior

205

(3)

Coefficients of Thermal and Moisture Expansion of a Unidirectional Lamina

208

(4)

Hygrothermal Strains in a Unidirectional Lamina

212

(1)

Hygrothermoelastic Load-Deformation Relations

213

(2)

Hygrothermoelastic Deformation-Load Relations

215

(1)

Hygrothermal Load-Deformation Relations

216

(1)

Coefficients of Thermal and Moisture Expansion of Multidirectional Laminates

216

(1)

Coefficients of Thermal and Moisture Expansion of Balanced/Symmetric Laminates

217

(2)

Physical Significance of Hygrothermal Forces and Moments

219

(1)

Hygrothermal Isotropy and Stability

220

(4)

Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Unidirectional and Multidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Laminates

224

(1)

Hygrothermoelastic Stress Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates

225

(2)

Residual Stresses

227

(5)

Warpage

232

(3)

Computational Procedure for Hygrothermoelastic Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates

235

(8)

References

237

(2)

Problems

239

(4)

Stress and Failure Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates

243

(60)

Introduction

243

(1)

Types of Failure

244

(1)

Stress Analysis and Safety Factors for First Ply Failure of Symmetric Laminates (In-Plane Loading)

244

(2)

Strength Components for First Ply Failure of Symmetric Laminates

246

(6)

Computational Procedure for Stress and Failure Analysis of General Multidirectional Laminates (First Ply Failure)

252

(1)

Comparison of Strengths of Unidirectional and Angle-Ply Laminates (First Ply Failure)

253

(1)

Carpet Plots for Strength of Multidirectional Laminates (First Ply Failure)

254

(1)

Effect of Hygrothermal History on Strength of Multidirectional Laminates (First Ply Failure; Tsai-Wu Criterion)

255

(3)

Computational Procedure for Stress and Failure Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates Under Combined Mechanical and Hygrothermal Loading (First Ply Failure; Tsai-Wu Criterion)

258

(2)

Micromechanics of Progressive Failure

260

(5)

Progressive and Ultimate Laminate Failure---Laminate Efficiency

265

(2)

Analysis of Progressive and Ultimate Laminate Failure

267

(4)

Determination of First Ply Failure (FPF)

267

(1)

Discounting of Damaged Plies

268

(1)

Stress Analysis of the Damaged Laminate

268

(1)

Second Ply Failure

268

(1)

Ultimate Laminate Failure

268

(1)

Computational Procedure

269

(2)

Laminate Failure Theories---Overview, Evaluation, and Applicability

271

(5)

Design Considerations

276

(1)

Interlaminar Stresses and Strength of Multidirectional Laminates: Edge Effects

277

(7)

Introduction

277

(1)

Angle-Ply Laminates

277

(1)

Crossply Laminates

278

(1)

Effects of Stacking Sequence

279

(3)

Interlaminar Strength

282

(2)

Interlaminar Fracture Toughness

284

(2)

Design Methodology for Structural Composite Materials

286

(3)

Illustration of Design Process: Design of a Pressure Vessel

289

(5)

Aluminum Reference Vessel

290

(1)

Crossply [0m/90n]s Laminates

290

(1)

Angle-Ply [±θ]ns Laminates

291

(1)

[90/±θ]ns Laminates

292

(1)

[0/±θ]ns Laminates

293

(1)

Quasi-isotropic [0/±45/90]ns Laminates

293

(1)

Summary and Comparison of Results

294

(1)

Ranking of Composite Laminates

294

(9)

References

295

(3)

Problems

298

(5)

Experimental Methods for Characterization and Testing of Composite Materials

303

(70)

Introduction

303

(1)

Characterization of Constituent Materials

304

(6)

Mechanical Fiber Characterization

304

(3)

Thermal Fiber Characterization

307

(1)

Matrix Characterization

308

(1)

Interface/Interphase Characterization

308

(2)

Physical Characterization of Composite Materials

310

(6)

Density

310

(1)

Fiber Volume Ratio

310

(1)

Void Volume Ratio (Porosity)

311

(2)

Coefficients of Thermal Expansion

313

(1)

Coefficients of Hygric (Moisture) Expansion

314

(2)

Determination of Tensile Properties of Unidirectional Laminae

316

(2)

Determination of Compressive Properties of Unidirectional Laminae

318

(4)

Determination of Shear Properties of Unidirectional Laminae

322

(7)

Determination of Through-Thickness Properties

329

(6)

Through-Thickness Tensile Properties

329

(2)

Through-Thickness Compressive Properties

331

(1)

Interlaminar Shear Strength

331

(4)

Determination of Interlaminar Fracture Toughness

335

(7)

Mode I Testing

335

(2)

Mode II Testing

337

(2)

Mixed-Mode Testing

339

(2)

Mode III Testing

341

(1)

Biaxial Testing

342

(6)

Introduction

342

(1)

Off-Axis Uniaxial Test

343

(2)

Flat Plate Specimen

345

(1)

Thin-Wall Tubular Specimen

346

(2)

Characterization of Composites with Stress Concentrations

348

(7)

Introduction

348

(1)

Laminates with Holes

348

(4)

Laminates with Cracks

352

(3)

Test Methods for Textile Composites

355

(4)

In-Plane Tensile Testing

355

(1)

In-Plane Compressive Testing

356

(1)

In-Plane Shear Testing

357

(1)

Through-Thickness Testing

357

(2)

Interlaminar Fracture Toughness

359

(1)

Structural Testing

359

(1)

Summary and Discussion

360

(13)

References

364

(9)

Appendix A: Material Properties

373

(12)

Appendix B: Three-Dimensional Transformations of Elastic Properties of Composite Lamina

385

(4)

Appendix C: Answers to Selected Problems

389

(8)

Author Index

397

(6)

Subject Index

403

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Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials