Responsive Membranes and Materials
, by Bhattacharyya, D.; Schä; fer, Thomas; Wickramasinghe, S. R.; Daunert, Sylvia
- ISBN: 9780470974308 | 0470974303
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 2/11/2013
The development of new multi-functional membranes and materials which respond to external stimuli, such as pH, temperature, light, biochemicals or magnetic or electrical signals, represents new approaches to separations, reactions, or recognitions. With multiple cooperative functions, responsive membranes and materials have applications which range from biopharmaceutical, to drug delivery systems to water treatment. Covering recent advances in the generation and application of responsive materials, topics covered include: Development and design of responsive membranes and materials Carbon nanotube membranes Tunable separations, reactions and nanoparticle synthesis Responsive membranes for water treatment Pore-filled membranes for drug release Biologically-inspired responsive materials and hydrogels Biomimetic polymer gels Responsive Membranes and Materials provides a unique, cutting-edge resource for researchers and scientists in membrane science and technology, as well as specialists in separations, biomaterials, bionanotechnology, drug delivery, polymers, and functional materials.
Dibakar Bhattacharyya is the University of Kentucky Alumni Professor of Chemical Engineering and a Fellow of the AIChE. He received his Ph.D. from the Illinois Institute of Technology, M.S. from Northwestern University, and B.S. from Jadavpur University. He is the Co-Founder of the Center for Membrane Sciences at the University of Kentucky. He has published over 180 refereed journal articles and book chapters, and five U.S. Patents. At the Dr. Bhattacharyya was honored for his contributions in the area of Functionalized Membranes at the 2007 NAMS Annual Meeting, and he was the main plenary speaker at the SIMPAM 2009 Membrane Conference in Brazil.
Sylvia Daunert is the Gill Eminent Professor of Analytical and Biological Chemistry at the University of Kentucky. Her research is in the area of Bioanalytical Chemistry, at the interface between Analytical Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and Bioengineering.
Ranil Wickramasinghe is Professor at Colorado State University. His research focuses on the development of membranes and membrane separation processes for bioseparations, water treatment and biofuels applications.
Thomas Schäfer is Ikerbasque Research Professor at the Institute of Polymer Materials (POLYMAT) of the University of the Basque Country in San Sebastián, Spain.
Preface
List of contributors
Acknowledgements
1 Oligonucleic Acids (“Aptamers”) for Designing Stimuli-Responsive Membranes
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Aptamers – Structure, Function, Incorporation, and Selection
1.3 Characterization Techniques for Aptamer-Target Interactions
1.3.1 Measuring Overall Structural Changes of Aptamers Using QCM - D
1.3.2 Measuring Overall Structural Changes of Aptamers Using DPI
1.4 Aptamers – Applications
1.4.1 Electromechanical Gates
1.4.2 Stimuli-Responsive Nucleic Acid Gates in Nanoparticles
1.4.4 Stimuli-Responsive Aptamer Gates in Nanoparticles
1.4.5 Stimuli-Responsive Aptamer-Based Gating Membranes
1.5 Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
2 Emerging Membrane Nanomaterials – Towards Natural Selection of Functions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ion-Pair Conduction Pathways in Liquid and Hybrid Membranes
2.3 Dynamic Insidepore Resolution Towards Emergent Membrane Functions
2.4 Dynameric Membranes and Materials
2.4.1 Constitutional Hybrid Materials
2.4.2 Dynameric Membranes Displaying Tunable Properties on Constitutional Exchange
2.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
3 Carbon Nanotube Membranes as an Idealized Platform for Protein Channel Mimetic Pumps
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental Understanding of Mass Transport Through CNT s
3.2.1 Ionic Diffusion and Gatekeeper Activity
3.2.2 Gas and Fluid Flow
3.3 Electrostatic Gatekeeping and Electro-osmotic Pumping
3.3.1 Biological Gating
3.4 CNT Membrane Applications
3.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
4 Synthesis Aspects in the Design of Responsive Membranes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Responsive Mechanisms
4.3 Responsive Polymers
4.3.1 Temperature-Responsive Polymers
4.3.2 Polymers that Respond to <hlc>p</hlc> H , Ionic Strength, Light
4.4 Preparation of Responsive Membranes
4.5 Polymer Processing into Membranes
4.5.1 Solvent Casting
4.5.2 Phase Inversion
4.6 In Situ Polymerization
4.6.1 Radiation-Based Methods
4.6.2 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks ( IPN s)
4.7 Surface Modification Using Stimuli-Responsive Polymers
4.8 “Grafting to” Methods
4.8.1 Physical Adsorption – Non-covalent
4.8.2 Chemical Grafting – Covalent
4.8.3 Surface Entrapment – Non-covalent, Physically Entangled
4.9 “Grafting from” – <hlc>a.k.a.</hlc> Surface-Initiated Polymerization
4.9.1 Photo-Initiated Polymerization
4.9.2 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
4.9.3 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
4.9.4 Other Grafting Methods
4.9.5 Summary of “Grafting from” Methods
4.10 Future Directions
References
5 Tunable Separations, Reactions, and Nanoparticle Synthesis in Functionalized Membranes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Membrane Functionalization
5.2.1 Chemical Modification
5.2.1.1 Periodate Oxidation
5.2.1.2 Epoxy Activation
5.2.1.3 Carbodiimide Coupling
5.2.1.4 Triazine (2,4,6-trichlorotriazine) Activation
5.2.1.5 Substituted Sulfonyl Chloride
5.2.1.6 Carbonylation
5.2.1.7 Silylation of Inorganic (Ceramic) Materials
5.2.1.8 Thiol-Gold Chemistry
5.2.2 Surface Initiated Membrane Modification
5.2.3Cross-Linked Hydrogel (Pore Filled) Membranes
5.2.3.1Temperature Responsive Hydrogels
5.2.3 Layer By Layer Assemblies
5.3 Applications
5.3.1 Water Flux Tunability
5.3.1.1 Modelling the <hlc>p</hlc> H -Responsive Behaviour of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) ( PVDF )- PAA Membranes
5.3.2 Tunable Separation of Salts
5.3.2.1 Modelling the Ion Transport Through Polypeptide ( PLGA )-Functionalized Membranes
5.3.3 Charged-Polymer Multilayer Assemblies for Environmental Applications
5.3.3.1 Ultra-High Capacity Metal Capture
5.4 Responsive Membranes and Materials for Catalysis and Reactions
5.4.1 Iron-Functionalized Responsive Membranes
5.4.1.1 Membrane-Immobilized, Iron-Catalysed Free Radical Reactions
5.4.1.2 Tunable F <hlc>e</hlc>0 Nanoparticle Synthesis for Treatment of Contaminated Water
5.4.2 Responsive Membranes for Enzymatic Catalysis
5.4.2.1 Tunable Stacked Membrane Systems
Acknowledgements
References
6 Responsive Membranes for Water Treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fabrication of Responsive Membranes
6.2.1 Functionalization by Incubation in Liquids
6.2.2 Functionalization by Incorporation of Responsive Groups in the Base Membrane
6.2.3 Surface Modification of Existing Membranes
6.2.3.1 “Grafting to”
6.2.3.2 “Grafting-from”
6.2.3.3 Physical Adsorption, Interfacial Cross-linking, and Pore-Filling
6.3 Outlook
References
7 Functionalization of Polymeric Membranes and Feed Spacers for Fouling Control in Drinking Water Treatment Applications
7.1 Membrane Filtration
7.2 Fouling
7.3 Improving Membrane Performance
7.3.1 Plasma Treatment
7.3.2 Ultraviolet ( UV ) Irradiation
7.3.3 Membrane Modification by Graft Polymerization
7.3.3.1 Free Radical Grafting Reactions
7.3.3.2 Green Chemistry
7.3.3.3 Graft Polymer Examples
7.3.4 Ion Beam Irradiation
7.3.4.1 Ion Beam Induced Property Changes
7.3.4.2 Ion Irradiation of Polymeric Membranes
7.4 Design and Surface Modifications of Feed Spacers for Biofouling Control
7.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Pore-Filled Membranes As Responsive Release Devices
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Responsive Pore-Filled Membranes
8.3 Development and Characterization of PVDF - PAA Pore-Filled <hlc>p</hlc> H -Sensitive Membranes
8.3.1 Membrane Gel Incorporation (Mass Gain)
8.3.2 Membrane <hlc>p</hlc> H Reversibility
8.3.3 Membrane Water Flux as <hlc>p</hlc> H Varied from 2 to 7.5
8.3.4 Effects of Gel Incorporation on Membrane Pure Water Permeabilities at <hlc>p</hlc> H Neutral and Acidic
8.3.4.1 Membrane Pure Water Permeability
8.3.4.2 Effects of Mass Gain and Cross-Linking Degree at <hlc>p</hlc> H Neutral
8.3.4.3 Effects of Mass Gain and Cross-Linking Degree at <hlc>p</hlc> H Acidic
8.3.4.4 Effects of Mass Gain and Cross-Linking Degree on Valve Ratio
8.3.5 Estimation and Calculation of Pore Size
8.3.5.1 Pore Radius of the Nascent Substrate Membrane
8.3.5.2 Pore Radius of the Pore-Filled Membranes at <hlc>p</hlc> H Acidic
8.3.5.3 Pore Size Estimation and Calculation of the Pore-Filled Membranes at <hlc>p</hlc> H Neutral
8.4 <hlc>p</hlc> H -Sensitive Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-Poly(Acrylic Acid) Pore-Filled Membranes for Controlled Drug Release in Ruminant Animals
8.4.1 Determination of Membrane Diffusion Permeability (PS) for Salicylic Acid
8.4.1.1 Determination of the Membrane Diffusion Permeability
8.4.1.2 Effect of the Mass Gain on the Diffusion Permeability at <hlc>p</hlc> H Acidic and <hlc>p</hlc> H Neutral
8.4.1.3 Effect of Mass Gain on the Ratio of the Diffusion Permeability at <hlc>p</hlc> H Acidic to <hlc>p</hlc> H Neutral
8.4.2 Applicability of the Fabricated Pore-Filled Membranes on the Salicylic Acid Release and Retention
References
9 Magnetic Nanocomposites for Remote Controlled Responsive Therapy and in Vivo Tracking
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Nanocomposite Polymers
9.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
9.2 Applications of Magnetic Nanocomposite Polymers
9.2.1 Thermal Actuation
9.2.1.1 Swelling
9.2.1.2 Degradation
9.2.1.3 Phase Change
9.2.1.4 Transition Temperature
9.2.2 Thermal Therapy
9.2.3 Mechanical Actuation
9.2.3.1 Controlled Drug Release
9.2.3.2 Mechanical Actuators for Therapeutic Applications
9.2.4 In Vivo Tracking and Applications
9.3 Concluding Remarks
References
10 The Interactions between Salt Ions and Thermo-Responsive Poly ( N -Isopropylacrylamide) from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Computational Details
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
11 Biologically-Inspired Responsive Materials: Integrating Biological Function into Synthetic Materials
11.2 Introduction
11.2 Biomimetics in Biotechnology
11.3 Hinge-Motion Binding Proteins
11.4 Calmodulin
11.5 Biologically-Inspired Responsive Membranes
11.7 Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels
11.7 Micro/Nanofabrication of Hydrogels
11.8 Mechanical Characterization of Hydrogels
11.9 Creep Properties of Hydrogels
11.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
12. Responsive Colloids with Controlled Topology
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Inert Core/Responsive Shell Particles
12.3 Responsive Core/Responsive Shell Particles
12.4 Hollow Particles
12.5 Janus Particles
12.6 Summary
References
13 Novel Biomimetic Polymer Gels Exhibiting Self-Oscillation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Design Concept of Self-Oscillating Gel
13.3 Aspects of the Autonomous Swelling–Deswelling Oscillation Design of Biomimetic Actuator Using Self-Oscillating Polymer and Gel
13.4.1 Ciliary Motion Actuator (Artificial Cilia)
13.4.2 Self-Walking Gel
13.4.3 Theoretical Simulation of the Self-Oscillating Gel
13.5 Mass Transport Surface Utilizing Peristaltic Motion of Gel
13.6 Self-Oscillating Polymer Chains and Microgels as “Nanooscillators”
13.6.1 Solubility Oscillation of Polymer Chains
13.6.2 Self-Flocculating/Dispersing Oscillation of Microgels
13.6.3 Viscosity Oscillation of Polymer Solution and Microgel Dispersion
13.6.4 Attempts of Self-Oscillation under Acid- and Oxidant-Free Physiological Conditions
13.7 Conclusion
References
14 Electroactive Polymer Soft Material Based on Dielectric Elastomer
14.1 Introduction to Electroactive Polymers
14.1.1 Development History
14.1.2 Classification
14.1.3 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
14.1.3.1 Dielectric Elastomers
14.1.3.2 Electrostrictive Graft Elastomers
14.1.3.3 Ferroelectric Polymers
14.1.3.4 Electro-Viscoelastic Elastomers
14.1.4 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
14.1.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes
14.1.4.2 Ionic Polymer Gels
14.1.4.3 Electrorheological Fluids
14.1.5 Electroactive Polymer Applications
14.1.6 Application of Dielectric Elastomers
14.1.6.1 Walking Robot
14.1.6.2 Energy-Harvesting Device
14.1.6.3 Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
14.1.6.4 Clamping Device Using Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites
14.1.6.5 Anti-Gravity Service Using Conductive Polymers
14.1.6.6 Facial Expression
14.1.6.7 Braille Tactual Displays
14.1.6.8 Loudspeaker
14.1.7 Manufacturing the Main Structure of Actuators Using EAP Materials
14.1.7.1 Stacked Structure and the Helical Structure
14.1.7.2 The Folding Structure
14.1.7.3 The Round-Hole Structure
14.1.8 The Current Problem for EAP Materials and their Prospects
14.2 Materials of Dielectric Elastomers
14.2.1 The Working Principle of Dielectric Elastomers
14.2.2 Material Modification of Dielectric Elastomer
14.2.2.1 Introduction of Dielectric Elastomer Materials
14.2.2.2 Impact of Pre-Stretching on Dielectric Elastomer Material
14.2.3 Dielectric Elastomer Composite
14.2.3.1 Particle-Filled Dielectric Elastomer Composite
14.2.3.2 Dielectric Elastomer of Interpenetrating Polymer Network ( IPN )
14.3 The Theory of Dielectric Elastomers
14.3.1 Free Energy of Dielectric Elastomer Electromechanical Coupling System
14.3.2 Special Elastic Energy
14.3.3 Special Electric Field Energy
14.3.4 Incompressible Dielectric Elastomer
14.3.5 Model of Several Dielectric Elastomers
14.3.5.1 Model of Ideal Dielectric Elastomers
14.3.5.2 Model of Electrostriction Dielectric Elastomers
14.3.5.3 Model of Dielectric Elastomer of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks ( IPN <hlc>s</hlc>)
14.3.5.4 Model of Strain-Hardening Dielectric Elastomer
14.3.5.5 Model of Polarization Saturation Dielectric Elastomer
14.3.5.6 Model of Dielectric Elastomer Composite Material
14.3.5.7 Model of Thermal Dielectric Elastomer Material
14.3.5.8 Model of Viscoelasticity Dielectric Elastomer
14.4 Failure Model of a Dielectric Elastomer
14.4.1 Electrical Breakdown
14.4.2 Electromechanical Instability and Snap-Through Instability
14.4.3 Loss of Tension
14.4.4 Rupture by Stretching
14.4.5 Zero Electric Field Condition
14.4.6 Super-Electrostriction Deformation of a Dielectric Elastomer
14.5 Converter Theory of Dielectric Elastomer
14.5.1 Principle for Conversion Cycle
14.5.2 Plane Actuator
14.5.3 Spring-Roll Dielectric Elastomer Actuator
14.5.4 Tube-Type Actuator
14.5.5 Film-Spring System
14.5.6 Energy Harvester
14.5.7 The Non-linear Vibration of a Dielectric Elastomer Ball
14.5.8 Folded Actuator
References
15 Responsive Membrane/Material-Based Separations: Research and Development Needs
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Water Treatment
15.3 Biological Applications
15.4 Gas Separation and Additional Applications
References
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