Hyphenated Techniques in Speciation Analysis

Speciation analysis is a field of trace element analytical chemistry that deals with detection, identification and determination of individual chemical forms of metals and metalloids. There has been increased awareness of the importance of elemental speciation over the last 20 years and this has lead to growing demand for analytical techniques capable of providing species-specific information. Hyphenated Techniques in Speciation Analysis offers a brief but comprehensive overview of hyphenated techniques and their various applications for the determination of chemical forms of trace elements. It brings a succinct presentation of the concept of speciation analysis, gives an overview of techniques based on coupling of chromatography with element and molecule specific detection and summarises their applications in the fields of environmental and industrial chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, toxicology and medicine. Fully referenced, Hyphenated Techniques in Speciation Analysis is an invaluable introduction to elemental speciation analysis and also provides a practising analyst with a critical overview of research carried out in the field.

Joanna Szpunar is a research engineer at the French National Research Council (CNRS) in Pau.

Part I Principles and Fundamentals

The Concept of Speciation Analysis and Hyphenated Techniques

2

(12)

Introduction

2

(1)

Speciation Analysis: The Definition

3

(1)

Occurrence and Classification of Metal Species

4

(3)

The Concept of Hyphenated Techniques

7

(2)

The Choice of a Hyphenated Technique

9

(5)

References

10

(4)

Element Specific Detection in Chromatography

14

(16)

Introduction

14

(1)

Element Selective Detection in Gas Chromatography

15

(5)

Element Selective Detection in HPLC

20

(2)

ICP MS Detection in Chromatography and Electrophoresis

22

(8)

References

28

(2)

Gas Chromatography with ICP MS Detection

30

(23)

Introduction

31

(1)

Derivatisation Techniques for Gas Chromatography of Organometallic Species

32

(2)

Separation of Organometallic Species by GC

34

(7)

Interfacing GC to ICP MS

41

(4)

Choice of the Mass Spectrometer

45

(1)

GC-ICP MS Studies Using Stable Isotopes

46

(7)

References

48

(5)

Liquid Chromatography with ICP MS Detection

53

(12)

Introduction

53

(1)

Separation of Element Species by Liquid Chromatography

54

(5)

Interface Between HPLC and ICP MS

59

(6)

References

62

(3)

Electrophoretic Techniques with Element Selective Detection

65

(11)

Introduction

65

(1)

Flatbed Gel Electrophoresis

65

(3)

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE)

68

(4)

Areas of Applications

72

(4)

References

72

(4)

Electrospray Mass Spectrometry in Elemental Speciation Analysis

76

(12)

Introduction

76

(1)

Principles of Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

76

(4)

Speciation-Relevant Information from Electrospray MS

80

(4)

Areas of Application

84

(4)

References

86

(2)

Quality Control and Assurance in Speciation Analysis

88

(12)

Introduction

88

(1)

Definition of the Target Moiety

88

(1)

Stability of Species

89

(1)

Recovery

90

(1)

Contamination Risk

91

(1)

Standardisation

92

(1)

Isotope Dilution Analysis

93

(2)

Interlaboratory Studies and Certified Reference Materials

95

(5)

References

96

(4)

Part II Applications

Multielement Analysis of Organometallic Species in the Environment

100

(11)

Introduction

100

(1)

Cryogenic Trapping Followed by Low Temperature GC-ICP MS

101

(4)

Identification, Calibration and Quantification

105

(1)

Overview of Applications

106

(5)

References

109

(2)

Speciation of Organotin Compounds

111

(11)

Introduction

111

(1)

Analytical Techniques

112

(2)

Overview of Applications

114

(5)

Method Validation

119

(3)

References

119

(3)

Speciation of Organolead Compounds

122

(7)

Introduction

122

(1)

Analytical Techniques

123

(1)

Overview of Applications

123

(3)

Method Validation

126

(3)

References

126

(3)

Speciation of Organomercury Compounds

129

(6)

Introduction

129

(1)

Analytical Techniques

129

(2)

Overview of Applications

131

(2)

Sources of Error and Method Validation

133

(2)

References

134

(1)

Metal Speciation in Petroleum-Related Samples

135

(8)

Introduction

135

(1)

Mercury in Natural Gas and Gas Condensates

135

(3)

Arsenic in Natural Gas and Gas Condensates

138

(1)

Metalloporphyrins in Coal and Shale Oil

139

(1)

Organolead and Organomanganese Species in Petrol

140

(3)

References

141

(2)

Speciation of Redox States

143

(6)

Introduction

143

(1)

Analytical Methodology

143

(2)

Overview of Applications

145

(4)

References

147

(2)

Speciation of Organoarsenic Compounds in Biological Materials

149

(13)

Introduction

149

(1)

Determination of Arsenic Species by HPLC-ICP MS

150

(3)

Identification of Arsenic Species by Electrospray MS/MS

153

(5)

Validation of Arsenic Speciation Analysis

158

(4)

References

159

(3)

Speciation of Organoselenium Compounds in Biological Materials

162

(17)

Introduction

162

(2)

Volatile Selenium Species in Plants

164

(1)

SelenoAmino Acids and SelenoPeptides in Yeast and Plants

165

(5)

Selenoproteins

170

(2)

Selenium Metabolites in Urine

172

(2)

Optically Active Selenospecies

174

(5)

References

175

(4)

Speciation of Metal Complexes in Microorganisms, Plants and Food of Plant Origin

179

(10)

Introduction

179

(1)

Metal Complexes with Water-Soluble Proteins and Polypeptides

180

(3)

Metal Complexes with Polysaccharides

183

(1)

Metal Complexes with Phytometallophores

184

(1)

Other Metal Species in Plant Tissues

185

(4)

References

186

(3)

Speciation of Metal Complexes with Metallothioneins

189

(11)

Introduction

189

(1)

Recovery of Metal Complexes with Metallothioneins from Biological Tissues

190

(2)

Liquid Chromatography with ICP MS Detection

192

(4)

Capillary Electrophoresis-ICP MS

196

(1)

Identification of MT Isoforms by Electrospray MS

197

(1)

Analysis of Human and Animal Tissue Samples

198

(2)

References

198

(2)

Speciation of Metal Complexes in Human Body Fluids and Tissues

200

(9)

Introduction

200

(1)

Analytical Techniques

201

(2)

Overview of Applications

203

(6)

References

206

(3)

Metal Speciation in Pharmacology: Metallodrugs

209

(7)

Introduction

209

(1)

Analytical Techniques

210

(6)

References

214

(2)

Subject Index

216

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Hyphenated Techniques in Speciation Analysis

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials