Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy, 3rd Edition

, by Thomas V. Cech (Colorado State University)

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ISBN: 9780470136317 | 0470136316
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/1/2009

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With all new and updated material, the third edition provides civil engineers with a complete history of water availability. It also delves into government development, management, and policy of water usage. New information is included on international water issues, water measurement, and telemetry. Additional details are also presented on global warming and its impact on water resources. In addition, environmental engineers will gain a current understanding of the field through updated case studies and images that make the material more relevant.

About the Author	p. vii
Preface	p. ix
Book Companion Website	p. xxiii
A Note to the Student	p. xxv
Historical Perspective of Water use and Development	p. 1
Drinking Water for Early Civilizations	p. 1
Early Irrigation and Flood-Control Projects	p. 6
Egypt	p. 6
China	p. 6
The Middle East	p. 8
India, Spain, Portugal, and South America	p. 9
North America	p. 9
Early Water Transportation Development	p. 13
Egypt and Greece	p. 13
China	p. 13
Europe	p. 14
United States	p. 15
Early Hydropower Development	p. 18
The Hydrologic Cycle, Climate, and Weather	p. 24
The Properties of Water	p. 25
The Hydrologic Cycle	p. 27
Precipitation	p. 27
Measuring Precipitation	p. 29
Runoff	p. 32
Surface and Groundwater Storage	p. 33
Lakes and Reservoirs	p. 33
Case Study Great Salt Lake of Utah	p. 35
Case Study The Aral Sea of Uzbekistan	p. 35
Wetlands	p. 36
Groundwater	p. 37
Evaporation	p. 38
Condensation	p. 41
Guest Essay Fog Harvesting by Dr. Robert S. Schemenauer	p. 41
Climate and Weather	p. 46
Overview	p. 46
Climate	p. 46
Air Currents	p. 46
Ocean Currents	p. 48
Tilt of the Earth's Axis	p. 49
Monitoring Climate Change	p. 50
Urban Microclimates	p. 51
Guest Essay Urbanization and Its Effects on Key Atmospheric and Surface Water Cycles by Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd	p. 51
Processes	p. 51
Weather	p. 55
Temperature	p. 55
Air Pressure	p. 56
Humidity	p. 57
Heating	p. 58
Wind Speed and Direction	p. 62
Weather Modification	p. 63
Floods	p. 64
Drought	p. 66
Surface Water Hydrology	p. 74
What Is Surface Water Hydrology?	p. 75
Watersheds	p. 75
Delineating a Watershed	p. 75
Overland Flow	p. 78
Rivers	p. 79
Components of a River	p. 79
River Morphology	p. 79
Types of Rivers	p. 82
Gradient	p. 83
Lakes	p. 83
Types of Lakes	p. 84
Ecological Zones	p. 84
Thermal Cycles	p. 85
Seiches	p. 86
Water Measurement	p. 86
Overland Flow	p. 87
River Discharge	p. 87
Water Storage in Lakes and Reservoirs	p. 90
Flood Events	p. 91
Flood Frequency	p. 92
Probable Maximum Precipitation	p. 93
Probable Maximum Flood	p. 93
Guest Essay GIS and Flooding by Jake Freier	p. 94
Transport and Deposition	p. 97
Velocity	p. 98
Sediment Load	p. 98
Groundwater Hydrology	p. 104
What Is Groundwater?	p. 105
What Is Groundwater Hydrology?	p. 106
The Geology of Groundwater	p. 107
Sedimentary Rocks	p. 107
Guest Essay Sinkholes by Carlos Herd	p. 108
Glaciated Terrain	p. 111
Alluvial Valleys	p. 113
Tectonic Activity	p. 113
Groundwater Recharge	p. 114
Aquifers	p. 115
Aquifer Types	p. 116
Properties of Aquifers	p. 119
Groundwater Movement	p. 121
Age of Groundwater	p. 126
Locating and Mapping Groundwater	p. 127
Drilling a Groundwater Well	p. 129
Water Quality	p. 137
Water Pollution	p. 137
Point Source and Nonpoint Source Pollution	p. 139
Point Source Pollution	p. 139
Nonpoint Source Pollution	p. 142
Basic Parameters of Water	p. 143
Temperature	p. 143
Dissolved Oxygen	p. 144
pH	p. 144
Turbidity	p. 146
Hardness	p. 147
Inorganic Chemicals	p. 147
Metals	p. 148
Lead	p. 148
Arsenic	p. 149
Minerals	p. 150
Salt	p. 150
Policy Issue	p. 150
Fluoride	p. 152
Selenium	p. 152
Organic Chemicals	p. 153
Natural Organic Chemicals	p. 153
Synthetic Organic Compounds	p. 153
Pesticides	p. 155
Nutrients	p. 157
Nitrogen	p. 157
Phosphorus	p. 158
The Nitrogen Cycle	p. 159
Nitrogen Fixation	p. 160
Mineralization/Ammonification	p. 160
Nitrification	p. 160
Denitrification	p. 161
The Phosphorus Cycle	p. 161
Eutrophication	p. 162
Waterborne Diseases	p. 162
Historical Problems	p. 162
Microorganisms	p. 164
Indicator Organisms	p. 164
Other Waterborne Organisms	p. 165
Water Quality Management	p. 167
Fate and Transport	p. 167
Fate and Transport in Surface Water	p. 167
Fate and Transport in Groundwater	p. 167
Guest Essay Managing Data for a Groundwater Restoration Project by Dr. Curt Elmore	p. 169
Wellhead Protection Programs	p. 171
Organization	p. 171
Delineation	p. 171
Contamination Source Inventory	p. 173
Source Management	p. 173
Contingency Planning	p. 173
Watershed Protection Programs	p. 173
Total Maximum Daily Loads	p. 174
Guest Essay Lake Okeechobee TMDLs by Dr. David Radcliffe and Dr. Todd Rasmussen	p. 175
Water Sampling	p. 177
Municipal and Irrigation Water Development	p. 185
Municipal Water Systems	p. 186
Case Study Los Angeles Department of Water and Power	p. 187
Case Study Lincoln Water System	p. 191
Case Study New York City Department of Environmental Protection	p. 193
Guest Study Construction of City Tunnel #3 by Eileen M. Schnock	p. 196
Irrigation	p. 202
Historical Perspective	p. 202
The need for Irrigation	p. 202
Irrigation Techniques	p. 205
Gravity Irrigation	p. 206
Sprinkler Irrigation	p. 210
Drip Irrigation	p. 213
Dams	p. 217
Dam Basics	p. 217
Purposes of Dams	p. 217
Components of Dams	p. 218
Types of Dams	p. 219
Dam Operations	p. 221
Case Study Hoover Dam and Lake Mead, Nevada/Arizona	p. 223
Case Study Kingsley Dam and Lake McConaughy, Nebraska	p. 227
Case Study Grand Coulee Dam and Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Washington State	p. 231
Cost-Benefit Analysis	p. 234
Impacts of Dams	p. 235
Guest Essay Forced Urbanization: The Three Gorges Dam Relocation Process by Colin Flahive	p. 237
Dams and Locks for Navigation	p. 240
Guest Essay Navigation on the Tennessee River by Ted Nelson	p. 242
Water Allocation Law	p. 249
Ancient Water Allocation Law	p. 250
Code of Hammurabi	p. 250
Justinian Code	p. 251
Ancient Riparian Doctrine	p. 251
Water Allocation Law: 1200-1799	p. 252
Spanish Water Law	p. 252
First Possession	p. 254
English Common Law: 1200-1799	p. 255
Mill Acts of the Eastern United States	p. 255
Water Allocation Law: 1800-1847	p. 258
Code Napoléon	p. 258
Riparian Doctrine: 1800-1847	p. 258
Tyler v. Wilkinson	p. 259
Water Allocation Law in the Western United States: 1800-1847	p. 260
Water Allocation Law: 1848-1899	p. 262
Riparian Doctrine	p. 262
Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1848-1899	p. 262
The California Gold Rush	p. 264
The Colorado Gold Rush	p. 267
Water Allocation Law: 1900-Present	p. 272
Riparian Doctrine	p. 272
Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1900-Present	p. 274
Interstate River Compacts	p. 277
Selected River Compacts	p. 277
Colorado River Compact of 1922	p. 277
Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty of 1950	p. 281
Delaware River Compact of 1961	p. 281
Groundwater Allocation Law	p. 282
Historical Perspective	p. 282
Role of the Federal Government	p. 283
Legal Properties of Groundwater	p. 284
Federal Reserved Water Rights	p. 286
Guest Essay Stream Subflow and Water Rights by John Regan	p. 287
Federal Water Agencies	p. 294
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)	p. 295
Overview	p. 295
Brief History and Duties	p. 295
Navigation Duties	p. 296
Flood-Control Duties	p. 300
Wetlands Protection Duties	p. 303
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR)	p. 306
Overview	p. 306
Brief History	p. 307
National Irrigation Congresses	p. 308
The Reclamation Act of 1902	p. 309
The Anti-Dam Construction Era	p. 310
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)	p. 312
Overview	p. 312
Brief History	p. 313
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)	p. 316
Overview	p. 316
Brief History	p. 316
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)	p. 320
Overview	p. 320
Brief History	p. 320
National Park Service (NPS)	p. 322
Overview	p. 322
Brief History	p. 322
Bureau of Land Management (BLM)	p. 324
Overview	p. 324
Brief History	p. 324
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)	p. 325
Overview	p. 325
Brief History	p. 326
U.S. Forest Service (USFS)	p. 326
Overview	p. 326
Brief History	p. 326
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)	p. 327
Overview and Brief History	p. 327
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)	p. 329
Overview and Brief History	p. 329
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)	p. 329
Overview and Brief History	p. 329
Local, Regional, State, and Multistate Water Management Agencies	p. 338
Local Water Agencies	p. 338
Municipal Water Departments	p. 338
Historical Overview	p. 339
Water and Sewer Districts	p. 341
Overview	p. 341
Example: Highline Water District, Kent, Washington	p. 341
Levee and Flood-Control Districts	p. 342
Historical Overview	p. 342
Levee Districts	p. 342
Flood-Control Districts	p. 345
Example: Pima County Regional Flood Control District, Tucson, Arizona	p. 345
Mutual Ditch and Irrigation Companies	p. 346
Historical Overview	p. 346
Regional Water Agencies	p. 348
Overview	p. 348
Irrigation Districts	p. 348
Example: Farwell Irrigation District, Farwell, Nebraska	p. 348
Conservancy/Conservation Districts	p. 349
Example: Miami Conservancy District, Dayton, Ohio	p. 350
Natural Resources Districts-Nebraska	p. 350
Example: Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, Omaha, Nebraska	p. 351
Groundwater Management Districts-Kansas	p. 352
Example: Northwest Kansas Groundwater Management District No. 4, Colby, Kansas	p. 353
Water Management Districts-Florida	p. 353
State Water Agencies	p. 355
State of Arizona Water Agencies	p. 355
State of Rhode Island Water Agencies	p. 356
Multistate Water Agencies	p. 357
Chesapeake Bay Commission	p. 357
Missouri River Basin Association	p. 357
Water Management in Mexico and Canada	p. 359
Overview	p. 359
Guest Essay Water Management in Mexico by Dr. Alvaro A. Aldama	p. 360
Guest Essay Water Management in Canada: The Inter-Jurisdictional Context by Ralph L. Pentland	p. 366
Careers	p. 371
Drinking-Water and Wastewater Treatment	p. 374
Historical Perspective on Drinking-Water Treatment	p. 374
Guest Essay Water Desalination in the Middle East: One of the Realistic Options by Dr. Fares M. Howari	p. 380
Federal Protection of Drinking Water in the United States	p. 383
Drinking-Water Treatment Process	p. 384
Protection of Water Quality	p. 384
Intakes for Raw Water	p. 385
Case Study Department of Water Management, City of Chicago, Illinois	p. 386
Pretreatment of Drinking Water	p. 388
Flocculation/Coagulation	p. 388
Filtration	p. 388
Case Study Sewerage and Water Board, City of New Orleans, Louisiana	p. 389
Final Drinking-Water Treatment	p. 390
Distribution System	p. 390
Historical Perspective on Wastewater Treatment	p. 393
Wastewater Treatment Process	p. 396
Primary Treatment	p. 396
Secondary Treatment	p. 397
Tertiary Treatment	p. 398
Nutrient Removal	p. 398
Septic Tanks and Leach Fields	p. 399
Wetlands and Water Treatment	p. 400
Water, Fish, and Wildlife	p. 406
Early Fish and Wildlife Protection	p. 406
Fish and Wildlife Protection in the 20th Century	p. 407
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act	p. 408
National Environmental Policy Act	p. 410
Endangered Species Act	p. 413
Wetlands and Wildlife	p. 415
Case Study Snail Darters and the Little Tennessee River	p. 421
Case Study Whooping Cranes and the Platte River	p. 424
Case Study Salmon and the Columbia River	p. 428
Human-Environment Relationship	p. 434
Guest Essay Careers in Fish and Wildlife Management by Larry Rogstad	p. 434
The Economics of Water	p. 441
Introduction	p. 441
The Value of Water	p. 442
Water as a Public versus a Private Good	p. 443
Privatization	p. 444
Water Affordability	p. 445
Water Marketing	p. 446
Surface Water Marketing	p. 446
Groundwater Marketing	p. 449
Water Banking	p. 450
Pollution Fees and Credits	p. 451
Environmental Values	p. 452
Water Use Conflicts	p. 455
Reasons for Water Use Conflicts	p. 455
Texas	p. 457
Guest Essay Water Planning in Texas by Connie Townsend	p. 458
Alabama and Florida versus
Georgia	p. 463
Northern and Southern California	p. 468
Canada	p. 469
The Middle East	p. 470
Religious/Political Background	p. 471
Water Resources in the Middle East	p. 473
West Bank Mountain Aquifer	p. 473
Jordan River	p. 473
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers	p. 475
Tragedy of the Commons	p. 477
Emerging Water Issues	p. 482
Future Global Water Management Issues	p. 483
Population	p. 483
Lack of Wastewater Treatment	p. 483
Environmental Degradation	p. 484
"Business as Usual"	p. 485
Future Global Water Management Solutions	p. 486
Privatization of Water Treatment and Delivery	p. 486
"Technology Saves the Day"	p. 487
Groundwater Recharge	p. 487
Water Conservation	p. 488
Dam Construction	p. 489
"Global Warming Floods the World"	p. 490
Water Education	p. 490
The Watercourse and International Project Wet	p. 490
Water Education Foundation	p. 491
Groundwater Foundation	p. 491
American Ground Water Trust	p. 491
Stockholm International Water Institute	p. 492
The Need for Cooperation	p. 492
The Human Factor	p. 492
Ethics	p. 493
The Power of the Individual	p. 494
"Space Is the Answer"	p. 495
Guest Essay Where Do We Go from Here? by Susan S. Seacrest	p. 496
Conclusions	p. 499
Appendix
Reading Topographic Maps	p. 503
Selected Environmental and Conservation Organizations	p. 504
Ducks Unlimited	p. 504
Environmental Defense Fund	p. 504
National Audubon Society	p. 505
National Wildlife Federation	p. 506
Nature Conservancy	p. 506
Nature Resources Defense Council	p. 506
Sierra Club	p. 506
Trout Unlimited	p. 507
Wilderness Society	p. 507
Photo and Illustration Credits	p. 509
Glossary	p. 513
Index	p. 527
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Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy, 3rd Edition

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