Security in Sensor Networks

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ISBN: 9780849370588 | 0849370582
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/15/2006

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Sensor networks differ from traditional networks in many aspects including their limited energy, memory space, and computational capability. These differentiators create unique security vulnerabilities. Security in Sensor Networks covers all aspects of the subject, serving as an invaluable reference for researchers, educators, and practitioners in the field. Containing thirteen invited chapters from internationally recognized security experts, this volume details attacks, encryption, authentication, watermarking, key management, secure routing, and secure aggregation, location, and cross-layer. It offers insight into attacking and defending routing mechanisms in ad hoc and sensor networks, and analyzes MAC layer attacks in 802.15.4 sensor networks.

SECTION I: ATTACKS

1 Attacks and Defenses of Routing Mechanisms in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

(24)

You-Chiun Wang and Yu-Chee Tseng

1.1 Abstract

(1)

1.2 Introduction

(2)

1.3 Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks

(2)

1.4 Attacks on Routing Mechanisms

(7)

1.4.1 Attacks on Route Discovery Process

(1)

1.4.1.1 Fake Routing Information

(1)

1.4.1.2 Rushing Attacks

(1)

1.4.1.3 RREQ Flood Attacks

(1)

1.4.2 Attacks on Route Selection Process

(1)

1.4.2.1 HELLO Flood Attacks

(1)

1.4.2.2 Sinkhole Attacks

(1)

1.4.2.3 Wormhole Attacks

(1)

1.4.2.4 Sybil Attacks

(1)

1.4.3 Attacks after Establishing Routing Paths

(1)

1.4.3.1 Blackhole Attacks

(1)

1.4.3.2 Spam Attacks

(1)

1.4.4 Summary of Attacks

(1)

1.5 Defense Schemes

(8)

1.5.1 Defenses against Fake Routing Information and RREQ Flood Attacks

(1)

1.5.2 Defenses against Rushing Attacks

(1)

1.5.3 Defenses against HELLO Flood Attacks

(1)

1.5.4 Defenses against Sinkhole Attacks

(2)

1.5.5 Defenses against Wormhole Attacks

(1)

1.5.6 Defenses against Sybil Attacks

(1)

1.5.7 Defenses against Blackhole Attacks

(1)

1.5.8 Defenses against Spam Attacks

(2)

1.6 Conclusions

(1)

References

(4)

2 MAC Layer Attacks in 802.15.4 Sensor Networks

(20)

Vojislav B. Mišic, Jun Fung, and Jelena Mišic

2.1 Abstract

(1)

2.2 Introduction

(1)

2.3 Operation of the 802.15.4 MAC

(5)

2.3.1 The CSMA-CA Algorithm

(2)

2.3.2 On Uplink and Downlink Communication

(2)

2.3.3 Security Services and Suites

(1)

2.4 MAC Layer Attacks

(2)

2.4.1 Attacks that Follow the MAC Protocol

(1)

2.4.2 Attacks that Use a Modified MAC Protocol

(1)

2.5 Impact of Attacks that Follow the MAC Protocol

(4)

2.6 Defending the 802.15.4 PAN

(3)

2.7 Conclusions

(1)

References

(4)

SECTION II: ENCRYPTION, AUTHENTICATION, AND WATERMARKING

3 Securing Radio Frequency Identification

(16)

Yang Xiao and Swapna Shroff

3.1 Abstract

(1)

3.2 Introduction

(2)

3.3 Security and Privacy Issues

(1)

3.4 Anti-collision Protocols

(1)

3.5 Security Solutions

(8)

3.5.1 Hash-Based and Randomized Access Controls, and Silent Tree Walking

(1)

3.5.1.1 Hash-Based Access Control

(1)

3.5.1.2 Randomized Access Control

(1)

3.5.1.3 Silent Tree Walking

(1)

3.5.2 Authentication of Readers

(2)

3.5.3 Anti-Counterfeiting of RFID

(1)

3.5.4 Strengthening Tags against Cloning

(2)

3.5.5 The Blocker Tag

(1)

3.6 Conclusions

(1)

References

(3)

4 Watermarking Technique for Sensor Networks: Foundations and Applications

(28)

Farinaz Koushanfar and Miodrag Potkonjak

4.1 Abstract

(1)

4.2 Introduction

(7)

4.2.1 Addition of New Constraints

(1)

4.2.2 Augmentation to the Objective Function

(1)

4.2.3 Addition of New Variables

(1)

4.3 Preliminaries

(1)

4.4 Related Work

(1)

4.5 Watermarking for Sensor Networks: Technical Concepts

(3)

4.6 Generic Flow

(5)

4.6.1 Signature Preparation, Validation, and Detection

(1)

4.6.2 Resiliency against Watermarking Attacks

(1)

4.6.2.1 Ghost Signatures

(1)

4.6.2.2 Addition of a New Signature

(1)

4.6.2.3 Removal of the Author's Signature

(1)

4.6.2.4 De-synchronization

(1)

4.6.3 Multi-modal Sensor Fusion: Data Preparation

(1)

4.7 Driver Examples

(1)

4.8 Experimental Results

(4)

4.9 Conclusion

(1)

References

(4)

SECTION III: KEY MANAGEMENT

5 Group Key Management in Sensor Networks

(22)

Sencun Zhu and Wensheng Zhang

5.1 Abstract

(1)

5.2 Introduction

(2)

5.2.1 GKMPSN

(1)

5.2.2 PCGR

(1)

5.3 Related Work

(2)

5.4 GKMPSN: A Centralized Group Rekey Scheme

(7)

5.4.1 Protocol Overview

(1)

5.4.2 Detailed Protocol Description

(1)

5.4.2.1 Key Predistribution

(1)

5.4.2.2 Authentic Node Revocation

(1)

5.4.2.3 Secure Key Distribution

(1)

5.4.2.4 Logical Path Discovery

(1)

5.4.3 Security Analysis

100

(1)

5.4.4 Communication Cost

101

(2)

5.5 A Distributed Group Rekeying Scheme

103

(6)

5.5.1 The Scheme in Detail

103

(2)

5.5.2 Security Analysis

105

(2)

5.5.3 Performance Evaluation

107

(1)

5.5.3.1 Notations

107

(1)

5.5.3.2 Performance Overhead of PCGR

107

(1)

5.5.3.3 Comparison with Other Group Rekeying Schemes

108

(1)

5.6 Conclusions

109

(1)

References

109

(4)

6 Key Management Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks

113

(32)

Yixin Jiang, Chuang Lin, Minghui Shi, and Xuemin (Sherman) Shen

6.1 Abstract

114

(1)

6.2 Introduction

114

(2)

6.3 Issues of Key Management in WSNs

116

(1)

6.4 Key Management Schemes

117

(1)

6.5 Key Predistribution Schemes

118

(20)

6.5.1 Basic Random KPS

119

(2)

6.5.2 Shared-Key Threshold R-KPS: The q-Composite R-KPS

121

(1)

6.5.3 Location-Aware R-KPS

122

(1)

6.5.3.1 Location-Aware R-KPS: Liu and Ning's Scheme

122

(1)

6.5.3.2 Location-Aware R-KPS: Group-Based Scheme

124

(1)

6.5.3.3 Location-Aware R-KPS: Grid Group-Based Scheme

125

(2)

6.5.4 Pair-Wise Key Predistribution Schemes with Structured Key Pool

127

(1)

6.5.4.1 Deterministic versus Nondeterministic Pair-Wise KPS

127

(1)

6.5.4.2 Deterministic Pair-Wise KPS: Blom's Scheme

127

(1)

6.5.4.3 Deterministic Pair-Wise KPS: Blundo's Scheme

128

(1)

6.5.4.4 Nondeterministic Pair-Wise KPS: Du et al.'s Scheme

129

(1)

6.5.4.5 Nondeterministic Pair-Wise KPS: Hu and Ning's Scheme

131

(1)

6.5.4.6 Combinatorial-lased R-KPS

133

(1)

6.5.5 Path-Key Establishment Protocol

134

(2)

6.5.6 Improved Shared-Key Discovery Schemes

136

(2)

6.6 Some Open Issues

138

(1)

6.7 Conclusions

139

(1)

References

140

(5)

7 Key Management for Wireless Sensor Networks in Hostile Environments

145

(32)

Michael Chorzempa, Jung-Min Park, Mohamed Eltoweissy, and Y. Thomas Hou

7.1 Abstract

146

(1)

7.2 Introduction

146

(3)

7.3 The Network Architecture

149

(2)

7.4 Fundamental Design Principles of SECK

151

(3)

7.5 The Threat Model

154

(1)

7.6 The Complete Specification of SECK

155

(7)

7.6.1 Required Keys

156

(1)

7.6.2 Location Training

156

(2)

7.6.3 Establishment of Administrative Keys

158

(1)

7.6.4 Administrative Key Recovery

159

(1)

7.6.5 Reactive Reclustering after AFN Capture

160

(1)

7.6.6 MSN Addition

161

(1)

7.7 Robustness of SECK against Node Capture

162

(4)

7.7.1 Robustness of a Clustered Architecture

162

(1)

7.7.2 Robustness against MSN Node Capture

163

(1)

7.7.3 Evaluation of the Administrative Key Recovery Procedure

164

(2)

7.8 Evaluation of Communication and Storage Overhead

166

(4)

7.8.1 Energy Dissipation

166

(1)

7.8.2 Storage Overhead

167

(1)

7.8.3 Comparison of Communication Overhead

168

(1)

7.8.3.1 Key Establishment

168

(1)

7.8.3.2 Updating Session Keys

169

(1)

7.9 Related Work

170

(1)

7.10 Conclusion

171

(1)

References

172

(5)

SECTION IV: SECURE ROUTING

8 Scalable Security in Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSANs)

177

(38)

Fei Hu, Waqaas Siddiqui, and Krishna Sankar

8.1 Abstract

178

(1)

8.2 Background

178

(4)

8.3 Related Works

182

(3)

8.4 High-Level Security

185

(7)

8.4.1 Two-Level Routing/Security Architecture

185

(2)

8.4.2 High-Level Security (among Actuators)

187

(5)

8.5 Low-Level Security

192

(7)

8.5.1 Low-Level (in the Domain of Each Actuator) Re-keying

192

(1)

8.5.2 Robustness to Key Losses

192

(1)

8.5.3 Relationship between SPKs and ZKs

193

(1)

8.5.4 Application of the Ripple Key Scheme

194

(1)

8.5.5 Detailed Low-Level Security Procedure

195

(3)

8.5.6 Dynamic Security Scheme

198

(1)

8.5.6.1 Sensor Addition

198

(1)

8.5.6.2 Sensor Death

198

(1)

8.5.6.3 New CH Identification

198

(1)

8.5.6.4 CH Death

198

(1)

8.6 Performance Analysis

199

(6)

8.6.1 Jist +SWANS-based WSAN Security Simulation

199

(1)

8.6.1.1 Energy Model

200

(1)

8.6.2 Performance Test Results

201

(1)

8.6.2.1 Reliability Test

204

(1)

8.7 Security Analysis

205

(2)

8.7.1 Protection from Various WSAN Attacks

205

(1)

8.7.1.1 BK Attacks among Actuators

205

(1)

8.7.1.2 SK Attacks among Sensors in Each Actuator Domain

205

(1)

8.7.1.3 Relay Attacks

206

(1)

8.7.1.4 Periodical Attacks

206

(1)

8.7.1.5 Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

206

(1)

8.7.1.6 Data-Level Attacks

206

(1)

8.7.2 Security Overhead Analysis

206

(1)

8.8 Hardware Experiments

207

(3)

8.8.1 Security Implementation

208

(2)

8.9 Conclusions

210

(1)

References

210

(5)

9 Security Issues in Ad Hoc Networks

215

(22)

Ming Chuen (Derek) Wong, Yang Xiao, and Xu (Kevin) Su

9.1 Abstract

216

(1)

9.2 Introduction

216

(502)

9.3 Vulnerabilities, Security Requirements, and Attacks

718

9.3.1 Vulnerabilities

218

(1)

9.3.2 Security Requirements

218

(1)

9.3.3 Attacks

219

(1)

9.4 Secure Routing

219

(7)

9.4.1 Vulnerability of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols

221

(1)

9.4.2 Secure Routing Solutions

222

(1)

9.4.2.1 Security-Aware Ad Hoc Routing (SAR)

222

(1)

9.4.2.2 Secure Routing Protocol (SRP)

223

(1)

9.4.2.3 The Selfish Node (TSN)

224

(1)

9.4.3 Secure Position Aided Ad Hoc Routing (SPAAR)

225

(1)

9.5 Key Management

226

(4)

9.5.1 Challenges

227

(1)

9.5.2 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

227

(2)

9.5.3 Key Management Solutions

229

(1)

9.5.3.1 Partially Distributed Certificate Authority

229

(1)

9.5.3.2 Fully Distributed Certificate Authority

230

(1)

9.6 Intrusion Detection Systems

230

(4)

9.7 Conclusions

234

(1)

References

234

(3)

10 Security in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

237

(1)

Wei Zhang, Sajal K. Das, Yonghe Liu

10.1 Abstract

238

(500)

10.2 Introduction

738

10.3 Security Goals and Challenges

239

(3)

10.3.1 Goals

239

(1)

10.3.2 Attacks

239

(1)

10.3.3 Challenges

240

(2)

10.4 Key Establishment and Management

242

(10)

10.4.1 Pair-wise Key

243

(8)

10.4.2 Group Key

251

(1)

10.5 Secure Location Information

252

(3)

10.5.1 Secure Location/Position Computation

252

(2)

10.5.2 Location Verification

254

(1)

10.6 Secure Routing

255

(4)

10.7 Broadcast Authentication

259

(2)

10.8 Secure Aggregation

261

(3)

10.9 Other Security Issues: Reliability and Fault Tolerance

264

(1)

10.10 Conclusion and Open Problems

265

(3)

References

268

(7)

SECTION V: SECURE AGGREGATION, LOCATION, AND CROSS-LAYER

11 Secure In-Network Processing in Sensor Networks

275

(54)

Tassos Dimitriou and Ioannis Krontiris

11.1 Abstract

275

(1)

11.2 Introduction

276

(2)

11.3 Threat Model

278

(1)

11.3.1 Outsider Attacks

278

(1)

11.3.2 Insider Attacks

279

(1)

11.4 Secure In-Network Processing

279

(8)

11.4.1 Notation and Key Material

282

(1)

11.4.2 Key Establishment for Secure Aggregation

283

(2)

11.4.3 Key Establishment for Secure Dissemination

285

(1)

11.4.3.1 Defending against Impersonation Attacks

285

(2)

11.4.4 Adding New Nodes to the Network

287

(1)

11.5 Resilient Aggregation

287

(2)

11.6 Conclusions

289

(1)

References

289

(2)

12 Secure Localization in Sensor Networks

291

(1)

Karthikeyan Ravichandran and Krishna M. Sivalingam

12.1 Abstract

292

(1)

12.2 Introduction

292

(1)

12.3 Background

293

(5)

12.3.1 Localization

293

(2)

12.3.2 Attacks on Localization

295

(1)

12.3.2.1 Distance Modification

296

(1)

12.3.2.2 Wormhole Attack

296

(1)

12.3.2.3 Replay Attack

297

(1)

12.3.2.4 Sybil Attack

297

(1)

12.4 Sensor Network Constraints

298

(1)

12.5 Secure Localization Schemes

298

(11)

12.5.1 Verifiable Multilateration Based on Distance Bounding

299

(2)

12.5.2 Secure Range Independent Localization

301

(1)

12.5.3 Statistical Filtering of Malicious Signals

302

(2)

12.5.4 Range-Based Voting

304

(2)

12.5.5 Location Verification

306

(1)

12.5.6 Comparison of Existing Schemes

306

(3)

12.6 Conclusions

309

(1)

References

309

(2)

13 Cross-Layer Design for the Security of Wireless Sensor Networks

311

(1)

Mingbo Xiao, Xudong Wang, and Guangsong Yang

13.1 Abstract

312

(1)

13.2 Introduction

312

(2)

13.3 Layered Security Schemes

314

(3)

13.3.1 Networking Protocols

315

(1)

13.3.1.1 Routing Protocols

315

(1)

13.3.1.2 MAC Protocols

315

(1)

13.3.1.3 Physical Layer Techniques

316

(1)

13.3.2 Security Issues in Key Management

316

(1)

13.3.3 Security Issues in Cryptographic Protocols

317

(1)

13.3.4 Service Availability

317

(1)

13.4 Limitations of Layered Security Approaches

317

(3)

13.4.1 Redundant Security Provisioning

318

(1)

13.4.2 Non-adaptive Security Services

319

(1)

13.4.3 Power Inefficiency

319

(1)

13.5 Cross-Layer Security Solutions

320

(4)

13.5.1 Existing Cross-Layer Design Schemes

320

(1)

13.5.2 New Schemes of Cross-Layer Design

321

(1)

13.5.2.1 Cross-Layer Design for Heterogeneous Requirements and Service Types

321

(1)

13.5.2.2 Cross-Layer Design for Intrusion Detection

322

(1)

13.5.2.3 Cross-Layer Design for Power Efficiency

323

(1)

13.5.2.4 Cross-Layer Design for Key Management

323

(1)

13.5.2.5 Cross-Layer Design for Detecting Selfish Nodes

324

(1)

3.6 Conclusions

324

(1)

References

325

(4)

Index

329

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Security in Sensor Networks

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials