Of Children

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ISBN: 9780534219369 | 0534219365
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/1/1994

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Correlated chapter by chapter with this text, this valuable guide includes study questions and a review for each text chapter, important terms and concepts, practice tests, and activities that help you retain what you read.

one the beginning

Studying the Child

(38)

How This Text Explores Growing Up

(2)

Some Definitions

(1)

Changing Attitudes Toward Children

(7)

Childbirth in Medieval Europe

(1)

Begging and Stealing in Eighteenth-Century Europe

(1)

Child Abandonment in Eighteenth-Century Europe

(1)

Child Labor in Nineteenth-Century Europe

(1)

The Developing World Today

(1)

The Industrialized World Today

(2)

Why Look at History?

(1)

Children's Rights

(6)

Establishing the Rights of Children

(2)

Disregard of Children's Rights in the Third World

(4)

The Study of Children

(2)

Early Observers of Children

(1)

Later Observers of Children

(1)

The Study of Children Today

(1)

Recurring Questions in Developmental Psychology

(1)

Basic Beliefs Concerning Human Development

(1)

Methods of Studying Children

(9)

Observations

(2)

Experiments

(2)

Correlational Studies

(2)

Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Research

(1)

Dealing with Sources of Variation

(2)

Evaluating Developmental Research

(4)

Sampling

(1)

Ecological and Cross-Cultural Validity

(1)

Memory

(1)

Subject Honesty

(1)

Experimenter Bias

(1)

Subject Bias

(2)

Main Points

(1)

Focus Questions: Applications

(1)

Study Terms

(1)

Further Readings

(2)

Theories of Development

(60)

Theory and Science

(2)

Functions of Theories

(1)

Developing Theories

(1)

Evaluating Theories

(1)

Facts and Expectations

(1)

Characteristics of Good Theories

(1)

Models in Child Development

(2)

Machine Models and Organism Models

(1)

A Contextual or Ecological Model

(1)

Psychoanalytic Approaches: Freud

(8)

Basic Freudian Ideas

(1)

Three Levels of Human Personality

(2)

Psychosexual Stages in Human Development

(2)

Defense Mechanisms

(1)

Freudian Theory in Review

(2)

Psychoanalytic Approaches: Erikson

(3)

Psychosocial Stages in Human Development

(3)

Erikson's Theory in Review

(1)

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks

(2)

Behavioristic Approaches

(7)

Overview of Behavioristic Approaches

(1)

Classical Conditioning

(2)

Operant Conditioning

(3)

Behavioristic Approaches in Review

(1)

Social Congnitive Theory

(6)

The processes of Observational Learning

(1)

Manifestations of Observational Learning

(1)

Self-Efficacy Judgments

(4)

Social Cognitive Theory in Review

(1)

A Cognitive Approach: Piaget

(5)

Basic Concepts in Cognitive Development

(1)

The Stages of Cognitive Development

(2)

Piaget's Theory in Review

(1)

Biological and Ecological Approaches

(12)

Ethology and Bowlby's Attachment Theory

(3)

Bowlby's Theory in Review

(1)

Sociobiology

(1)

Vygotsky's Cultural-Historical Approach

(2)

Vygotsky's Theory in Review

(1)

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory

(4)

Humanistic Approaches

(2)

Maslow's Humanistic Need Theory

(1)

Humanism in Review

(1)

A Final Word About Theories

(2)

Main Points

(1)

Focus Questions: Applications

(1)

Study Terms

(1)

Further Readings

(3)

two biological beginnings

Genetics and Context

101

(44)

Feral Children

103

(2)

The Interaction of Genetics and Context

105

(2)

What Is Interaction?

105

(1)

How Genes and Environment Interact

106

(1)

Basic Concepts of Heredity

107

(8)

Ovum, Sperm, and Conception

107

(1)

Proteins

108

(1)

DNA

108

(1)

Chromosomes

108

(1)

Sex Chromosomes

109

(1)

Genes and Their Function

109

(2)

Genotype and Phenotype

111

(2)

Reaction Range and Canalization

113

(1)

Molecular Genetics

114

(1)

Genetic Defects

115

(5)

Defects Resulting from Genetically Related Parents

115

(2)

Huntington's Disease

117

(1)

Sickle-Cell Anemia

117

(1)

PKU

118

(1)

Other Genetic Defects

119

(1)

Chromosomal Disorders

120

(4)

Down Syndrome

120

(2)

Abnormalities of the Sex Chromosomes

122

(2)

Identifying and Dealing with Genetic Risk

124

(6)

Prenatal Diagnosis

124

(2)

Treating Genetic Disorders

126

(1)

Genetic Counseling

126

(2)

Genetics and the Future

128

(2)

Studying Gene-Context Interaction

130

(9)

Historical Family Studies

130

(1)

Animal Studies

131

(2)

Intervention Studies

133

(1)

Studies of Twins

134

(2)

Studies of Adopted Children

136

(2)

An Illustration of Gene-Context Interaction

138

(1)

The Continuing Nature-Nurture Controversy

139

(1)

Main Points

140

(2)

Focus Questions: Applications

142

(1)

Study Terms

142

(1)

Further Readings

143

(2)

Prenatal Development and Birth

145

(48)

Conception

147

(1)

Detecting Pregnancy

147

(1)

Stages of Prenatal Development

148

(5)

Stage of the Fertilized Ovum

148

(2)

The Embryo Stage

150

(1)

Fetal Period

151

(2)

Factors Affecting Prenatal Development

153

(17)

Prescription Drug Use

154

(2)

Exposure to Chemicals

156

(1)

Nicotine Intake

157

(1)

Caffeine Consumption

157

(1)

Alcohol Consumption

157

(1)

Substance Abuse

158

(2)

Maternal Health

160

(1)

Maternal Emotions and Stress

161

(4)

Maternal Age

165

(1)

Maternal Nutrition

166

(2)

Social Class

168

(1)

Rh(D) Immunization

168

(2)

Childbirth

170

(12)

The Initiation of Childbirth

173

(1)

Classifications of Birth Status

174

(1)

Stages of Labor

175

(2)

Cesarean Delivery

177

(1)

Neonatal Scales

178

(1)

The Mother's Experience: Prepared Childbirth

179

(2)

The Child's Experience

181

(1)

Prematurity

182

(4)

Causes of Prematurity

182

(1)

Effects of Prematurity

183

(2)

Prevention of Prematurity

185

(1)

Care of Premature Infants

185

(1)

A Reasurring Note

186

(1)

Main Points

186

(2)

Focus Questions: Applications

188

(1)

Study Terms

188

(1)

Further Readings

189

(4)

three infancy

Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy

193

(50)

Blueprint for a Neonate

195

(2)

Nutrition, Health, and Physical Growth in Infancy

197

(8)

The Breast Versus Bottle Controversy

197

(3)

Nutrition and Brain Development

200

(1)

Physical Growth in Infancy

200

(2)

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

202

(3)

Behavior in Newborns

205

(2)

The Orienting Response

205

(1)

Reflexes

206

(1)

Motor Development in Infants

207

(2)

Perceptual Development in Infants

209

(8)

Vision

209

(5)

Hearing

214

(2)

Smell, Taste, and Touch

216

(1)

Cognitive Development in Infants

217

(10)

Memory in Infants

217

(2)

Basic Piagetian Ideas on Infancy

219

(1)

The Object Concept

220

(2)

Sensorimotor Development in Infants

222

(4)

Imitation in Infancy

226

(1)

Language and Communication

227

(4)

A Definition of Language

228

(2)

Elements of Language

230

(1)

Language Development in Infants

231

(7)

Achievements in the Prespeech Stage

231

(1)

The Beginnings of Verbal Communication

232

(1)

Infants' First Sounds

233

(2)

The Sentencelike Word (Holophrase)

235

(1)

Two-Word Sentences

235

(2)

From Sensation to Representation

237

(1)

Main Points

238

(2)

Focus Questions: Applications

240

(1)

Study Terms

240

(1)

Further Readings

241

(2)

Social Development in Infancy

243

(50)

The Family Context

245

(3)

Child Development as an Interactional Process

245

(1)

How Personal Characteristics Affect Interactions

246

(1)

A Triadic Model of Child Development

247

(1)

How Babies Affect Parents and Vice Versa

247

(1)

Infant States

248

(2)

States of the ``Average'' Infant

249

(1)

Do Infants Dream?

250

(1)

Behaviors as Indicators of Infants' Emotions

250

(6)

Crying

251

(1)

Smiling and Laughing

251

(1)

Wariness and Fear

252

(3)

Regulation of Emotions in Infancy

255

(1)

Temperament

256

(5)

Types of Temperament Among Infants

256

(2)

The Implications of Infants' Temperament

258

(1)

Cultural Context and Temperament

259

(2)

Attachment in Infants

261

(10)

Studying Attachment

262

(1)

Mother-Infant Bonding

262

(3)

Stages of Attachment

265

(2)

Types of Attachment

267

(1)

The Implications of Attachment

268

(2)

Fathers and Infant Attachment

270

(1)

Separation Anxiety and Fear of Strangers

271

(5)

Fear of Strangers

272

(1)

The Effects of Culture on Separation Anxiety

272

(1)

Individual Differences in Separation Anxiety

273

(1)

Can Children Be Prepared for Separation?

273

(1)

The Role of Attachment to Inanimate Objects

273

(1)

Long-Term Separation and Deprivation

274

(2)

Infant Daycare

276

(2)

The Effects of Parenting on Infants' Development

278

(2)

Early Gender-Role Influences

279

(1)

The Origins and Effects of Gender Typing

279

(1)

Exceptionality in Infants

280

(6)

Motor Skill Disorders

282

(2)

Epilepsy

284

(1)

Further Readings

288

(5)

four early childhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood

293

(50)

Children and Magical Thinking

295

(1)

Physical Growth in Early Childhood

295

(3)

Motor Development

298

(3)

Assessing Motor Development

300

(1)

The Relationship Between Motor and Cognitive Development

301

(1)

Cognitive Development: Memory in Preschoolers

301

(4)

Incidental Mnemonics

302

(1)

Memory Strategies of Preschoolers

303

(2)

Cognitive Development in Preschoolers: Piaget's View

305

(9)

Preconceptual Thinking

305

(2)

Intuitive Thinking

307

(2)

Replications of Piaget's Work

309

(3)

Cognitive Achievements of Preschoolers

312

(2)

Preschool Education

314

(6)

Preschool Education Elsewhere

315

(1)

Nursery Schools

316

(1)

Compensatory Preschool Programs

316

(1)

Kindergartens

317

(2)

Effective Preschool Education: The Family Context

319

(1)

Language and the Preschooler

320

(6)

Language in Infancy

322

(1)

Multiple-Word Sentences

323

(1)

More Complex Grammatical Changes

324

(1)

Adultlike Structures

324

(2)

Explanations of Language Development

326

(4)

The Role of Early Experience in Language Development

326

(1)

The Role of Parents as Teacher of Language

326

(3)

The Role of Biology in Language Development

329

(1)

Bilingualism and a Changing Language Context

330

(6)

Transitional Bilingualism

330

(1)

The psychological Effects of Bilingualism

331

(3)

Bilingualism in Today's Schools

334

(1)

Nonstandard Languages

335

(1)

Speech and Language Problems in Early Childhood

336

(1)

The Relation of Language and Thought

337

(1)

Language Is for Communicating and Conversing

338

(1)

Main Points

339

(2)

Focus Questions: Applications

341

(1)

Study Terms

341

(1)

Further Readings

341

(2)

Social Development in Early Childhood

343

(48)

The Socialization of Emotions

345

(3)

Interpreting Emotions

345

(2)

Regulating Emotions

347

(1)

Expressing Emotions

347

(1)

Theories of Social Development

348

(5)

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

348

(2)

Social Imitation

350

(3)

Play

353

(8)

Functions of Play

353

(1)

Types of Play

354

(2)

The Implications of Imagination

356

(2)

Social Play

358

(3)

Gender Roles in Early Childhood

361

(4)

Gender Schemas

362

(1)

Assuming Gender Identity

362

(1)

Gender Differences

363

(2)

The Contemporary Family

365

(7)

Parenting Young Children

367

(2)

Do Parents Make a Measurable Difference?

369

(2)

Learning to Parent

371

(1)

Family Composition

372

(2)

Birth Order

372

(1)

Family Size

373

(1)

Social Class and Related Factors

373

(1)

One-Parent Families

374

(6)

General Effects of Loss of a Parent

374

(1)

Developmental Effects of Divorce

374

(2)

Sex-Related Effects of Divorce

376

(1)

Contextual Effects of Divorce

376

(1)

Why Divorce Has Negative Effects

376

(1)

Some Conclusions

377

(2)

A Final Word

379

(1)

Children in Stepfamilies

380

(1)

Possible Problems in Stepfamilies

380

(1)

The Positive Side of Stepfamilies

381

(1)

Childcare Outside the Home

381

(3)

General Effects of Childcare

382

(1)

Research on the Quality of Childcare

383

(1)

Finding Quality Childcare

383

(1)

Main Points

384

(2)

Focus Questions: Applications

386

(1)

Study Terms

386

(1)

Further Readings

387

(4)

five middle childhood

Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

391

(52)

Middle Childhood Defined

393

(1)

Physical Development

393

(7)

Growth

393

(2)

Nutrition and Health

395

(2)

Motor Development

397

(1)

Some Physical and Sensory Problems

398

(2)

The Physically Gifted

400

(1)

Intellectual Development: Piaget's View

400

(7)

The Conservations

401

(4)

Can Conservation Be Accelerated?

405

(1)

Classes, Seriation, and Number

405

(2)

Summary of Concrete Operations

407

(1)

Children as Information Processors

407

(7)

Types of Memory

409

(2)

Memory Processes

411

(1)

Schemata and Scripts: A Model of Long-Term Memory

412

(1)

Developmental Changes in Memory

413

(1)

Metacognition and Metamemory

414

(3)

Motivation and Self-Efficacy in Learning

415

(1)

Cultural Differences in Learning Strategies

416

(1)

The Use of Cognitive Strategies

416

(1)

Intelligence

417

(7)

What Is Intelligence?

418

(1)

Measuring Intelligence

419

(2)

Developmental Changes in IQ

421

(1)

Misconceptions About and Misuses of IQ

422

(1)

The Usefulness of Intelligence Tests

423

(1)

Intellectual Exceptionality

424

(15)

Mental Retardation

424

(2)

Learning Disabilities

426

(4)

Intellectual Giftedness

430

(1)

Creativity

430

(7)

Trends and Controversies in Special Education

437

(2)

The Magical Child

439

(1)

Main Points

439

(2)

Focus Questions: Applications

441

(1)

Study Terms

441

(1)

Further Readings

442

(1)

Social Development in Middle Childhood

443

(56)

Social Cognition

445

(3)

The Development of Social Cognition

445

(1)

Theories of Mind

445

(3)

Self-Worth

448

(4)

Some Definitions

448

(1)

Theoretical Approaches to Self-Worth

448

(1)

Measuring and Investigating Self-Worth

449

(3)

The Influence of Friends and Peers

452

(9)

Children's Views of Friendship

452

(1)

Dimensions of Childhood Friendship

453

(2)

Peer Groups

455

(1)

Parents and Peers

455

(4)

Sociometric Status

459

(1)

Functions of Peers

460

(1)

The Role of the School

461

(4)

Schooling and IQ

461

(1)

Teachers' Expectations

462

(1)

Self-Expectations

463

(2)

The Effects of Television

465

(9)

Children's Viewing Patterns

465

(1)

What Children Comprehend

466

(1)

Violence and Aggression

466

(5)

Positive Effects

471

(1)

Why Is Television Influential?

472

(1)

Rock Videos, VCRs, and Video Games

473

(1)

A Summary of Television Issues

474

(1)

Violence in the Family

474

(12)

The Case Against Punishment

475

(1)

The Case for Punishment

475

(1)

Kinds of Punishment

476

(1)

Child Maltreatment

476

(3)

The Nature of Child Abuse and Neglect

479

(2)

The Consequences of Maltreatment

481

(2)

The Abusive Family Context

483

(2)

What Can Be Done?

485

(1)

Socioemotional Exceptionality

486

(6)

Prevalence and Causes

486

(1)

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

487

(2)

Other Behavior Disorders

489

(1)

Stress in Childhood

490

(2)

Socioemotional Giftedness

492

(1)

Main Points

492

(3)

Focus Questions: Applications

495

(1)

Study Terms

495

(1)

Further Readings

495

(4)

six adolescence

Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

499

(44)

A Period of Transitions

501

(3)

Transitions in Preindustrial Societies

501

(1)

Transitions in Industrialized Societies

502

(2)

Physical Changes of Adolescence

504

(7)

Puberty

504

(1)

Pubescence

505

(1)

Physical Changes

506

(2)

Early and Late Maturation

508

(2)

Physical Concerns of Adolescents

510

(1)

Nutrition During Adolescence

511

(7)

Obesity

511

(1)

Anorexia Nervosa

512

(4)

Bulimia Nervosa

516

(2)

Intellectual Development in Adolescence

518

(5)

Piaget's View: Formal Operations

518

(3)

An Information-Processing View

521

(2)

Adolescent Egocentrism

523

(5)

The Imaginary Audience

524

(2)

The Personal Fable

526

(1)

Reckless Behavior

526

(2)

Moral Development in Adolescence

528

(11)

Behaving Morally

529

(1)

Morality as an Understanding of Justice

529

(1)

Piaget's Approach to Morality

530

(1)

Kohlberg's Stages of Morality

531

(2)

The Generality of Kohlberg's Stages

533

(2)

Gilligan's Approach: Gender Differences in Morality

535

(2)

Implications of Research on Moral Development

537

(2)

Main Points

539

(2)

Focus Questions: Applications

541

(1)

Study Terms

541

(1)

Further Readings

541

(2)

Social Development in Adolescence

543

(58)

The Self

545

(11)

The Self in Adolescence

546

(1)

A Measure of Self-Image

546

(3)

Sturm und Drang?

549

(2)

Developmental Changes in Notions of Self

551

(1)

Some Origins of Self-Worth

552

(1)

Identity

553

(3)

Social Development in Context

556

(6)

Parenting Adolescents

557

(1)

Peer Groups

558

(4)

Gender Roles in Adolescence

562

(4)

Gender-Role Stereotypes

562

(1)

Gender Differences

563

(3)

Sex

566

(11)

Sexual Beliefs and Behavior

566

(3)

Adolescent Pregnancy

569

(5)

Homosexuality

574

(1)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

574

(3)

The Turmoil Topics

577

(17)

Delinquency

577

(3)

Adolescent Gangs

580

(1)

Drugs

581

(9)

Suicide

590

(4)

Another Note

594

(1)

Main Points

594

(2)

Focus Questions: Applications

596

(1)

Study Terms

596

(1)

Further Readings

597

(4)

seven epilogue

The End

601

(9)

A Summary

603

(2)

Chapter 1

603

(1)

Chapter 2

603

(1)

Chapter 3

603

(1)

Chapter 4

604

(1)

Chapter 5 and 6

604

(1)

Chapter 7 and 8

604

(1)

Chapter 9 and 10

604

(1)

Chapter 11 and 12

604

(1)

Of ``Average Children'' and of Other Children

605

(1)

Other Views

605

(5)

Humanism

606

(1)

Existentialism

607

(3)

Glossary

610

(17)

References

627

(44)

Acknowledgments

671

(2)

Author Index

673

(9)

Subject Index

682

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Of Children

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials