Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment

A concise and engaging overview of endocrine disruption phenomena that brings complex concepts within the reach of non-specialists

For most of the last decade, the science of endocrine disruption has evolved with more definitive evidence of its damaging potential to health and environment. This book lists the major environmental chemicals of concern and their mechanism of endocrine disruption including remedial measures for them.

Divided into three parts, Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment begins with an overview of the endocrine system and endocrine disruptors, discussing their salient features and presenting a historical perspective of endocrine disruption phenomena. It then goes on to cover hormone- signaling mechanisms, followed by various broad classes of putative endocrine disruptors, before introducing readers to environmental epigenetic modifications. Part two of the book focuses on removal processes of various EDCs by biotic and abiotic transformation/degradation. The last section consists of four chapters embracing themes on finding solutions to environmental EDCs—including their detection, regulation, replacement, and remediation.

Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment is the first book to detail the endocrine effects of several known environmental contaminants and their mechanism of endocrine disruption. Additionally, it:

• Covers both the chemistry and biology of endocrine disruption and compiles almost all the known endocrine disrupting environmental chemicals and their mechanisms of toxicity
• Addresses policy and regulatory issues relevant to EDCs including scientific uncertainty and precautionary policy
• Brings forth the use of Green Chemistry principles in avoiding endocrine disruption in the designing and screening for safer chemicals and remediation of the EDCs in aquatic environment
• Includes a useful glossary of technical terms, a list of acronyms, topical references, and a subject index

Endocrine Disruptors in the Environment is an ideal book for environmental chemists and endocrine toxicologists, developmental biologists, endocrinologists, epidemiologists, environmental health scientists and advocates, and regulatory officials tasked with risk assessment in environment and health areas.

SUSHIL K. KHETAN, PhD, a research chemist at the Institute for Green Science in Carnegie Mellon University, has been working at the confluence of environmental and green chemistry. Earlier he worked in the agrochemicals industry and published two books on environmentally-friendly pest control technologies. He has consulted globally for several international organizations.

Foreword by Terrence J. Collins

Preface

1 Environmental Endocrine Disruptors

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Salient Aspects of Endocrine Disruption

1.3 Historical Perspective of Endocrine Disruption

1.4 Scope and Layout of This Book

1.4 Conclusion

References

Part I Mechanisms of Hormonal Action and Putative endocrine disruptors

2 Mechanisms of Endocrine System Function

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Hormonal Axes

2.3 Hormonal Cell Signaling

2.4 Sex Steroids

2.5 Thyroid Hormones

2.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

3 Environmental chemicals Targeting Estrogen Signaling Pathways

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Steroidal Estrogens

3.3 Non-steroidal Estrogenic Compounds

3.4 Metalloestrogens

3.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

4 Anti-androgenic Chemicals

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Testosterone Synthesis Inhibitors

4.3 Androgen Receptor (AR) Antagonists

4.4 AR Antagonists and Fetal Testosterone Synthesis Inhibitors

4.5 Comparative Antiandrogenic Effects of Pesticides

4.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

5 Thyroid Disrupting Chemicals

5.1 Introduction

5.2. TH Synthesis Inhibition by Interference in Iodine Uptake

5.3 TH Transport Disruptors and Sulfotransferases Inhibitors

5.4 Thyroid Hormone Levels Disruptors

5.5 Selective Thyroid Hormone Antagonism

5.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

6 Activators of PPAR, RXR, AhR, and Steroidogenic Factor 1

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Peroxisome-proliferator-activated Receptor

6.3 PPAR Agonists

6.4 Aryl Hyrocarbon Receptor (AhR)

6.5 AhR Agonists

6.6 Steroidogenesis Modulator (Aromatase Expression Inducer)

6.7 Conclusions

References

7 Effects of EDCs Mixtures

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Combined Effect of exposure to multiple chemicals

7.3 Mixture Effects of Estrogenic Chemicals

7.4 Mixture Effects of Estrogens and Antiestrogens

7.5 Mixture Effects of Antiandrogens

7.6 Mixture Effects of Thyroid Disrupting Chemicals

7.7 Mixture Effects of Chemicals Acting via AhR

7.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

8 Environmentally-induced Epigenetic Modifications and Their Transgenerational Effects

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Regulatory Epigenetic Modifications

8.3 Epigenomic Dysregulation Effects of Endocrine Disruptors

8.4 Environmental Epigenetic Effects of Heavy Metals Exposure

8.5 Transgenerational Implications of Epigenetic Alterations

8.6 Transgenerational Actions of EDCs Mixture on Reproductive Disease

8.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

Part II. Removal Mechanisms of EDCs through Biotic and Abiotic Processes

9. Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Selected Examples of EDCs

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Natural and synthetic estrogens

9.3 Alkylphenols

9.4 Phthalates

9.5 Insecticides

9.6 Fungicides

9.7 Herbicides

9.8 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

9.9 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

9.10 Triclosan

9.11 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

10 Abiotic Transformation and Degradation Products of Selected EDCs

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Natural and Synthetic Estrogens

10.3 Bisphenol A

10.4 4-Octylphenol and 4-Nonylphenol

10.5 Parabens

10.6 Phthalates

10.7 Linuron

10.8 Atrazine

10.9 Polybrominated Diphenyether (PBDE) Flame Retardants

10.10 Triclosan

10.11 Conclusions

References

Part III Screening and testing of Potential EDCs, Water Quality Sustainability, Policy and Regulatory Issues, and Green Chemistry Principles in the Design of Safe Chemicals and Remediation of EDCs

11 Screening and Testing Programs for EDCs

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program (EDSP)

11.3 Assays for the Detection of Chemicals that Alter the Estrogen Signaling Pathway

11.4 Assays for the Detection of Chemicals that Alter the Androgenic Signaling Pathway

11.5 Assays for Detection of Chemicals that Alter the HPT Axis

11.6 The US EPA?s EDSP21 Work Plan

11.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

12 Trace Contaminants: Implications for Water Quality Sustainability

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Trace Contaminant Sources in Water

12.3 Wastewater Reclamation Processes

12.4 Indirect Water Reuse Systems

12.5 Leaching of contaminants in water - The case of bottled water

12.6 Water Quality Sustainability and Health Effects

12.7 Toxicological Implications

12.8 Regulatory Structures to Maintain Water Quality

12.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

13 Policy and Regulatory Considerations for EDCs

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Regulating Paradigm Shift in Conventional Toxicology

13.3 Policy Options for EDCs Regulation

13.4 Controversy on regulatory framework for EDCs

References

14 Designing and Screening for Safer Chemicals and Green Oxidative

Remediation of EDCs

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Benign by Design Chemicals

14.3 Chemical Endocrine Disruption Screening Protocol

14.4 Green Oxidative Remediation of EDCs

14.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects

References

List of acronyms

Glossary

Subject index

The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.

The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.