Thermal Environmental Engineering

, by Kuehn, Thomas H.; Ramsey, James W.; Threlkeld, James L.

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ISBN: 9780139172205 | 0139172203
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/28/1998

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The latest edition of the classic book grounded in the fundamentals. It introduces heating, ventilation, and air conditioning starting with basic principles of engineering leading to the latest HVAC design practice. Its engineering approach emphasizes fundamentals and realistic applications.Acknowledging numerous approaches to all engineering problems, the book presents alternate approaches and describes why some approaches work best in specific applications and what compromises are made using each of them. Provides carefully worked examples with step-by-step solutions listing assumptions, reference equations, and supporting material. Incorporates a careful use of easy-to-follow units and conversion factors providing basic mass and energy balances. The third edition ofThermal Environmental Engineeringhas been updated to reflect current approaches as well as new chapters on energy estimation, air handling system design, and piping system design. Discusses new replacement refrigerants as well as environmental issues. Presents single and multiple zone psychronetric systems; moisture transport in building structures; and the latest topics on indoor air quality and human comfort.An essential reference book for professional mechanical engineers.

Preface

Part I INTRODUCTION

(48)

1 Introduction to Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration

(8)

1.1 Historical Overview

(3)

1.2 Overview of HVAC System Design

(4)

1.3 Summary

(1)

Endnotes

(1)

2 Review of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer

(40)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Thermodynamic Properties

(1)

2.3 Systems of Units

(1)

2.4 Specific Volume, Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Gravity

(1)

2.5 Pressure

(1)

2.6 Temperature

(1)

2.7 Heat and Power Units

(1)

2.8 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

(1)

2.9 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Entropy

(1)

2.10 The Perfect Gas

(1)

2.11 Mixtures of Perfect Gases

(1)

2.12 Dry Air

(1)

2.13 Properties of Water and Steam

(3)

2.14 Low-Pressure Water Vapor

(2)

2.15 Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerants

(1)

2.16 The Steady-Flow Energy Equation

(1)

2.17 The Steady-Flow Entropy Equation

(1)

2.18 Heat Conduction

(1)

2.19 Forced Convection for Internal Flows

(1)

2.20 Forced Convection for External Flows

(1)

2.21 Natural Convection for External Flows

(1)

2.22 Natural Convection for Cavity Flows

(1)

2.23 Pool Boiling

(1)

2.24 Forced-Convection Boiling

(2)

2.25 Condensation on External Surfaces

(1)

2.26 Condensation in Internal Flows

(1)

2.27 Thermal Radiation

(6)

2.28 Combined Modes of Heat Transfer

(1)

2.29 Overall Transfer of Heat

(4)

2.30 Fluid Flow in Ducts and Pipes

(1)

Endnotes

(1)

Problems

(1)

Symbols

(3)

Part II REFRIGERATION

(129)

3 Mechanical Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycles

(24)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 The Carnot Refrigeration Cycle

(2)

3.3 The Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle

(3)

3.4 Comparison of the Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle with the Carnot Cycle

(3)

3.5 Subcooling and Superheating Refrigerant in the Single-Stage Cycle

(1)

3.6 Performance of Single-Stage Cycle at Low Evaporating Temperatures

(2)

3.7 Theoretical Multistage Vapor-Compression Cycles

(7)

3.8 Theoretical Cascade Vapor-Compression Cycles

(1)

3.9 Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Refrigerant Mixture

(1)

Endnotes

(1)

Problems

(3)

Symbols

(1)

4 Mechanical Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Components and Systems

(41)

4.1 Refrigerants

(5)

4.2 The Inorganic Refrigerants

(1)

4.3 The Halocarbon Refrigerants

(2)

4.4 Reaction of Refrigerants with Moisture and Oil

(2)

4.5 Reciprocating Compressors

(8)

4.6 Rotary Compressors

(2)

4.7 Scroll Compressors

(4)

4.8 Screw Compressors

(3)

4.9 Centrifugal Compressors

(2)

4.10 Expansion Devices

101

(3)

4.11 Actual Refrigeration Systems

104

(6)

Endnotes

110

(1)

Problems

110

(2)

Symbols

112

(2)

5 Absorption Refrigeration

114

(37)

5.1 Introduction

114

(1)

5.2 Simple Theoretical Absorption Refrigeration System

115

(2)

5.3 Elementary Properties of Binary Mixtures

117

(4)

5.4 Elementary Steady-Flow Processes with Binary Mixtures

121

(7)

5.5 Rectification of a Binary Mixture

128

(6)

5.6 The Aqua-Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration System

134

(5)

5.7 The Lithium Bromide-Water Absorption System

139

(8)

5.8 Comparison of Absorption Systems with Mechanical Vapor-Compression Systems

147

(1)

Endnotes

148

(1)

Problems

149

(1)

Symbols

150

(1)

6 Ultralow-Temperature Refrigeration: Cryogenics

151

(27)

6.1 Introduction

151

(1)

6.2 Minimum Work Required to Liquefy a Gas

152

(1)

6.3 Cooling of a Gas by Expansion

153

(3)

6.4 Linde Air-Liquefaction Cycle

156

(3)

6.5 Claude Air-Liquefaction Cycle

159

(3)

6.6 Separation of Air

162

(9)

6.7 Liquefaction of Hydrogen and Helium

171

(3)

6.8 Approach to Absolute Zero by the Adiabatic Demagnetization of a Paramagnetic Salt

174

(1)

Endnotes

175

(1)

Problems

175

(2)

Symbols

177

(1)

Part III PSYCHROMETRICS

178

(85)

7 Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air

178

(23)

7.1 Atmospheric Air

178

(1)

7.2 Fundamental Discussion of Moist Air

179

(3)

7.3 Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb Temperature

182

(1)

7.4 The Tables for Moist Air

183

(2)

7.5 Perfect-Gas Relationships for Approximate Calculations

185

(7)

7.6 Construction of the Psychrometric Chart

192

(4)

7.7 The ASHRAE Psychrometric Charts

196

(1)

Endnotes

197

(1)

Problems

197

(2)

Symbols

199

(2)

8 Psychrometric Processes and Applications

201

(42)

8.1 Introduction

201

(1)

8.2 Elementary Psychrometric Processes

201

(16)

8.3 Psychrometric Systems--Single Zone

217

(8)

8.4 Psychrometric Systems--Multiple Zone

225

(10)

Endnotes

235

(1)

Problems

236

(5)

Symbols

241

(2)

9 The Psychrometer and Humidity Measurement

243

(20)

9.1 Introduction

243

(1)

9.2 Mass Transfer and Evaporation of Water into Moist Air

243

(3)

9.3 Theory of the Psychrometer

246

(6)

9.4 Practical Use of a Psychrometer

252

(1)

9.5 Correlation of Psychrometer Wet-Bulb Temperature with Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb Temperature

252

(5)

9.6 Other Methods for Measuring Air Humidity

257

(1)

9.7 Humidity Standards

258

(2)

Endnotes

260

(1)

Problems

260

(1)

Symbols

261

(2)

Part IV HEAT- AND MASS-TRANSFER PROCESSES AND APPLICATIONS

263

(152)

10 Direct-Contact Transfer Processes between Moist Air and Water

263

(25)

10.1 Introduction

263

(1)

10.2 Directly Recirculated Isothermal Spray Water: the Air Washer

263

(5)

10.3 Counterflow Contact of Moist Air by Heated Spray Water: the Cooling Tower

268

(13)

10.4 Counterflow Contact of Moist Air by Chilled Spray Water: the Spray Dehumidifier

281

(1)

10.5 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Water-Air Direct-Contact Devices

282

(2)

Endnotes

284

(1)

Problems

285

(1)

Symbols

286

(2)

11 Heating and Cooling of Moist Air by Extended-Surface Coils

288

(44)

11.1 General Remarks

288

(1)

11.2 True Mean Temperature Difference for Heat Exchangers of the Cross-Flow, Finned-Tube Type

289

(6)

11.3 Evaluating Heat-Exchanger Performance Using the Number-of-Transfer-Units Method

295

(2)

11.4 The Efficiency of Various Extended Surfaces

297

(4)

11.5 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient for a Dry Finned-Tube Heat Exchanger

301

(2)

11.6 Overall Heat-Transfer Problems Involving Dry Finned Surfaces

303

(6)

11.7 Introduction to Heat Transfer in Wet-Surface Cooling Coils

309

(3)

11.8 The Efficiency of Various Extended Surfaces When Both Cooling and Dehumidifying Occur

312

(2)

11.9 Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficient for a Wet Finned-Tube Heat Exchanger

314

(3)

11.10 Mean Air Enthalpy Difference for Wet Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers

317

(1)

11.11 Overall Heat-Transfer Problems Involving Wet Finned Surfaces

318

(5)

11.12 Calculation of Cooling-Coil Performance at Other than Design Conditions

323

(2)

11.13 Practical Considerations Involving Finned-Tube Heating and Cooling Coils

325

(1)

Endnotes

326

(1)

Problems

326

(2)

Symbols

328

(4)

12 Human Thermal Comfort and Indoor Air Quality

332

(49)

12.1 Introduction

332

(1)

12.2 Energy Balance on the Human Body

332

(9)

12.3 Environmental Parameters

341

(5)

12.4 Environmental Comfort Indices

346

(5)

12.5 Body Regulatory Processes against Heat or Cold

351

(2)

12.6 Prediction of Human Thermal Comfort

353

(3)

12.7 Airborne Contaminants

356

(1)

12.8 Acceptable Indoor Levels of Airborne Contaminants

357

(5)

12.9 Control of Indoor Airborne Contaminants

362

(11)

12.10 Modeling of Indoor Contaminant Concentration

373

(3)

Endnotes

376

(1)

Problems

377

(2)

Symbols

379

(2)

13 Solar Radiation

381

(34)

13.1 Introduction

381

(1)

13.2 The Earth

381

(2)

13.3 Basic Earth-Sun Angles

383

(2)

13.4 Relationship between Clock Time and Solar Time

385

(2)

13.5 Derived Solar Angles

387

(5)

13.6 Shading of Surfaces from Direct Solar Radiation

392

(4)

13.7 Solar-Radiation Intensity at Outer Limit of Atmosphere

396

(1)

13.8 Depletion of Direct Solar Radiation by Earth's Atmosphere

397

(3)

13.9 Estimation of Intensity of Solar Radiation during Average Clear Days

400

(1)

13.10 Solar Radiation Striking a Surface

401

(6)

13.11 Solar-Radiation Measurement

407

(2)

Endnotes

409

(1)

Problems

410

(3)

Symbols

413

(2)

Part V HEATING- AND COOLING-LOAD CALCULATIONS IN BUILDINGS

415

(169)

14 Winter Design Heat Loss

415

(57)

14.1 Introduction

415

(1)

14.2 Above-Grade Heat Transfer in Buildings

416

(19)

14.3 Below-Grade Heat Transfer in Buildings

435

(8)

14.4 Infiltration

443

(12)

14.5 Unheated-Space Temperatures and Heat Losses

455

(1)

14.6 Winter Design Conditions

456

(1)

14.7 Winter Design Heat-Loss Summary

457

(2)

14.8 Moisture Transport in Building Structures

459

(6)

Endnotes

465

(1)

Problems

466

(3)

Symbols

469

(3)

15 Instantaneous Heat Gain

472

(60)

15.1 Introduction

472

(1)

15.2 Summer Design Conditions

473

(1)

15.3 Sol-Air Temperature

474

(7)

15.4 Periodic Heat Gain through Walls and Roofs

481

(22)

15.5 Instantaneous Heat Gain through Fenestrations

503

(19)

15.6 Heat Gain from Internal Sources

522

(4)

Endnotes

526

(1)

Problems

526

(2)

Symbols

528

(4)

16 Instantaneous Cooling Load

532

(27)

16.1 Introduction

532

(1)

16.2 Instantaneous Cooling Load for Forced-Air Systems

532

(2)

16.3 Transfer-Function Method

534

(6)

16.4 Hand-Calculation (CLTD) Method

540

(15)

Endnotes

555

(1)

Problems

556

(1)

Symbols

557

(2)

17 Energy-Estimation Methods

559

(25)

17.1 Degree-Day Method

559

(4)

17.2 Bin Method

563

(15)

17.3 Modified Bin Method

578

(1)

17.4 Detailed Energy-Estimation Methods

579

(1)

Endnotes

580

(1)

Problems

581

(1)

Symbols

582

(2)

Part VI AIR- AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN

584

(90)

18 Air-Distribution Systems and Duct Design

584

(61)

18.1 Introduction

584

(1)

18.2 Room Air Distribution and Diffuser Selection

585

(18)

18.3 Basic Air-Distribution System Principles

603

(27)

18.4 Duct Layout and Sizing Procedures

630

(8)

Endnotes

638

(1)

Problems

638

(5)

Symbols

643

(2)

19 Hydronic System Operation and Design

645

(29)

19.1 Introduction

645

(1)

19.2 Basic Principles of Hydronic Systems

645

(14)

19.3 Pipe Layout and Sizing Procedures

659

(9)

19.4 Additional Components and Considerations

668

(2)

Endnotes

670

(1)

Problems

670

(2)

Symbols

672

(2)

Appendix A Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Property Tables

674

(33)

Appendix B Weather Data

707

(25)

Appendix C Refrigerant, Cryogenic, and Psychrometric Charts

732

(1)

Index

733

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Thermal Environmental Engineering

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials