The Radiation Legacy of the Soviet Nuclear

The legacy of nuclear contamination in the former Soviet Union presents an extremely grave challenge, not just for Russia and the other successor republics, but for the rest of the world too. This volume presents the first authoritative and detailed information available in the West. It gives the location and characteristics of the accumulated radioactive material and wastes by each sector, from ore and mining to use and disposal. This includes the volume and activity, nuclide composition, state and concentration, and discharges to the environment. It describes type of storage, capacity and utilization, age and location. It gives information on the territories and locations contaminated, by normal operations and by accidents, from which strategic plans for remediation can be formulated. This volume provides a unique resource for policy makers, analysts and professionals in the relevant industries, addressing the legacy of the Soviet nuclear complex and its implications. Published in association with the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis.

List of Figures

ix

List of Tables

xi

List of Contributors

xv

Acknowledgments

xvii

Preface

xix

Introduction

xxv

Mining, Processing, and Enrichment of Uranium Ores

1

(26)

Introduction

1

(5)

Description of Enterprises

6

(15)

Conclusions

21

(6)

The Industrial Complex for Uranium Enrichment

27

(10)

Introduction

27

(3)

Characteristics of Accumulated Radioactive Materials and Radioactive Wastes in the Industrial Complex as a Whole and at Separate Enterprises

30

(7)

Nuclear Fuel Production

37

(14)

Introduction

37

(1)

Characteristics of Radioactive Wastes

38

(1)

Evaluation of the Completeness of Information

39

(12)

Nuclear Power Plants

51

(34)

Introduction

51

(3)

Characteristics of Radioactive Materials and Wastes Produced in Nuclear Power Plants

54

(23)

Handling Radioactive Material and Radioactive Waste at Nuclear Power Plants

77

(4)

Completeness and Reliability of Data on Radioactive Materials and Radioactive Wastes at Nuclear Power Plants

81

(4)

Naval Application of Nuclear Power

85

(22)

Introduction

85

(3)

Characteristics of Accumulated Radioactive Materials and Radioactive Wastes

88

(14)

Characteristics of Available Data

102

(5)

Nuclear Research Reactors and Nuclear Research Centers

107

(36)

Introduction

107

(1)

Characteristics of Accumulated Radioactive Materials and Radioactive Wastes

107

(20)

Completeness and Availability of Data

127

(1)

Problems of Radioactive Waste and Spent Nuclear Fuel Management at the Research Reactors and in the Research Institutes

127

(1)

Conclusion

128

(15)

Plutonium Production and Radiochemical Reprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuel

143

(34)

Introduction

143

(1)

Characteristics of Accumulated Radioactive Wastes

143

(30)

Characteristics of Available Data

173

(4)

Nuclear Weapons Production

177

(4)

Nuclear Explosions

181

(28)

Introduction

181

(2)

Data on Nuclear Weapon Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions, Conducted from 1949 to 1990

183

(1)

Characteristics of Accumulated Radionuclides Due to Nuclear Explosions on the Territory of the Former Soviet Union as of 1 January 1996

183

(21)

Existing Databases

204

(5)

Storage and Reprocessing of Nonreactor Radioactive Wastes and Spent Ionizing Radiation Sources

209

(14)

Introduction

209

(2)

Characteristics of Accumulated Radioactive Wastes

211

(3)

Geoinformation System of Radioactive Waste Burial at the Special Enterprises of Russia

214

(9)

Conclusion

223

(4)

Appendix A: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

227

(4)

Appendix B: Units of Measurement

231

(2)

Index

233

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The Radiation Legacy of the Soviet Nuclear Complex

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials