Gas Well Deliquification : Solutions to Gas Well Liquid Loading Problems

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ISBN: 9780750677240 | 0750677244
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/21/2003

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No other book on the market offers such a turnkey solution to the problem of liquid interference in gas wells. Gas Well Deliquification contains not only descriptions of the various methods of de-watering gas wells, but also compares the various methods with a view toward explaining the suitability of each under particular circumstances. The material is presented as practical information that can be immediately applied, rather than a theoretical treatment. And, includes useful historical methods, but focuses on the latest techniques for de-watering gas wells. * Only book on market to offer a turnkey solution to the problem of liquid interference in gas wells * Contains descriptions of the various methods of de-watering gas wells, as well as comparing the various methods with a view to explaining the suitability of each under particular circumstances * Introduces material as practical information that can be immediately applied, rather than a theoretical treatment.

Preface

xiii

Introduction

(12)

Introduction

(1)

Multiphase Flow In A Gas Well

(2)

What Is Liquid Loading?

(1)

Problems Caused By Liquid Loading

(1)

Deliquefying Techniques

(2)

Source of Liquids In A Producing Gas Well

(5)

Water Coning

(1)

Aquifer Water

(1)

Water Produced from Another Zone

(1)

Free Formation Water

(1)

Water of Condensation

(1)

Hydrocarbon Condensates

(2)

References

(2)

Recognizing Symptoms of Liquid Loading in Gas Wells

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Presence of Orifice Pressure Spikes

(1)

Decline Curve Analysis

(1)

Drop in Tubing Pressure with Rise in Casing Pressure

(3)

Pressure Survey Showing Tubing Liquid Level

(3)

Well Performance Monitoring

(1)

Annulus Heading

(4)

Heading Cycle without Packer

(2)

Heading Cycle Controls

(2)

Liquid Production Ceases

(1)

Summary

(2)

References

(1)

Critical Velocity

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Critical Flow Concepts

(11)

Turner Droplet Model

(3)

Critical Rate

(1)

Critical Tubing Diameter

(1)

Critical Rate for Low Pressure Wells---Coleman Model

(3)

Critical Flow Nomographs

(4)

Critical Velocity at Depth

(2)

Critical Velocity in Horizontal Well Flow

(3)

References

(2)

Systems Nodal Analysis

(18)

Introduction

(2)

Tubing Performance Curve

(1)

Reservoir Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

(3)

Gas Well Backpressure Equation

(2)

Future IPR Curve with Backpressure Equation

(1)

Intersections of the Tubing Curve and the Deliverability Curve

(3)

Tubing Stability and Flowpoint

(1)

Tight Gas Reservoirs

(1)

Nodal Example---Tubing Size

(1)

Nodal Example---Surface Pressure Effects: Use Compression to Lower Surface Pressure

(1)

Summary Nodal Example of Developing IPR from Test Date with Tubing Performance

(4)

Summary

(1)

References

(1)

Sizing Tubing

(18)

Introduction

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Smaller Tubing

(1)

Concepts Required to Size Smaller Tubing

(5)

Critical Rate at Surface Conditions

(1)

Critical Rate at Bottomhole Conditions

(1)

Summary of Tubing Design Concepts

(1)

Sizing Tubing without IPR Information

(2)

Field Example No. 1---Results of Tubing Changeout

(1)

Field Example No. 2---Results of Tubing Changeout

(2)

Pre- and Post-Evaluation

(1)

Where to Set the Tubing

(2)

Hanging Off Smaller Tubing from the Current Tubing

(2)

Summary

(3)

References

(3)

Compression

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Nodal Example

(1)

Compression with a Tight Gas Reservoir

(1)

Compression with Plunger Lift Systems

(2)

Compression with Beam Pumping Systems

(1)

Compression with Electric Submersible Systems

(1)

Types of Compressors

(5)

Rotary Lobe Compressor

(1)

Re-Injected Rotary Lobe Compressor

(1)

Rotary Vane Compressor

(1)

Liquid Ring Compressor

(1)

Liquid Injected Rotary Screw Compressor

(1)

Reciprocating Compressor

(1)

Sliding Vane Compressor

(1)

Gas Jet Compressors or Eductors

(2)

Summary

(3)

References

(2)

Plunger Lift

(52)

Introduction

(2)

Plungers

(2)

Plunger Cycle

(1)

Plunger Lift Feasibility

100

(8)

GLR Rule of Thumb

101

(1)

Feasibility Charts

102

(3)

Maximum Liquid Production with Plunger Lift

105

(1)

Plunger Lift with Packer Installed

106

(1)

Plunger Lift Nodal Analysis

107

(1)

Plunger System Line-Out Procedure

108

(8)

Considerations Before Kickoff

109

(2)

Kickoff

111

(1)

Cycle Adjustment

112

(1)

Stabilization Period

113

(1)

Optimization

113

(2)

Monitoring

115

(1)

Problem Analysis

116

(20)

Motor Valve

118

(3)

Controller

121

(2)

Arrival Transducer

123

(1)

Wellhead Leaks

124

(1)

Catcher Not Functioning

124

(1)

Pressure Sensor Not Functioning

125

(1)

Control Gas to Stay on Measurement Chart

126

(1)

Plunger Operations

126

(7)

Head Gas Bleeding Off Too Slowly

133

(1)

Head Gas Creating Surface Equipment Problems

134

(1)

Low Production

135

(1)

Well Loads up Frequently

135

(1)

New Plunger Concept

136

(2)

Operation with Weak Wells

138

(6)

Casing Plunger for Weak Wells

138

(4)

Plunger with Side String: Low Pressure Well Production

142

(2)

Plunger Summary

144

(3)

References

144

(3)

Use of Foam to Deliquefy Gas Wells

147

(30)

Introduction

147

(1)

Liquid Removal Process

148

(2)

Surface De-Foaming

150

(1)

Foam Selection

150

(3)

Foam Basics

153

(10)

Foam Generation

153

(1)

Foam Stability

153

(2)

Surfactant Types

155

(3)

Foaming with Brine/Condensate Mixtures

158

(5)

Operating Considerations

163

(11)

Surfactant Selection

163

(1)

Bureau of Mines Testing Procedures

163

(3)

Unloading Techniques and Equipment

166

(3)

Determining Surface Surfactant Concentration

169

(4)

Instrumentation

173

(1)

Chemical Treatment Problems

173

(1)

Summary

174

(3)

References

175

(2)

Hydraulic Pumps

177

(14)

Introduction

177

(5)

Advantages and Disadvantages

182

(3)

The 1 1/4-Inch Jet Pump

185

(3)

System Comparative Costs

188

(1)

Hydraulic Pump Case Histories

188

(1)

Summary

189

(2)

References

189

(2)

Use of Beam Pumps to Deliquefy Gas Wells

191

(24)

Introduction

191

(2)

Basics of Beam Pump Operation

193

(2)

Pump-Off Control

195

(4)

Design Rate with Pump-Off Control

196

(1)

Use of Surface Indications for Pump-Off Control

197

(2)

Gas Separation to Keep Gas Out of the Pump

199

(4)

Set Pump Below the Perforations

200

(1)

``Poor-Boy'' or Limited-Entry Gas Separator

201

(1)

Collar-Sized Separator

202

(1)

Handling Gas through the Pump

203

(4)

Compression Ratio

204

(2)

Variable Slippage Pump to Prevent Gas-Lock

206

(1)

Pump Compression with Dual Chambers

206

(1)

Pumps that Open the Traveling Valve Mechanically

206

(1)

Pumps to Take the Fluid Load Off the Traveling Valve

206

(1)

Inject Liquids Below a Packer

207

(2)

Other Problems Indicated by the Shape of the Pump Card

209

(4)

Summary

213

(2)

References

214

(1)

Gas Lift

215

(24)

Introduction

215

(2)

Continuous Gas Lift

217

(1)

Basic Principles of Continuous Gas Lift

217

(1)

Intermittent Gas Lift

217

(1)

Gas Lift System Components

218

(2)

Continuous Gas Lift Design Objectives

220

(1)

Gas Lift Valves

221

(3)

Orifice Valves

222

(1)

IPO Valves

222

(1)

PPO Valves

223

(1)

Gas Lift Completions

224

(11)

Conventional Gas Lift Design

224

(3)

Chamber Lift Installations

227

(2)

Horizontal Well Installations

229

(2)

Coiled Tubing Gas Lift Completions

231

(3)

Gas Pump Concept

234

(1)

Gas Circulation

235

(1)

Gas Lift without Gas Lift Valves

235

(1)

Summary

236

(3)

References

237

(2)

Electric Submersible Pumps

239

(12)

Introduction

239

(1)

ESP System

240

(3)

What Is A ``Gassy'' Well?

243

(2)

Completions and Separators

245

(3)

Injection of Produced Water

248

(1)

Summary

248

(3)

References

250

(1)

Progressive Cavity Pumps

251

(20)

Introduction

251

(2)

PCP System Selection

253

(4)

Rotor

253

(1)

Stator

254

(3)

Surface Drive

257

(1)

Selection and Operational Factors

257

(6)

Important Factors for Sizing the System

257

(2)

Steps to Size the PCP

259

(4)

Ancillary Equipment

263

(3)

Flow Detection Devices

264

(1)

Rod Guides

265

(1)

Gas Separators

265

(1)

Tubing Anchor/Catcher

266

(1)

Troubleshooting PCP Systems

266

(2)

Summary

268

(3)

References

268

(3)

Other Methods to Attach Liquid-Loading Problems

271

(12)

Introduction

271

(1)

Thermal Methods for Water of Condensation

271

(7)

Thermal Lift

273

(3)

Thermal Liner

276

(1)

Thermal Coatings/Liners

277

(1)

With Packer Installed, Draw a Vacuum on the Annulus

278

(1)

Cycling

278

(1)

Tubing/Annulus Switching Control

279

(1)

Tubing Flow Control

280

(1)

Tubing Collar Inserts for Producing Below Critical Velocity

281

(1)

Summary

282

(1)

References

282

(1)

Appendix A: Development of Critical Velocity Equations

283

(6)

A.1 Introduction

283

(3)

A.1.1 Physical Model

283

(3)

A.2 Equation Simplification

286

(1)

A.3 Turner Equations

287

(1)

A.4 Coleman Equations

287

(2)

References

288

(1)

Appendix B: Development of Plunger Lift Equations

289

(4)

B.1 Introduction

289

(1)

B.2 Minimum Casing Pressure

289

(2)

B.3 Maximum Casing Pressure

291

(1)

B.4 Summary

291

(2)

Reference

292

(1)

Appendix C: Gas Fundamentals

293

(16)

C.1 Introduction

293

(1)

C.2 Phase Diagram

293

(1)

C.3 Gas Apparent Molecular Weight and Specific Gravity

293

(2)

C.4 Gas Law

295

(1)

C.5 Z Factor

296

(2)

C.6 Gas Formation Volume Factor

298

(1)

C.7 Pressure Increase in Static Column of Gas

299

(1)

C.8 Calculate the Pressure Drop in Flowing Dry Gas Well: Cullender and Smith Method

300

(2)

C.9 Pressure Drop in a Gas Well Producing Liquids

302

(1)

C.9.1 Calculated Result with Dry Gas and Gas with Liquids

303

(1)

C.10 Gas Well Deliverability Expressions

303

(6)

C.10.1 Backpressure Equation

303

(2)

C.10.2 Darcy Equation

305

(2)

References

307

(2)

Index

309

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Gas Well Deliquification : Solutions to Gas Well Liquid Loading Problems

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