Principles of Everyday Behavior Analysis (with Printed Access Card)

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ISBN: 9780534599942 | 053459994X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/5/2005

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PRINCIPLES OF EVERYDAY BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS uses generalization programming to show you how to apply behavioral concepts to complex everyday situations. The author introduces, defines, and illustrates each behavior modification concept and then immediately includes vignettes that show you how to apply concepts to the real world.

Preface

xii

Introduction: The Science of Learning and the Technology of Education

xiv

UNIT 1 The Behavioral Strategy

Introduction to Everyday Behavior Analysis

(14)

Reading Section

(9)

Introduction to Unit 1

(1)

Modern Behaviorism

(2)

The Growth of Behavior Analysis

(2)

What Is Behavior Analysis?

(1)

The Problem with Using Private Events to Explain Behavior

(1)

The Principle of Public Events

(1)

The Behavioral Strategy

(1)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(1)

Helpful Hints

(1)

Additional Readings

(1)

Programmed Reading

(3)

Defining Behavior Analysis

(2)

Principle of Public Events

(1)

The First Strategy for Solving Human Problems

(1)

Review

(1)

Programmed Examples

(2)

Programmed Examples

(1)

Definitions of Everyday Behaviors

(20)

Reading Section

(14)

What Is Behavior?

(3)

Behavioral Definitions

(1)

The Problem with Self-Reports

(3)

The Principle of Direct Observation

(2)

Summary

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

(3)

Notes

(1)

Helpful Hints

(1)

Additional Readings

(1)

Programmed Reading

(4)

What Behavior Analysis Studies

(1)

Specifying What to Observe

(1)

Approaches to Observing Behavior

(2)

The First Tactic of the Behavioral Strategy

(1)

Review

(1)

Programmed Examples

(2)

Programmed Examples

(2)

Methods for the Observation of Everyday Behaviors

(26)

Reading Section

(14)

Outcome Recording for Behaviors That Leave Unique Results

(3)

Event Recording for Uniform Behaviors

(2)

Interval Recording for Nonuniform Behaviors

(2)

Time Sample Recording for Sampling a Behavior

(3)

Summary

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

(2)

Notes

(1)

Helpful Hints

(2)

Additional Readings

(1)

Programmed Reading

(8)

Recording Based on Results

(1)

Recording Instances of Behavior

(1)

Recording Behavior during Continuous Intervals

(2)

Recording Behavior during Discontinuous Intervals

(2)

Another Tactic

(1)

Review

(1)

Programmed Examples

(4)

Programmed Examples

(4)

Reliability and Validity of Everyday Observations

(24)

Reading Section

(11)

Repeated Observations

(1)

Reliability and Accuracy

(1)

Computing Trial Reliability

(3)

Computing Frequency Reliability

(1)

Goal for Reliability

(1)

Social Validity of Behavioral Definitions

(2)

Summary

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

(1)

Notes

(1)

Helpful Hints

(2)

Additional Readings

(1)

Programmed Reading

(9)

Measuring Observer Agreement

(1)

Assumptions about Reliability

(2)

Two Types of Reliability

(2)

New versus Old Behavioral Definitions

(1)

Does the Behavioral Definition Make Sense?

(2)

A New Tactic

(1)

Review

(1)

Programmed Examples

(4)

Programmed Examples

(4)

Experimental Designs for Studying Everyday Behavior

(24)

Reading Section

(11)

Alternative Explanations

(1)

Experimental Conditions

(1)

Ruling Out Alternative Explanations

(1)

The Principle of Single-Subject Experiments

(1)

Comparison Design

(1)

Reversal Design

(1)

Multiple-Baseline Design

(2)

One-Time Treatments

(1)

Summary

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

(1)

Notes

(1)

Helpful Hints

(1)

Additional Readings

(1)

Programmed Reading

(9)

Fundamentals of Experimental Design

(1)

Making a Useful Experiment

(1)

The Simplest Design

(1)

Using a Third Condition

(1)

Using Many Behaviors or Persons

100

(2)

Telling the Difference between Designs

102

(1)

Another Tactic

103

(1)

Review

104

(1)

Programmed Examples

105

(4)

Programmed Examples

105

(4)

Visual Analysis of Behavioral Experiments

109

(38)

Reading Section

109

(15)

The Principle of Visual Analysis

109

(2)

The Four Steps of Visual Analysis

111

(4)

Visual Analysis of Comparison Designs

115

(2)

Visual Analysis of Reversal Designs

117

(2)

Visual Analysis of Multiple-Baseline Experiments

119

(1)

Summary

120

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

120

(2)

Notes

122

(1)

Helpful Hints

123

(1)

Additional Readings

123

(1)

Programmed Reading

124

(18)

Principle of Visual Analysis

124

(1)

Are the Conditions Divided?

125

(3)

Are the Conditions Stable?

128

(4)

Visual Analysis of Comparison Design

132

(4)

Visual Analysis of Reversal and Multiple-Baseline Designs

136

(3)

Another Tactic

139

(1)

Review

140

(2)

Programmed Examples

142

(5)

Programmed Examples

142

(5)

Review of Behavioral Methods

147

(12)

Reading Section

147

(5)

The Five Tactics of the Behavioral Strategy

148

(2)

Summary

150

(1)

Notes

150

(1)

Helpful Hints

150

(1)

Glossary

151

(1)

Additional Readings

152

(1)

Practice Review I

152

(3)

Some Review Questions

152

(3)

Practice Review II

155

(4)

Programmed Examples

155

(4)

UNIT 2 The Reinforcement Strategy

Reinforcement of Everyday Behaviors

159

(20)

Reading Section

159

(12)

Introduction to Unit 2

159

(1)

Definition of Reinforcement

159

(2)

The Variety of Reinforcers

161

(1)

Uses of Reinforcement

162

(1)

Basic Building Block

163

(1)

Misuse of Reinforcement

164

(1)

What Behaviors Can Be Reinforced?

165

(1)

Unknown: What Is Not a Reinforcer

165

(1)

Summary

166

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

166

(1)

Notes

167

(2)

Helpful Hints

169

(2)

Additional Readings

171

(1)

Programmed Reading

171

(4)

How to Increase Behavior

171

(1)

Events That Precede Behavior

172

(1)

Events That Don't Increase Behavior

172

(1)

Desirable Events

173

(1)

Telling Someone What to Do

174

(1)

Another Tactic

174

(1)

Review

175

(1)

Programmed Examples

175

(4)

Programmed Examples

175

(4)

Extinction of Everyday Behaviors

179

(14)

Reading Section

179

(7)

Definition of Extinction

179

(1)

Uses for Extinction

180

(2)

Misuses of Extinction

182

(1)

Summary

183

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

183

(1)

Notes

184

(1)

Helpful Hints

185

(1)

Additional Readings

185

(1)

Programmed Reading

186

(3)

Reducing the Rate of Behavior

186

(1)

Telling the Difference

187

(1)

What Happens Right after Starting Extinction

188

(1)

Another Tactic

188

(1)

Review

188

(1)

Programmed Examples

189

(4)

Programmed Examples

189

(4)

Differential Reinforcement of Everyday Behavior

193

(20)

Reading Section

193

(9)

Defining Differential Reinforcement

193

(1)

Uses of Differential Reinforcement

194

(2)

Misuses of Differential Reinforcement

196

(1)

Reducing Behavior with Differential Reinforcement

197

(1)

Summary

197

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

197

(2)

Notes

199

(1)

Helpful Hints

199

(3)

Additional Readings

202

(1)

Programmed Reading

202

(6)

The Elements of Differential Reinforcement

202

(2)

Are the Behaviors Different?

204

(1)

Use of the Word Only

205

(1)

Practice Identifying Differential Reinforcement

206

(1)

Another Tactic

207

(1)

Review

207

(1)

Programmed Examples

208

(5)

Programmed Examples

208

(5)

Shaping Everyday Behaviors

213

(18)

Reading Section

213

(11)

Some Examples of Shaping

214

(1)

Definition of Shaping

215

(1)

Shaping Shooting an Arrow

215

(1)

Overcoming Shyness and Other Problems

216

(2)

What Shaping Is Not

218

(1)

Natural Shaping

218

(1)

Misuse of Shaping

219

(1)

Summary

219

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

219

(2)

Notes

221

(1)

Helpful Hints

222

(1)

Additional Readings

223

(1)

Programmed Reading

224

(4)

A Procedure for Creating New Behavior

224

(1)

Examples of Shaping

225

(2)

Tactic #4 in the Reinforcement Strategy

227

(1)

Review

227

(1)

Programmed Examples

228

(3)

Programmed Examples

228

(3)

Reinforcer Effectiveness

231

(16)

Reading Section

231

(8)

The Effect of Contingency on Effectiveness

231

(2)

The Effect of Immediacy on Effectiveness

233

(1)

The Effect of Size on Effectiveness

233

(1)

The Effect of Deprivation on Effectiveness

234

(1)

Comparison of the Four Principles

235

(1)

Summary

236

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

236

(1)

Notes

237

(1)

Helpful Hints

237

(1)

Additional Readings

238

(1)

Programmed Reading

239

(4)

The Principle of Contingency

239

(1)

The Principle of Immediacy

239

(1)

The Principle of Size

240

(1)

The Principle of Deprivation

241

(1)

Telling the Principles Apart

241

(1)

Tactic #5 in the Reinforcement Strategy

242

(1)

Review

242

(1)

Programmed Examples

243

(4)

Programmed Examples

243

(4)

Ratio Schedules

247

(18)

Reading Section

247

(8)

Fixed-Ratio Schedules

247

(3)

Variable-Ratio Schedules

250

(1)

Advantages of Ratio Schedules

251

(1)

The Disadvantages of Ratio Schedules

252

(1)

Summary

252

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

253

(1)

Notes

254

(1)

Helpful Hints

254

(1)

Additional Readings

255

(1)

Programmed Reading

255

(7)

Generic Schedules

256

(1)

Defining Fixed-Ratio Schedules

256

(1)

Variable-Ratio Schedules

257

(1)

Response Patterns in Ratio Schedules

258

(1)

Resistance to Extinction

259

(1)

Two Drawbacks of Ratio Schedules

260

(1)

Another Tactic

261

(1)

Review

261

(1)

Programmed Examples

262

(3)

Programmed Examples

262

(3)

Interval Schedules of Reinforcement

265

(16)

Reading Section

265

(8)

Definition of Fixed-Interval Reinforcement

265

(2)

Definition of Variable-Interval Schedule

267

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Interval Schedules

268

(1)

Comparison of Basic Intermittent Schedules

268

(1)

Laws of Behavior

269

(1)

Summary

269

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

269

(1)

Notes

270

(1)

Helpful Hints

270

(2)

Additional Readings

272

(1)

Programmed Reading

273

(5)

Elements of Fixed-Interval Schedules

273

(1)

Elements of the Variable-Interval Schedule

274

(2)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Interval Schedules

276

(1)

Another Tactic

277

(1)

Review

277

(1)

Programmed Examples

278

(3)

Programmed Examples

278

(3)

Review of Reinforcement

281

(14)

Reading Section

281

(7)

Reinforcement Can Help

281

(1)

Reinforcement Can Harm

281

(1)

Reinforcement Is Everywhere

282

(1)

Reinforcement Works in Every Age and Culture

283

(1)

Reinforcement Works with All Behavior

284

(1)

The Reinforcement Strategy

284

(1)

The Ethics of Reinforcement

285

(1)

Summary

286

(1)

Helpful Hints

286

(1)

Glossary

286

(2)

Additional Readings

288

(1)

Practice Review I

288

(5)

A Set of Review Questions

288

(2)

Another Set of Review Questions

290

(3)

Practice Review II

293

(2)

Programmed Examples

293

(2)

UNIT 3 The Stimulus Control Strategy

Stimulus Discrimination and Everyday Behavior

295

(24)

Reading Section

295

(10)

Introduction to Unit 3

295

(1)

Discrimination Training

296

(1)

Simple Examples of Discrimination Training

297

(1)

Realistic Examples of Discrimination Training

298

(2)

Establishing Stimulus Control

300

(1)

Summary

301

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

301

(2)

Notes

303

(1)

Helpful Hints

304

(1)

Additional Readings

304

(1)

Programmed Reading

305

(11)

Narrowing Stimulus Control

305

(1)

Stimuli Associated with Reinforcement

306

(1)

Stimuli Associated with Extinction

307

(1)

Discriminated Behavior

308

(1)

Summary of Discrimination Training

309

(1)

Discrimination Training versus Differential Reinforcement

310

(1)

Complex Examples of Discrimination Training

311

(2)

Research Examples of Discrimination Training

313

(1)

Another Tactic

314

(1)

Review

315

(1)

Programmed Examples

316

(3)

Programmed Examples

316

(3)

Generalization Training of Everyday Behaviors

319

(20)

Reading Section

319

(10)

Definition of Generalization Training

319

(1)

The Train-and-Hope Method

320

(2)

Generalization Training

322

(1)

The Similar-Stimuli Method

323

(1)

Generalization of Extinction

324

(1)

Concept Formation

324

(1)

Summary

325

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

325

(1)

Notes

326

(2)

Helpful Hints

328

(1)

Additional Readings

328

(1)

Programmed Reading

329

(5)

Elements of Generalization Training

329

(1)

Generalization

330

(1)

Generalization Training versus Discrimination Training

331

(2)

Tactic #2 in the Stimulus Control Strategy

333

(1)

Review

333

(1)

Programmed Examples

334

(5)

Programmed Examples

334

(5)

Programming and Fading

339

(18)

Reading Section

339

(9)

Prompts

339

(1)

Fading

340

(1)

Examples of Fading

340

(2)

Programming

342

(3)

Summary

345

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

345

(1)

Notes

346

(1)

Helpful Hints

346

(1)

Additional Readings

347

(1)

Programmed Reading

348

(4)

Prompts for Discrimination

348

(1)

Prompts for Generalization

349

(1)

Using Prompts in Education

350

(1)

Fading Versus Programming

351

(1)

Another Tactic

351

(1)

Review

352

(1)

Programmed Examples

352

(5)

Programmed Examples

352

(5)

Imitation and Instructions

357

(18)

Reading Section

357

(8)

Definition of Imitation Training

357

(1)

Uses of Imitation Training

357

(1)

Teaching How to Imitate

358

(1)

Definition of Instructional Training

358

(1)

Uses of Instructional Training

359

(1)

Generalized Instruction-Following

360

(1)

Imitation and Instructions Combined

360

(1)

Imitation and Instructional Training Are Efficient

360

(1)

Summary

361

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

361

(1)

Notes

362

(1)

Helpful Hints

363

(2)

Additional Readings

365

(1)

Programmed Reading

365

(6)

Copying Behavior

365

(2)

Following Instructions

367

(1)

Imitation versus Instructional Training

368

(1)

Research on Use of Instructions

369

(1)

Another Tactic

370

(1)

Review

370

(1)

Programmed Examples

371

(4)

Programmed Examples

371

(4)

Conditioned Reinforcers and Everyday Situations

375

(20)

Reading Section

375

(10)

Definition of Primary and Secondary Reinforcer

375

(2)

Definition of Generalized Reinforcers

377

(3)

Comparison of Different Types of Reinforcers

380

(1)

Stimulus/Response Chains

380

(1)

Summary

381

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

381

(2)

Notes

383

(1)

Helpful Hints

384

(1)

Additional Readings

384

(1)

Programmed Reading

385

(6)

Unlearned Reinforcers

385

(1)

Learned Reinforcers

386

(1)

Reinforcers That Usually Work

387

(2)

Responses That Occur Together

389

(2)

Another Tactic

391

(1)

Review

391

(1)

Programmed Examples

391

(4)

Programmed Examples

391

(4)

Review of Stimulus Control

395

(12)

Reading Section

395

(6)

The Stimulus Control Strategy

397

(1)

Stimulus Control and Other Cognitive Behaviors

398

(1)

Summary

399

(1)

Helpful Hints

400

(1)

Glossary

400

(1)

Practice Review I

401

(3)

Some Review Questions

401

(3)

Practice Review II

404

(3)

Programmed Examples

404

(3)

UNIT 4 The Aversive Control Strategy

Punishment by Contingent Stimulation

407

(20)

Reading Section

407

(10)

Introduction to Unit 4

407

(1)

Definition of Punishment

408

(1)

The Use of Punishment

409

(1)

Everyday Use of Punishers

410

(1)

Giving Punishment Is Reinforcing

411

(1)

Social Validity of Punishment

412

(1)

Analogues between Punishment and Reinforcement

412

(1)

Summary

413

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

413

(1)

Notes

414

(1)

Helpful Hints

415

(1)

Additional Readings

416

(1)

Programmed Reading

417

(6)

Aversive Control

417

(1)

Another Way to Reduce Behaviors

418

(1)

When Is a Procedure Punishment?

419

(1)

Types of Punishment

420

(1)

Discriminative Stimuli for Punishment

421

(1)

Similarities with Other Procedures

421

(1)

Another Tactic

422

(1)

Review

422

(1)

Programmed Examples

423

(4)

Programmed Examples

423

(4)

Punishment by Contingent Withdrawal

427

(16)

Reading Section

427

(7)

Definition of Punishment by Contingent Withdrawal

427

(1)

Uses of Punishment by Contingent Withdrawal

428

(1)

Uses of Time Out

428

(1)

Problems with Punishment

429

(1)

Adding Punishment to Reinforcement

430

(1)

Punishment Applies to Making a Response

430

(1)

Who Decides What Is Undesirable Behavior?

430

(1)

Summary

431

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

431

(1)

Helpful Hints

432

(1)

Additional Readings

433

(1)

Programmed Reading

434

(5)

Decreasing Behavior by Withdrawing Events

434

(1)

Temporary Withdrawal

435

(2)

Non-Occurrence and Non-Punishment

437

(1)

Punishment by Contingent Withdrawal versus Extinction

437

(1)

Another Tactic

438

(1)

Review

438

(1)

Programmed Examples

439

(4)

Programmed Examples

439

(4)

Escape and Avoidance

443

(20)

Reading Section

443

(10)

Definition of Negative Reinforcement

443

(1)

Uses of Escape and Avoidance

444

(2)

How to Respond to Coercive Behavior

446

(2)

Analogues between Positive and Negative Reinforcement

448

(2)

Summary

450

(1)

Behavior Analysis Examples

450

(1)

Notes

451

(1)

Helpful Hints

451

(2)

Additional Readings

453

(1)

Programmed Reading

453

(7)

Using the Termination or Prevention of Events

453

(1)

Negative Reinforcement versus Punishment

454

(1)

Behaviors That Terminate or Prevent Events

455

(2)

Coercive Behavior

457

(1)

Analogues between Positive and Negative Reinforcement

458

(1)

Another Tactic

459

(1)

Review

459

(1)

Programmed Examples

460

(3)

Programmed Examples

460

(3)

Review of Aversive Control

463

(15)

Reading Section

463

(4)

Four Types of Contingencies

463

(1)

The Aversive Control Strategy

463

(1)

Reducing the Need for Aversive Control

464

(1)

Functional Analysis of Undesirable Behavior

465

(1)

Freedom

466

(1)

Helpful Hints

467

(1)

Glossary

467

(1)

Practice Review I

467

(8)

Some Review Questions

468

(2)

Some More Review Questions

470

(3)

Some More Review Questions

473

(2)

Practice Review II

475

(3)

Some Review Questions

475

(1)

Some More Review Questions

476

(2)

References

478

(14)

Answer Key

492

(13)

Class Quizzes

505

(152)

Name Index

657

(6)

Subject Index

663

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Principles of Everyday Behavior Analysis (with Printed Access Card)

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials