Pharmaceutical Calculations for the Pharmacy Technician

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ISBN: 9780781763103 | 078176310X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/4/2007

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Learn to perform all the pharmaceutical calculations needed to fulfill your responsibilities as a pharmacy technician. This text's engaging writing style, coupled with its easy-to-learn, ratio-proportion method of problem solving, helps you master calculations from the most basic to the most complex.

Fundamentals of Calculations	p. 1
Numbers and Numerals	p. 2
Kinds of Numbers	p. 2
Arabic Numbers	p. 3
Roman Numerals	p. 3
Arabic and Roman Numerals	p. 5
Common Fractions, Decimal Fractions, and Percents	p. 5
Fractions	p. 6
Fractions	p. 12
Decimal Fractions	p. 15
Decimal Fractions	p. 19
Percent	p. 20
Percent	p. 21
Ratio and Proportion	p. 22
Ratio	p. 22
Proportion	p. 24
Ratio and Proportion	p. 28
Dimensional Analysis	p. 29
Dimensional Analysis	p. 31
Significant Figures	p. 31
Significant Figures	p. 32
Practice Problems	p. 32
Systems of Measure	p. 37
Metric System	p. 38
Measure of Length	p. 38
Measure of Volume	p. 39
Measure of Weight	p. 39
Metric System Fundamental Computations	p. 42
Metric System	p. 46
Apothecaries' System of Measure	p. 47
Avoirdupois System	p. 48
Avoirdupois System	p. 49
Household System	p. 49
Household System	p. 50
Other Common Drug Measurements	p. 51
Conversions among Systems of Measurement	p. 51
Conversions among Systems of Measurement	p. 54
Measurement of Time	p. 56
Measurement of Time	p. 57
Practice Problems	p. 57
Interpretation of the Prescription or Medication Order	p. 66
Overview	p. 67
Prescription Abbreviations	p. 76
Medication Scheduling and Patient Compliance	p. 77
Interpreting Prescriptions	p. 80
Practice Problems	p. 81
Equipment Used in Measuring	p. 83
Measurement of Volume	p. 84
Measurement of Weight	p. 88
Percentage of Error	p. 89
Calculating Percentage of Error in Volumetric Measurement	p. 90
Calculating Percentage of Error in Weighing	p. 90
Equipment Used in Measurement	p. 91
Practice Problems	p. 92
Understanding Drug Labels	p. 94
Brand and Generic Names	p. 95
Dosage Strength	p. 97
Dosage Form	p. 97
Total Volume	p. 97
National Drug Code	p. 100
Bar Codes	p. 101
Lot Numbers and Expiration Dates	p. 102
USP/NF	p. 103
Additional Label Information	p. 103
Combination Drug Labels	p. 105
Unit Dose Labels	p. 107
Practice Problems	p. 110
Calculations of Oral Doses	p. 117
Calculation of Doses	p. 119
Solving Using Ratio-Proportion Method	p. 119
Solving Using a Formula	p. 123
Solving Using Dimensional Analysis	p. 124
Solving by Ratio-Proportion, Formula, and/or Dimensional Analysis	p. 126
Calculation of Quantities for Courses of Therapy	p. 129
Calculation of Quantities for Courses of Therapy	p. 131
Miscellaneous Dosage Problems	p. 136
Determining the Number of Doses in a Specified Amount of Medication	p. 136
Determining the Size of a Dose, Given a Specified Amount of Medicine and the Number of Doses It Contains	p. 137
Determining the Amount of a Medicine Given the Number of Doses it Contains and the Size of Each Dose	p. 138
Determining the Quantity of an Ingredient in a Specified Total Amount, Given the Quantity of the Ingredient in Each Specified Dose	p. 140
Practice Problems	p. 141
Calculations for Pediatric Doses	p. 149
Pediatric Patients	p. 150
Drug Dosage Based on Body Weight	p. 151
Drug Dosage Based on Body Weight	p. 152
Drug Dosage Based on Body Surface Area	p. 156
Body Surface Area Dosage with Relation to Weight in Children	p. 156
Use of Dosing Tables Based on Body Surface Area	p. 158
Body Surface Area Dosage in Relation to Weight and Height in Children or Adults	p. 158
Calculation of Doses When the BSA Is Known	p. 161
Drug Dosage Based on Body Surface Area	p. 161
Practice Problems	p. 162
Reducing and Enlarging Formulas	p. 168
Formulas That Specify Amounts of Ingredients	p. 171
Calculating Quantities of Ingredients When Reducing or Enlarging a Formula	p. 171
Formulas That Specify Proportional Parts	p. 174
Calculating Quantities of Ingredients in Formula Preparation with Specified Proportional Parts	p. 174
Calculating Quantities of Ingredients When Proportional Parts Are Reckoned from the Formula	p. 175
Using Formulas to Calculate Amounts of Ingredients	p. 176
Practice Problems	p. 111
Percentage, Ratio Strength, and Other Expressions of Concentration	p. 181
Percentage and Percentage Preparations	p. 182
Percentage Weight-in-Volume	p. 183
Percentage Weight-in-Volume	p. 186
Percentage Volume-in-Volume	p. 188
Percentage Volume-in-Volume	p. 190
Percentage Weight-in-Weight	p. 191
Percentage Weight-in-Weight	p. 192
Ratio Strength	p. 193
Ratio Strength Given Percentage Strength	p. 194
Percentage Strength Given Ratio Strength	p. 194
Ratio Strength of Solution or Liquid Preparation, Given Weight of Solute in a Specified Volume	p. 195
Problems Involving Ratio Strength	p. 195
Ratio Strength	p. 197
Simple Conversions of Concentration to Milligrams per Milliliter	p. 198
Practice Problems	p. 199
Dilution and Concentration	p. 207
Relationship Between Strength and Total Quantity	p. 208
Dilution and Concentration of Liquids	p. 209
Determination of Percentage or Ratio Strength	p. 209
Determining Amount of Solution of a Desired Strength	p. 211
Stock Solutions	p. 213
Amount of Solution Needed to Prepare Desired Solution	p. 213
Using a Stock Vial or Ampuls	p. 216
Stock Solutions	p. 218
Determining Quantity of Active Ingredient in Specified Amount of Solution Given Strength of Diluted Portion	p. 220
Amount of Diluent Needed for Preparing Solution of Specified Lower Strength	p. 221
Dilution and Concentration of Solids	p. 222
Miscellaneous Problems	p. 222
Dilution and Concentration of Solids	p. 224
Alligation	p. 225
Alligation Medial	p. 225
Alligation Alternate	p. 226
Alligation	p. 230
Practice Problems	p. 232
Some Calculations Involving Units, Micrograms per Milliliter, and Other Measures of Potency	p. 241
Insulin and Penicillin	p. 243
Heparin	p. 243
Biologics	p. 246
Amount of Drug Equivalent to Dose in Units	p. 246
Equivalency Based on Microgram Activity per Milligram	p. 247
Units, Micrograms per Milliliter, and Other Measures of Potency	p. 247
Practice Problems	p. 248
Reconstituted Solutions and Intravenous Admixtures	p. 250
Constitution of Powders	p. 251
Oral Solution or Oral Suspension	p. 251
Parenteral Use	p. 255
Reconstituted Solutions	p. 260
Intravenous Admixtures	p. 262
Additives Needed for Admixture with Large-Volume Fluid to Produce Infusion of Specified Content	p. 263
Parenteral Nutrition	p. 265
Component Sources Needed for Admixture to Provide Required Amount of Additives	p. 267
Practice Problems	p. 269
Intravenous Rate of Flow Calculations	p. 273
Common IV Solutions	p. 275
Common IV Solutions	p. 276
Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluids	p. 277
Large-Volume Intravenous Fluid Delivery over Specified Period	p. 278
Rate of Flow of Intravenous Fluids	p. 278
Manually Regulated IV Flow Rates	p. 279
Manually Regulated IV Flow Rates	p. 280
Adjustment of Flow Rates	p. 281
Adjustment of Flow Rates	p. 282
IV Rate Calculations for the Critical Care Patient	p. 282
Flow Rates for the Critical Care Patient with Fluid Limits	p. 283
IV Rate Calculations for the Critical Care Patient	p. 287
Practice Problems	p. 288
Contemporary Compounding	p. 293
Use of Prefabricated Dosage Forms in Compounding	p. 294
Use of Prefabricated Dosage Forms in Compounding	p. 300
Pharmaceutical Formulas	p. 304
Pharmaceutical Formulas	p. 305
	p. 306
Review Set Solutions	p. 311
Critical Thinking Answers	p. 369
Glossary	p. 373
Index	p. 383
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Pharmaceutical Calculations for the Pharmacy Technician

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