Borland C++ Builder: The Complete Reference

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780072127782 | 0072127783
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/1/2001

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Best-selling programming author Herb Schildt brings you the most comprehensive resource to Borland C++ Builder available. Including complete coverage of the C++ language, tools, libraries--plus an introduction to Windows programming--this book contains everything you need to know to expertly work with Borland C++.

Preface

xxv

Acknowledgments

xxix

Part I The Foundation of C++: The C Subset

An Overview of C

(12)

The Origins of the C Language

(1)

A Middle-Level Language

(2)

A Structured Language

(1)

A Programmer's Language

(2)

Compilers Versus Interpreters

(1)

The Form of a C Program

(4)

The Library and Linking

(1)

Separate Compilation

(1)

A C Program's Memory Map

(1)

A Review of Terms

(2)

Variables, Constants, Operators, and Expressions

(40)

Identifier Names

(1)

Data Types

(3)

Type Modifiers

(2)

Access Modifiers

(1)

Declaration of Variables

(5)

Local Variables

(2)

Formal Parameters

(1)

Global Variables

(2)

Storage Class Specifiers

(7)

extern

(1)

static Variables

(1)

static Local Variables

(1)

static Global Variables

(2)

(1)

Assignment Statements

(2)

Multiple Assignments

(1)

Type Conversion in Assignments

(2)

Variable Initializations

(1)

Constants

(2)

Backslash Character Constants

(1)

Operators

(15)

Arithmetic Operators

(2)

Increment and Decrement

(1)

Relational and Logical Operators

(2)

Bitwise Operators

(4)

The ? Operator

(1)

The & and * Pointer Operators

(2)

The sizeof Compile-Time Operator

(1)

The Comma Operator

(1)

The Dot (.) and Arrow (->) Operators

(1)

The [] and () Operators

(1)

Precedence Summary

(1)

Expressions

(5)

Type Conversion in Expressions

(1)

Casts

(2)

Spacing and Parentheses

(1)

C Shorthand

(2)

Program Control Statements

(28)

True and False

(1)

Selection Statements

(1)

(6)

Nested ifs

(1)

The if-else-if Ladder

(1)

The ? Alternative

(3)

switch

(3)

Nested switch Statements

(1)

Iteration Statements (Loops)

(1)

The for Loop

(6)

for Loop Variations

(3)

The Infinite Loop

(1)

for Loops with No Bodies

(1)

The while Loop

(2)

do-while

(1)

Jump Statements

(1)

break

(2)

exit()

(1)

continue

(2)

Labels and goto

(1)

Expression Statements

(1)

Block Statements

(2)

Functions

(32)

The General Form of a Function

(1)

The return Statement

(3)

Returning from a Function

(1)

Returning Values

(2)

What Does main() Return?

(1)

Understanding the Scope of a Function

(1)

Function Arguments

(7)

Call by Value, Call by Reference

(1)

Creating a Call by Reference

(2)

Calling Functions with Arrays

(4)

argc and argv---Arguments to main()

(6)

Function Prototypes

101

(3)

Standard Library Function Prototypes

103

(1)

Old-Style Versus Modern Parameter Declarations

104

(1)

The ``Implicit int'' Rule

105

(1)

Declaring Variable Length Parameter Lists

106

(1)

Returning Pointers

106

(2)

Recursion

108

(1)

Pointers to Functions

109

(3)

Implementation Issues

112

(3)

Parameters and General-Purpose Functions

112

(1)

Efficiency

113

(2)

Arrays

115

(24)

Single-Dimensions Arrays

116

(1)

Generating a Pointer to an Array

117

(1)

Passing Single-Dimension Arrays to Functions

118

(3)

Null-Terminated Strings

119

(2)

Two-Dimensional Arrays

121

(6)

Arrays of Strings

125

(2)

Multidimensional Arrays

127

(1)

Indexing Pointers

127

(2)

Allocated Arrays

129

(2)

Array Initialization

131

(3)

Unsized-Array Initializations

133

(1)

A Tic-Tac-Toe Example

134

(5)

Pointers

139

(24)

Pointers Are Addresses

140

(1)

Pointer Variables

141

(1)

The Pointer Operators

141

(2)

Pointer Expressions

143

(4)

Pointer Assignments

143

(1)

Pointer Arithmetic

144

(1)

Pointer Comparisons

145

(2)

Dynamic Allocation and Pointers

147

(2)

Understanding const Pointers

149

(1)

Pointers and Arrays

150

(4)

Pointers to Character Arrays

151

(2)

Arrays of Pointers

153

(1)

Pointers to Pointers: Multiple Indirection

154

(2)

Initializing Pointers

156

(1)

Pointers to Functions

157

(3)

Problems with Pointers

160

(3)

Structures, Unions, and User-Defined Types

163

(30)

