Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering

PART I: INTRODUCTION          1

Chapter 1: What are Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering?         3

1.1 Introduction   3

1.2 A Brief History of Chemical Engineering   4

1.3 Where Do Chemical and Bioengineers Work?   6

1.4 Future Contributions of Chemical and Bioengineering   7

1.5 Conclusion   10

Chapter 2: Introductory Concepts         11

2.1 Systems of Units   12

2.2 Conversion of Units   17

2.3 Dimensional Consistency   25

2.4 Significant Figures   29

2.5 Validation of Results   36

2.6 The Mole and Molecular Weight   37

2.7 Choosing a Basis   44

2.8 Density and Specific Gravity   49

2.9 Concentration   55

2.10 Temperature   59

2.11 Pressure and Hydrostatic Head   65

2.12 Flow Rate   78

Part II: Material Balances         99

Chapter 3: Material Balances          101

3.1 Introduction to Material Balances   102

3.2 A General Strategy for Solving Material Balance Problems   123

Chapter 4: Material Balances without Reaction          159

Chapter 5: Material Balances Involving Reactions         189

5.1 Stoichiometry   190

5.2 Terminology for Reaction Systems   198

5.3 Species Mole Balances   210

5.4 Element Material Balances   226

5.5 Material Balances for Combustion Systems   233

Chapter 6: Material Balances for Multi-Unit Systems         267

6.1 Primary Concepts   268

6.2 Sequential Multi-Unit Systems   271

6.3 Recycle Systems   290

6.4 Bypass and Purge   306

6.5 The Industrial Application of Material Balances   314

Part III: Gases, Vapors, and Liquids          347

Chapter 7: Ideal and Real Gases         349

7.1 Ideal Gases   350

7.2 Real Gases: Equations of State   366

7.3 Real Gases: Compressibility Charts   377

7.4 Real Gas Mixtures   384

Chapter 8: Multiphase Equilibrium          411

8.1 Introduction   411

8.2 Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule   413

8.3 Single Component Two-Phase Systems (Vapor Pressure)   425

8.4 Two-Component Gas/Single-Component Liquid Systems   436

8.5 Two Component Gas/Two Component Liquid Systems   455

8.6 Multicomponent Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium    466

Part IV: Energy           487

Chapter 9: Energy Balances         489

9.1 Terminology Associated with Energy Balances   491

9.2 Types of Energy to Be Included in Energy Balances   496

9.3 Energy Balances without Reaction   530

Chapter 10: Energy Balances: How to Account for Chemical Reaction          597

10.1 The Standard Heat (Enthalpy) of Formation   598

10.2 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Reaction   603

10.3 Integration of Heat of Formation and Sensible Heat   614

10.4 The Heat (Enthalpy) of Combustion   635

CHAPTER 11: Humidity (Psychrometric) Charts and Their Use 653

11.1 Terminology 654

11.2 The Humidity (Psychrometric) Chart 657

11.3 Applications of the Humidity Chart 666

Part V: Supplementary Material           681

Chapter 12: Analysis Of The Degrees Of Freedom in a Steady-State Process          683

Chapter 13: Heats of Solution and Mixing         708

Chapter 14: The Mechanical Energy Balance          728

Chapter 15: Liquids and Gases in Equilibrium with Solids          756

Chapter 16: Solving Material and Energy Balances UsingProcess Simulators (Flowsheeting Codes)         768

Chapter 17: Unsteady-State Material And Energy Balances          800

Appendixes          827

Appendix A: Answers to Supplemental Questions and Problems 829

Appendix B: Atomic Weights and Numbers         844

Appendix C: Table of the Pitzer Z0 and Z1 Factors         845

Appendix D: Heats of Formation and Combustion         850

Appendix E: Answers to Selected Problems         854

Appendix F: Physical Properties Of Various Organic And Inorganic Substances         861

Appendix G: Heat Capacity Equations         873

Appendix H: Vapor Pressures         877

Appendix I: Heats of Solution and Dilution         878

Appendix J: Enthalpy-Concentration Data          879

Appendix K: Thermodynamic Charts         886

Appendix L: Physical Properties of Petroleum Fractions         893

Appendix M: Solution of Sets of Equations          902

Appendix N: Fitting Functions to Data          924

Index         928

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