Structures

164

(4)

Accessing Structures Members

166

(1)

Structure Assignments

167

(1)

Arrays of Structures

168

(7)

An Inventory Example

168

(7)

Passing Structures to Functions

175

(2)

Passing Structure Members to Functions

175

(1)

Passing Entire Structures to Functions

176

(1)

Structure Pointers

177

(4)

Declaring a Structure Pointer

177

(1)

Using Structure Pointers

177

(4)

Arrays and Structures Within Structures

181

(1)

Bit-Fields

182

(2)

Unions

184

(2)

Enumerations

186

(3)

An Important Difference Between C and C++

189

(1)

Using sizeof to Ensure Portability

189

(2)

typedef

191

(2)

Input, Output, Streams, and Files

193

(42)

C Versus C++ I/O

194

(1)

Streams and Files

195

(2)

Streams

195

(1)

Files

196

(1)

Console I/O

197

(4)

Reading and Writing Characters

197

(3)

Reading and Writing Strings: gets() and puts()

200

(1)

Formatted Console I/O

201

(15)

printf()

201

(8)

scanf()

209

(7)

The C File System

216

(16)

The File Pointer

217

(1)

Opening a File

218

(2)

Writing a Character

220

(1)

Reading a Character

220

(1)

Closing a File

221

(1)

Using fopen(), getc(), putc(), and fclose()

221

(2)

Using feof()

223

(1)

Working with Strings: fgets() and fputs()

224

(1)

fread() and fwrite()

225

(2)

fseek() and Random Access I/O

227

(3)

fprintf() and fscanf()

230

(1)

Erasing Files

231

(1)

ferror() and rewind()

231

(1)

The Console Connection

232

(3)

The Preprocessor and Comments

235

(24)

#define

236

(4)

#error

240

(1)

#include

240

(1)

Conditional Compilation Directives

241

(4)

#if, #else, #elif, and #endif

242

(2)

#ifdef and #ifndef

244

(1)

#undef

245

(1)

Using defined

246

(1)

#line

247

(1)

#pragma

247

(4)

251

(1)

#import

251

(1)

The # and ## Preprocessor Operators

252

(1)

Predefined Macro Names

253

(2)

Comments

255

(4)

Part II The C++ Builder Function Library

Linking, Libraries, and Headers

259

(6)

The Linker

260

(1)

Library Files Versus Object Files

261

(1)

The Standard Library Versus C++ Builder Extensions

262

(1)

Headers

262

(3)

Macros in Headers

264

(1)

I/O Functions

265

(76)

int access (const char *filename, int mode)

266

(1)

int chmod(const char *filename, int mode)

267

(1)

int chsize(int handle, long size)

268

(1)

void clearerr (FILE *stream)

269

(1)

int close(int fd) int_rtl_close(int fd)

270

(1)

int_creat(const char *filename, int pmode) int_rtl_creat(const char *filename, int attrib) int creatnew(const char *filename, int attrib) int creattemp(char *filename, int attrib)

271

(2)

int dup(int handle) int dup2(int old_handle, int new_handle)

273

(1)

int eof(int fd)

274

(1)

int fclose(FILE *stream) int_fcloseall(void)

275

(1)

FILE *fdopen(int handle, char *mode)

276

(1)

int feof(FILE *stream)

276

(1)

int ferror(FILE *stream)

277

(1)

int fflush(FILE *stream)

278

(1)

int fgetc(FILE *stream)

278

(1)

int fgetchar(void)

279

(1)

int *fgetpos(FILE *stream, fpos_t *pos)

279

(2)

char *fgets(char *str, int num, FILE *stream)

281

(1)

long filelength(int handle)

282

(1)

int fileno(FILE *stream)

282

(1)

int_flushall(void)

283

(1)

FILE *fopen(const char *fname, const char *mode)

283

(2)

int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, arg-list)

285

(1)

int fputc(int ch, FILE *stream)

286

(1)

int fputchar(int ch)

287

(1)

int fputs(const char *str, FILE *stream)

288

(1)

size_t fread(void *buf, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream)

288

(1)

FILE *freopen(const char *fname, const char *mode, FILE *stream)

289

(1)

int fscanf(FILE *stream, const char *format, arg-list)

290

(1)

int fseek(FILE *stream, long offset, int origin)

291

(1)

int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos)

292

(2)

FILE *_fsopen(const char *fname, const char *mode, int shflg)

294

(1)

int fstat(int handle, struct stat *statbuf)

295

(1)

long ftell(FILE *stream)

296

(1)

size_t fwrite(const void *buf, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *stream)

296

(1)

int getc(FILE *stream)

297

(1)

int getch(void) int getche(void)

298

(1)

int getchar(void)

299

(1)

char *gets(char *str)

300

(1)

int getw(FILE *stream)

301

(1)

int isatty(int handle)

302

(1)

int lock(int handle, long offset, long length)

302

(1)

int locking(int handle, int mode, long length)

303

(1)

long Iseek(int handle, long offset, int origin)

304

(2)

int open(const char *filename, int access, unsigned mode) int_rtl_open(const char *filename, int access)

306

(2)

void perror(const char *str)

308

(1)

int printf(const char *format, arg-list)

309

(3)

int putc(int ch, FILE *stream)

312

(1)

int putch(int ch)

313

(1)

int putchar(int ch)

313

(1)

int puts(const char *str)

314

(1)

int putw(int i, FILE *stream)

314

(1)

int read(int fd, void *buf, unsigned count) int_rtl_read(int fd, void *buf, unsigned count)

315

(1)

int remove(const char *fname)

316

(1)

int rename(const char *oldfname, const char *newfname)

317

(1)

void rewind(FILE *stream)

318

(1)

int_rtl_chmod(const char *filename, int get_set, int attrib)

319

(1)

int scanf(const char *format, arg-list)

319

(5)

void setbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf)

324

(1)

int setmode(int handle, int mode)

324

(1)

int setvbuf(FILE *stream, char *buf, int mode, size_t size)

325

(1)

int sopen(const char *filename, int access, int shflag, int mode)

325

(3)

int sprintf(char *buf, const char *format, arg-list)

328

(1)

int sscanf(char *buf, const char *format, arg-list)

328

(1)

int stat(char *filename, struct stat *statbuf)

329

(1)

long tell(int fd)

330

(1)

FILE *tmpfile(void)

330

(1)

char *tmpnam(char *name)

331

(1)

int ungetc(int ch, FILE *stream)

332

(1)

int ungetch(int ch)

333

(1)

int unlink(const char *fname)

334

(1)

int unlock(int handle, long offset, long length)

334

(1)

int vprintf(const char *format, va_list arg_ptr) int vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list arg_ptr) int vsprintf(char *buf, const char *format, va_list arg_ptr)

335

(1)

int vscanf(const char *format, va_list arg_ptr) int vfscan(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list arg_ptr) int vsscanf(const char *buf, const char *format, va_list arg_ptr)

336

(2)

int write(int handle, void *buf, int count) int_rtl_write(int handle, void *buf, int count)

338

(3)

String, Memory, and Character Functions

341

(38)

int isalnum(int ch)

342

(1)

int isalpha(int ch)

343

(1)

int isascii(int ch)

344

(1)

int iscntrl(int ch)

344

(1)

int isdigit(int ch)

345

(1)

int isgraph(int ch)

346

(1)

int islower(int ch)

347

(1)

int isprint(int ch)

348

(1)

int ispunct(int ch)

348

(1)

int isspace(int ch)

349

(1)

int isupper(ch)

350

(1)

int isxdigit(int ch)

351

(1)

void *memccpy(void *dest, const void *source, int ch, size_t count)

351

(1)

void *memchr(const void *buffer, int ch, size_t count)

352

(1)

int memcmp(const void *buf1, const void *buf2, size_t count)

353

(1)

int memicmp(const void *buf1, const void *buf2, size_t count)

353

(1)

void *memcpy(void *dest, const void *source, size_t count)

354

(1)

void *memmove(void *dest, const void *source, size_t count)

355

(1)

void *memset&void *buf, int ch, size_t count

356

(1)

void movemem(const void *source, void *dest, unsigned count)

356

(1)

void setmem(void *buf, unsigned count, char ch)

357

(1)

char *stpcpy(char *str1, const char *str2)

357

(1)

char *strcat(char *str1, const char *str2)

358

(1)

char *strchr(const char *str, int ch)

359

(1)

int strcmp(const char *str1, const char *str2)

359

(1)

int strcoll(const char *str1, const char *str2)

360

(1)

char *strcpy(char *str1, const char *str2)

360

(1)

size_t strcspn(const char *str1, const char *str2)

361

(1)

char *strdup(const char *str)

362

(1)

char *_sterror(const char *str)

362

(1)

char *strerror(int num)

363

(1)

int stricmp(const char *str1, const char *str2) int strcmpi(const char *str1, const char *str2)

363

(1)

size_t strlen(const char *str)

364

(1)

char *strlwr(char *str)

365

(1)

char *strncat(char *str1, const char *str2, size_t count)

365

(2)

int strncmp(const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t count) int strnicmp(const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t count)

367

(1)

int strncmpi(const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t count)

367

(1)

char *strncpy(char *dest, const char *source, size_t count)

368

(1)

char *strnset(char *str, int ch, size_t count)

369

(1)

char *strpbrk(const char *str1, const char *str2)

369

(1)

char *strrchr(const char *str, int ch)

370

(1)

char *strrev(char *str)

371

(1)

char *strset(char *str, int ch)

371

(1)

size_t strspn(const char *str1, const char *str2)

372

(1)

char *strstr(const char *str1, const char *str2)

373

(1)

char *strok(char *str1, const char *str2)

373

(2)

char *strupr(char *str)

375

(1)

size_t strxfrm(char *dest, const char *source, size_t count)

375

(1)

int tolower(int ch) int_tolower(int ch)

376

(1)

int toupper(int ch) int_toupper(int ch)

376

(3)

Mathematical Functions

379

(22)

double acos(double arg) long double acos(long double arg)

380

(1)

double asin(double arg) long double asin(long double arg)

381

(1)

double atan(double arg) long double atanl(long double arg)

382

(1)

double atan2(double y, double x) long double atan21(long double y, long double x)

383

(1)

double cabs(struct complex znum) long double cabsl(struct_complex1 znum)

383

(1)

double ceil(double num) long double ceill (long double num)

384

(1)

double cos(double arg) long double cosl(long double arg)

385

(1)

double cosh(double arg) long double cosh(long double arg)

386

(1)

double exp(double arg) long double expl(long double arg)

387

(1)

double fabs(double num) long double fabsl(long double num)

387

(1)

double floor(double num)long double floorl (long double num)

388

(1)

double fmod(double x, double y) long double fmodl (long double x, long double y)

388

(1)

double frexp(double num, int *exp) long double frexpl(long double num, int *exp)

389

(1)

double hypot(double x, double y) long double hypotl(long double x, long double y)

390

(1)

double ldexp(double num, int exp) long double ldexpl(long double num, int exp)

390

(1)

double log(double num) long double logl(long double num)

391

(1)

double log10(double num) long double log101 (long double num)

392

(1)

int_matherr(struct exception *err) int_matherrl (struct_exceptionl *err)

392

(2)

double modf(double num, double *i) long double modfl(long double num, long double *i)

394

(1)

double poly(double x, int n, double c[]) long double polyl(long double x, int n, long double c[])

394

(1)

double pow(double base, double exp) long double powl (long double base, long double exp)

395

(1)

double pow10(int n) long double pow101(int n)

396

(1)

double sin(double arg) long double sinl(long double arg)

397

(1)

double sinh(double arg) long double sinhl(long double arg)

397

(1)

double sqrt(double num) long double sqrtl(long double num)

398

(1)

double tan(double arg) long double tanl(long double arg)

399

(1)

double tanh(double arg) long double tanhl(long double arg)

399

(2)

Time, Date, and System-Related Functions

401

(38)

char *asctime(const struct tm *ptr)

403

(1)

clock_t clock(void)

404

(1)

char *ctime(const time_t *time)

405

(1)

double difftime(time_t time2, time_t time1)

406

(1)

void disable(void) void_disable(void)

407

(1)

unsigned_dos_close(int fd)

407

(1)

unsigned_dos_creat(const char *fname, unsigned attr, int *fd)

408

(1)

unsigned_dos_creatnew(const char *fname, unsigned attr, int *fd)

408

(1)

void_dos_getdate(struct dosdate_t *d) void_dos_gettime(struct dostime_t *t)

409

(1)

unsigned_dos_getdiskfree(unsigned char drive, struct diskfree_t *dfptr)

410

(1)

void_dos_getdrive(unsigned *drive)

411

(1)

unsigned_dos_getfileattr(const char *fname, unsigned *attrib)

412

(1)

unsigned_dos_getftime(int fd, unsigned *fdate, unsigned *ftime)

413

(1)

unsigned_dos_open(const char *fname, unsigned mode, int *fd)

414

(2)

unsigned_dos_read(int fd, void *buf, unsigned count, unsigned *numread)

416

(1)

unsigned_dos_setdate(struct dosdate_t *d) unsigned_dos_settime(struct dostime_t *t)

417

(1)

void_dos_setdrive(unsigned drive, unsigned *num)

418

(1)

unsigned_dos_setfileattr(const char *fname, unsigned attrib)

418

(1)

unsigned_dos_setftime(int fd, unsigned fdate, unsigned ftime)

419

(2)

long dostounix(struct date *d, struct time *t)

421

(1)

unsigned_dos_write(int fd, void *buf, unsigned count, unsigned *numwritten)

422

(1)

void enable(void) void_enable(void)

422

(1)

void ftime(struct timeb *time)

423

(1)

void geninterrupt(int intr)

424

(1)

void getdate(struct date *d) void gettime(struct time *t)

424

(1)

void getdfree(unsigned char drive, struct dfree *dfptr)

425

(1)

int getftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftptr)

426

(1)

struct tm *gmtime(const time_t *time)

427

(1)

int kbhit(void)

428

(1)

struct tm *localtime(const time_t *time)

428

(1)

time_t mktime(struct tm *p)

429

(1)

void setdate(struct date *d) void settime(struct time *t)

430

(1)

int setftime(int handle, struct ftime *t)

431

(1)

void sleep(unsigned time)

432

(1)

int stime(time_t *t)

432

(1)

char*_strdate(char *buf) char*_strtime(char *buf)

433

(1)

size_t strftime(char *str, size_t maxsize, char const *fmt, const struct tm *time)

434

(1)

time_t time(time_t *time)

434

(2)

void tzset(void)

436

(1)

void unixtodos(long utime, struct date *d, struct time *t)

436

(3)

Dynamic Allocation

439

(14)

void *alloca(size_t size)

440

(1)

void *calloc(size_t num, size_t size)

441

(1)

void free(void *ptr)

442

(1)

int heapcheck(void)

443

(1)

int heapcheckfree(unsigned fill)

444

(1)

int heapchecknode(void *ptr)

445

(1)

int_heapchk(void)

446

(1)

int heapfillfree(unsigned fill)

446

(1)

int_heapmin(void)

447

(1)

int_heapset(unsigned fill)

448

(1)

int heapwalk(struct heapinfo *hinfo) int_rtl_heapwalk(_HEAPINFO *hinfo)

448

(2)

void *malloc(size_t size)

450

(1)

void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t newsize)

451

(2)

Directory Functions

453

(18)

int chdir(const char *path)

454

(1)

int_chdrive(int drivenum)

454

(1)

void closedir(DIR *ptr) DIR *opendir(char *dirname) struct dirent *readdir(DIR *ptr) void rewinddir(DIR *ptr)

455

(1)

unsigned_dos_findfirst(const char *fname, int attr, struct find_t *ptr) unsigned_dos_findnext(struct find_t *ptr)

456

(1)

int findfirst(const char *fname, struct ffblk *ptr, int attrib) int findnext(struct ffblk *ptr)

457

(2)

void fnmerge(char *path, const char *drive, const char *dir, const char *fname, const char *ext) int fnsplit(const char *path, char *drive, char *dir, char *fname, char *ext)

459

(2)

char *_fullpath(char *fpath, const char *rpath, int len)

461

(1)

int getcurdir(int drive, char *dir)

461

(1)

char *getcwd(char *dir, int len)

462

(1)

char *_getdcwd(int drive, char *path, int len)

463

(1)

int getdisk(void)

464

(1)

int_getdrive(void)

464

(1)

void_makepath(char *pname, const char *drive, const char *directory, const char *fname, cont char *extension)

465

(1)

int mkdir(const char *path)

466

(1)

char *mktemp(char *fname)

467

(1)

int rmdir(const char *path)

467

(1)

char *searchpath(const char *fname)

468

(1)

int setdisk(int drive)

469

(1)

void_splitpath(const char *fpath, char *drive, char *directory char *fname, char *extension)

469

(2)

Process Control Functions

471

(16)

void abort(void)

472

(1)

int atexit(void (*func)(void))

473

(1)

unsigned long_beginthread(void (*func)(void *), unsigned stksize, void *arglist) unsigned long_beginthreadex(void *secattr, unsigned stksize, unsigned (*start)(void *), void *arglist, unsigned creatflags, unsigned *threadID) unsigned long_beginthreadNT(void (*func)(void *), unsigned stksize, void *arglist, void *secattr, unsigned createflags, unsigned *threadID);

474

(2)

void_c_exit(void) void_cexit(void)

476

(1)

void_endthread(void) void_endthreadex(unsigned threadvalue)

477

(1)

int execl(char *fname, char *arg0,..., char *argN, NULL) int execle(char *fname, char *arg0,..., char *argN, NULL, char *envp[])

477

(1)

int execlp(char *fname, char *arg0,..., char *argN, NULL) int execlpe(char *fname, char *arg0,..., char *argN, NULL, char *envp[])

477

(1)

int execv(char *fname, char *arg[]) int execve(char *fname, char *arg[], char *envp[]) int execvp (char *fname, char *arg[]) int execvpe(char *fname, char *arg[], char *envp[])

477

(2)

void exit(int status) void_exit(int status)

479

(1)

int getpid(void)

480

(1)

int spawnl(int mode, char *fname, char *arg0,..., char *argN, NULL) int spawnle(int mode, char *fname, char *arg0,..., char *argN, NULL, char *envp[]) int spawnlp(int mode, char *fname, char *arg0,..., char *argN, NULL) int spawnlpe(int mode, char *fname, char *arg0,..., char *argN, NULL, char *envp[]) int spawnv(int mode, char *fname, char *arg[]) int spawnve(int mode, char *fname, char *arg[], char *envp[]) int spawnvp(int mode, char *fname, char *arg[]) int spawnvpe(int mode, char *fname, char *arg[], char *envp[])

481

(3)

int wait(int *status)

484

(3)

Screen-Based Text Functions

487

(18)

char *cgets(char *inpstr)

488

(1)

void clreol(void) void clrscr(void)

489

(1)

int cprintf(const char *fmt,...)

490

(1)

int cputs(const char *str)

491

(1)

int cscanf(char *fmt,...)

492

(1)

void delline(void)

493

(1)

int gettext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void *buf)

494

(1)

void gettextinfo(struct text_info *info)

494

(1)

void gotoxy(int x, int y)

495

(1)

void highvideo(void)

496

(1)

void insline(void)

496

(1)

void lowvideo(void)

497

(1)

int movetext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, int newleft, int newtop)

498

(1)

void normvideo(void)

498

(1)

int puttext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void *buf)

499

(1)

void textattr(int attr)

499

(1)

void textbackground(int color)

500

(1)

void textcolor(int color)

501

(1)

void textmode(int mode)

502

(1)

int wherex(void) int wherey(void)

503

(1)

void window(int left, int top, int right, int bottom)

504

(1)

Miscellaneous Functions

505

(46)

int abs(int num)

506

(1)

void assert(int exp)

507

(1)

double atof(const char *str) long double_atold(const char *str)

508

(1)

int atoi(const char *str)

509

(1)

long atol(const char *str)

509

(1)

void *bsearch(const void *key, const void *base, size_tnum, size_t size, int (*compare)(const void*, const void *))

510

(2)

unsigned int_clear87(void)

512

(1)

unsigned int_control87(unsigned fpword, unsigned fpmask)

512

(1)

div_t div(int numerator, int denominator)

513

(1)

char *ecvt(double value, int ndigit, int *dec, int *sign)

514

(1)

void_ _emit_ _(unsigned char arg,...)

514

(1)

char *fcvt(double value, int ndigit, int *dec, int *sign)

515

(1)

void_fpreset(void)

515

(1)

char *gcvt(double value, int ndigit, char *buf)

516

(1)

char *getenv(const char *name)

516

(1)

char *getpass(const char *str)

517

(1)

unsigned getpid(void)

517

(1)

char *itoa(int num, char *str, int radix)

518

(1)

long labs(long num)

519

(1)

ldiv_t ldiv(long numerator, long denominator)

519

(1)

void *lfind(const void *key, const void *base, size_t *num, size_t size, int (*compare)(const void*, const void *) void *lsearch(const void *key, void *base, size_t *num, size_t size, int(*compare)(const void*, const void*))

520

(2)

struct lconv *localeconv(void)

522

(1)

void longjump(jmp_buf envbuf, int val)

523

(2)

char *ltoa(long num, char *str, int radix) char *ultoa(unsigned long num, char *str, int radix)

525

(1)

unsigned long_lrot(unsigned long l, int i) unsigned long_lrotr(unsigned long l, int i)

526

(1)

max(x,y) min(x,y)

526

(1)

int mblen(const char *str, size_t size)

527

(1)

size_t mbstowcs(wchar_t *out, const char *in, size_t size)

527

(1)

int mbtowc(wchar_t *out, const char *in, size_t size)

528

(1)

int putenv(const char *evar)

529

(1)

void qsort(void *base, size_t num, size_t size, int (*compare) (const void *, const void *))

529

(2)

int raise(int signal)

531

(1)

int rand(void)

532

(1)

int random(int num) void randomize(void)

533

(1)

unsigned short_rotl(unsigned short val, int num) unsigned short_rotr(unsigned short val, int num)

533

(1)

void_setcursortype(int type)

534

(1)

int setjmp(jmp_buf envbuf)

535

(1)

void_searchenv(const char *fname, const char *ename, char *fpath)

536

(1)

char *setlocale(int type, const char *locale)

537

(1)

void (*set_new_handler(void (* newhand)()))()

538

(1)

void (*signal (int signal, void (*sigfunc) (int func)))(int)

538

(1)

void srand(unsigned seed)

539

(1)

unsigned int_status87(void)

540

(1)

double strtod(const char *start, char **end) long double_strtold(const char *start, char **end)

540

(2)

long strtol(const char *start, char **end, int radix) unsigned long strtoul(const char *start, char **end, int radix)

542

(1)

void swab(char *source, char *dest, int num)

543

(1)

int system(const char *str)

543

(1)

int toascii(int ch)

544

(1)

unsigned unmask(unsigned access)

544

(1)

int utime(char *fname, struct utimbuf *t)

545

(1)

void va_start(va_list argptr, last_parm) void va_end(va_list argptr) type va_arg(va_list argptr, type)

546

(2)

size_t wcstombs(char *out, const wchar_t *in, size_t size)

548

(1)

int wctomb(char *out, wchar_t in)

548

(3)

Part III C++

An Overview of C++

551

(28)

The Origins of C++

552

(1)

What Is Object-Oriented Programming?

553

(1)

Encapsulation

554

(1)

Polymorphism

554

(1)

Inheritance

555

(1)

Some C++ Fundamentals

555

(3)

C++ Programs Use the .CPP Extension

558

(1)

A Closer Look at Headers and Namesspaces

559

(1)

Modern-Style Headers

559

(1)

Namespaces

560

(1)

Introducing C++ Clases

560

(5)

Function Overloading

565

(3)

Operator Overloading

568

(1)

Inheritance

568

(4)

Constructors and Destructors

572

(4)

The C++ Keywords

576

(1)

Two New Data Types

577

(2)

A Closer Look at Classes and Objects

579

(34)

Parameterized Constructors

580

(5)

Constructors with One Parameter: A Special Case

584

(1)

Friend Functions

585

(5)

Default Function Arguments

590

(4)

Using Default Arguments Correctly

594

(1)

Classes and Structures Are Related

594

(2)

Unions and Classes Are Related

596

(2)

Anonymous Unions

597

(1)

Inline Functions

598

(3)

Creating Inline Functions Inside a Class

600

(1)

Passing Objects to Functions

601

(3)

Returning Objects

604

(1)

Object Assignment

605

(1)

Arrays of Objects

605

(5)

Initializing Arrays of Objects

607

(2)

Creating Initialized Versus Uninitialized Arrays

609

(1)

Pointers to Objects

610

(3)

Function and Operator Overloading

613

(44)

Overloading Constructor Functions

614

(2)

Localizing Variables

616

(3)

Localizing the Creation of Objects

617

(2)

Function Overloading and Ambiguity

619

(3)

Finding the Address of an Overloaded Function

622

(1)

The this Pointer

623

(1)

Operator Overloading

624

(12)

Friend Operator Functions

631

(5)

References

636

(7)

Reference Parameters

636

(3)

Passing References to Objects

639

(1)

Returning References

640

(1)

Independent References

641

(2)

Using a Reference to Overload a Unary Operator

643

(3)

Overloading []

646

(4)

Applying Operator Overloading

650

(7)

Inheritance, Virtual Functions, and Polymorphism

657

(32)

Inheritance and the Access Specifiers

658

(5)

Understanding the Access Specifiers

658

(2)

Base Class Access Control

660

(3)

Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes

663

(4)

Multiple Inheritance

667

(2)

Passing Parameters to a Base Class

669

(2)

Pointers and References to Derived Types

671

(3)

References to Derived Types

673

(1)

Virtual Functions

674

(5)

Why Virtual Functions?

679

(5)

Pure Virtual Functions and Abstract Types

684

(2)

Early Versus Late Binding

686

(3)

The C++ I/O Class Library

689

(30)

Why C++ Has Its Own I/O System

690

(1)

Old Versus Modern C++ I/O

690

(1)

C++ Streams

691

(1)

The C++ Predefined Streams

691

(1)

The C++ Stream Classes

691

(1)

Creating Your Own Inserters and Extractors

692

(6)

Creating Inserters

693

(3)

Overloading Extractors

696

(2)

Formatting I/O

698

(7)

Formatting Using the ios Member Functions

698

(4)

Using Manipulators

702

(3)

Creating Your Own Manipulator Functions

705

(3)

File I/O

708

(4)

Opening and Closing a File

708

(2)

Reading and Writing Text Files

710

(2)

Unformatted and Binary I/O

712

(7)

Using get() and put()

712

(2)

Using read() and write()

714

(1)

Detecting EOF

715

(1)

Random Access

716

(3)

Templates, Exceptions, and RTTI

719

(36)

Generic Functions

720

(6)

A Function with Two Generic Types

722

(1)

Explicitly Overloading a Generic Function

723

(2)

Overloading a Function Template

725

(1)

Generic Function Restrictions

725

(1)

Generic Classes

726

(5)

An Example with Two Generic Data Types

730

(1)

Exception Handling

731

(1)

Exception Handling Fundamentals

731

(9)

Catching Class Types

737

(1)

Using Multiple catch Statements

738

(1)

Handling Derived-Class Exceptions

739

(1)

Exception Handling Options

740

(7)

Catching All Exceptions

741

(1)

Restricting Exceptions

742

(2)

Rethrowing an Exception

744

(1)

Understanding terminate() and unexpected()

745

(1)

Setting the Terminate and Unexpected Handlers

745

(2)

The uncaught_exception() Function

747

(1)

Applying Exception Handling

747

(1)

Run-Time Type Identification (RTTI)

748

(2)

Casting Operators

750

(5)

Miscellaneous C++ Topics

755

(54)

Dynamic Allocation Using new and delete

756

(15)

Allocating Objects

759

(3)

Another Way to Watch for Allocation Failure

762

(1)

Overloading new and delete

763

(5)

Overloading new and delete for Arrays

768

(3)

static Class Members

771

(4)

static Data Members

771

(1)

static Member Functions

772

(3)

Virtual Base Classes

775

(5)

const Member Functions and mutable

780

(2)

Volatile Member Functions

782

(1)

Using the asm Keyword

782

(1)

Linkage Specification

783

(1)

The .* and -> * Operators

784

(2)

Creating Conversion Functions

786

(2)

Copy Constructors

788

(3)

Granting Access

791

(3)

Namespaces

794

(11)

Namespace Fundamentals

795

(3)

using

798

(2)

Unnamed Namespaces

800

(1)

Some Namespace Options

801

(2)

The std Namespace

803

(2)

Explicit Constructors

805

(1)

typename and export

806

(1)

Differences Between C and C++

807

(2)

The Standard Template Library and the string Class

809

(68)

An Overview of the STL

810

(3)

Containers

810

(1)

Algorithms

811

(1)

Iterators

811

(1)

Other STL Elements

812

(1)

The Container Classes

813

(1)

General Theory of Operation

814

(1)

Vectors

815

(10)

Accessing a Vector Through an Iterator

819

(2)

Inserting and Deleting Elements in a Vector

821

(2)

Storing Class Objects in a Vector

823

(2)

Lists

825

(12)

Understanding end()

829

(2)

push_front() Versus push_back()

831

(1)

Sort a List

832

(1)

Merging One List with Another

833

(2)

Storing Class Objects in a List

835

(2)

Maps

837

(6)

Storing Class Objects in a Map

841

(2)

Algorithms

843

(10)

Counting

846

(3)

Removing and Replacing Elements

849

(2)

Reversing a Sequence

851

(1)

Transforming a Sequence

852

(1)

Using Function Objects

853

(8)

Unary and Binary Function Objects

854

(1)

Using the Built-in Function Objects

854

(3)

Creating a Function Object

857

(2)

Using Binders

859

(2)

The string Class

861

(12)

Some string Member Functions

866

(5)

Strings Are Containers

871

(1)

Putting Strings into Other Containers

872

(1)

Final Thoughts on the STL

873

(4)

Part IV The C++ Builder Integrated Development Environment

The Integrated Development Environment

877

(20)

The Four IDE Windows

878

(1)

The Menu Window

878

(17)

File

880

(2)

Edit

882

(1)

883

(2)

View

885

(1)

Project

886

(2)

Run

888

(1)

Component

889

(1)

Tools

890

(4)

Help

894

(1)

Toolbars

894

(1)

Object Inspector Window

895

(1)

Form Window

895

(1)

Code (Unit) Window

895

(1)

Using Speed Menus

896

(1)

Using Context-Sensitive Help

896

(1)

Developing Applications Using the IDE

897

(44)

Types of Applications

898

(5)

New

898

(2)

Project1

900

(2)

Forms

902

(1)

Dialogs

902

(1)

Projects

902

(1)

The Component Palette

903

(8)

Standard Components

904

(1)

Additional Components

904

(1)

Win32 Components

905

(2)

System Components

907

(1)

Dialogs Components

908

(1)

Win 3.1 Components

909

(1)

Samples Components

909

(1)

ActiveX Components

910

(1)

Internet Components

911

(1)

Servers Components

911

(1)

Creating a Console Application

911

(7)

Using the IDE to Create a Console Application

912

(4)

Compiling the Sample Programs in This Book

916

(1)

Using the Command Line Compiler

916

(2)

Creating a Simple Windows Application

918

(23)

Preliminary Steps

918

(2)

Create the Application

920

(1)

Building the GUI Form

920

(2)

Adding Label and Edit Components

922

(2)

Using the ActionList and ImageList Components

924

(7)

Building a Basic Menu

931

(2)

Creating a Toolbar

933

(2)

Building Command Buttons

935

(1)

Adding a Help | About Dialog Box

936

(1)

Adding Code and Finishing the Application

937

(4)

Using C++ Builder's Integrated Debugging Environment

941

(18)

Preparing Your Programs for Debugging

942

(1)

What Is a Source-Level Debugger?

942

(1)

Debugger Basics

942

(3)

Single-Stepping

943

(2)

Breakpoints

945

(4)

Setting Unconditional Source Breakpoints

946

(1)

Setting Conditional Source Breakpoints

947

(2)

Watching Variables

949

(5)

Watched-Expression Formats

950

(3)

Qualifying a Variable's Name

953

(1)

Watching the Stack

954

(1)

Evaluating an Expression

955

(1)

Pausing a Program

956

(1)

Using the CPU Window

956

(1)

A Debugging Tip

957

(2)

Index

959

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Borland C++ Builder: The Complete Reference

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials