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- ISBN: 9781420059878 | 1420059874
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 9/18/2008
"Sediment and contaminant transport is an enormously rich and complex field that involves physical, chemical, and biological processes as well as the mathematical modeling of these processes. While many books have been written on these broad topics, this book takes a more focused approach, highlighting areas that have been recently investigated but not covered thoroughly elsewhere."--BOOK JACKET.
Preface | p. xiii |
About the Author | p. xv |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Examples of Contaminated Sediment Sites | p. 2 |
Hudson River | p. 2 |
Lower Fox River | p. 4 |
Passaic River/Newark Bay | p. 6 |
Palos Verdes Shelf | p. 7 |
Modeling, Parameterization, and Non-Unique Solutions | p. 9 |
Modeling | p. 9 |
Parameterization and Non-Unique Solutions | p. 10 |
The Importance of Big Events | p. 12 |
Overview of Book | p. 17 |
General Properties of Sediments | p. 21 |
Particle Sizes | p. 21 |
Classification of Sizes | p. 21 |
Measurements of Particle Size | p. 23 |
Size Distributions | p. 23 |
Variations in Size of Natural Sediments throughout a System | p. 26 |
Settling Speeds | p. 30 |
Mineralogy | p. 33 |
Flocculation of Suspended Sediments | p. 35 |
Bulk Densities of Bottom Sediments | p. 37 |
Measurements of Bulk Density | p. 39 |
Variations in Bulk Density | p. 41 |
Sediment Erosion | p. 45 |
Devices for Measuring Sediment Resuspension/Erosion | p. 46 |
Annular Flumes | p. 46 |
The Shaker | p. 50 |
Sedflume | p. 51 |
A Comparison of Devices | p. 54 |
Results of Field Measurements | p. 56 |
Detroit River | p. 57 |
Kalamazoo River | p. 60 |
Effects of Bulk Properties on Erosion Rates | p. 67 |
Bulk Density | p. 68 |
Particle Size | p. 70 |
Mineralogy | p. 72 |
Organic Content | p. 75 |
Salinity | p. 76 |
Gas | p. 77 |
Comparison of Erosion Rates | p. 79 |
Benthic Organisms and Bacteria | p. 80 |
Initiation of Motion and a Critical Shear Stress for Erosion | p. 81 |
Theoretical Analysis for Noncohesive Particles | p. 83 |
Effects of Cohesive Forces | p. 85 |
Effects of Bulk Density | p. 87 |
Effects of Clay Minerals | p. 88 |
Approximate Equations for Erosion Rates | p. 90 |
Cohesive Sediments | p. 90 |
Noncohesive Sediments | p. 91 |
A Uniformly Valid Equation | p. 92 |
Effects of Clay Minerals | p. 92 |
Effects of Surface Slope | p. 93 |
Noncohesive Sediments | p. 93 |
Critical Stresses for Cohesive Sediments | p. 96 |
Experimental Results for Cohesive Sediments | p. 97 |
Flocculation, Settling, Deposition, and Consolidation | p. 103 |
Basic Theory of Aggregation | p. 104 |
Collision Frequency | p. 104 |
Particle Interactions | p. 106 |
Results of Flocculation Experiments | p. 108 |
Flocculation due to Fluid Shear | p. 109 |
Flocculation due to Differential Settling | p. 116 |
Settling Speeds of Flocs | p. 120 |
Flocs Produced in a Couette Flocculator | p. 120 |
Flocs Produced in a Disk Flocculator | p. 122 |
An Approximate and Uniformly Valid Equation for the Settling Speed of a Floc | p. 125 |
Models of Flocculation | p. 126 |
General Formulation and Model | p. 126 |
A Simple Model | p. 130 |
A Very Simple Model | p. 138 |
An Alternate Derivation | p. 139 |
Fractal Theory | p. 140 |
Deposition | p. 142 |
Processes and Parameters That Affect Deposition | p. 145 |
Fluid Turbulence | p. 145 |
Particle Dynamics | p. 148 |
Particle Size Distribution | p. 148 |
Flocculation | p. 148 |
Bed Armoring/Consolidation | p. 149 |
Partial Coverage of Previously Deposited Sediments by Recently Deposited Sediments | p. 149 |
Experimental Results and Analyses | p. 149 |
Implications for Modeling Deposition | p. 154 |
Consolidation | p. 155 |
Experimental Results | p. 156 |
Basic Theory of Consolidation | p. 165 |
Consolidation Theory Including Gas | p. 169 |
Appendix A | p. 171 |
Appendix B | p. 172 |
Hydrodynamic Modeling | p. 175 |
General Considerations in the Modeling of Currents | p. 176 |
Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions | p. 176 |
Eddy Coefficients | p. 179 |
Bottom Shear Stress | p. 182 |
Effects of Currents | p. 182 |
Effects of Waves and Currents | p. 185 |
Wind Stress | p. 187 |
Sigma Coordinates | p. 188 |
Numerical Stability | p. 189 |
Two-Dimensional, Vertically Integrated, Time-Dependent Models | p. 190 |
Basic Equations and Approximations | p. 190 |
The Lower Fox River | p. 191 |
Wind-Driven Currents in Lake Erie | p. 194 |
Two-Dimensional, Horizontally Integrated, Time-Dependent Models | p. 195 |
Basic Equations and Approximations | p. 196 |
Time-Dependent Thermal Stratification in Lake Erie | p. 198 |
Three-Dimensional, Time-Dependent Models | p. 201 |
Lower Duwamish Waterway | p. 202 |
Numerical Error due to Use of Sigma Coordinates | p. 204 |
Model of Currents and Salinities | p. 205 |
Flow around Partially Submerged Cylindrical Bridge Piers | p. 206 |
Wave Action | p. 210 |
Wave Generation | p. 210 |
Lake Erie | p. 211 |
A Southwest Wind | p. 212 |
A North Wind | p. 213 |
Relation of Wave Action to Sediment Texture | p. 213 |
Modeling Sediment Transport | p. 215 |
Overview of Models | p. 215 |
Dimensions | p. 215 |
Quantities That Significantly Affect Sediment Transport | p. 216 |
Erosion Rates | p. 216 |
Particle/Floc Size Distributions | p. 217 |
Settling Speeds | p. 218 |
Deposition Rates | p. 219 |
Flocculation of Particles | p. 219 |
Consolidation | p. 219 |
Erosion into Suspended Load and/or Bedload | p. 220 |
Bed Armoring | p. 220 |
Transport as Suspended Load and Bedload | p. 220 |
Suspended Load | p. 220 |
Bedload | p. 221 |
Erosion into Suspended Load and/or Bedload | p. 223 |
Bed Armoring | p. 226 |
Simple Applications | p. 226 |
Transport and Coarsening in a Straight Channel | p. 227 |
Transport in an Expansion Region | p. 229 |
Transport in a Curved Channel | p. 235 |
The Vertical Transport and Distribution of Flocs | p. 237 |
Rivers | p. 239 |
Sediment Transport in the Lower Fox River | p. 239 |
Model Parameters | p. 240 |
A Time-Varying Flow | p. 242 |
Upstream Boundary Condition for Sediment Concentration | p. 246 |
Use of Sedflume Data in Modeling Erosion Rates | p. 249 |
Effects of Grid Size | p. 251 |
Sediment Transport in the Saginaw River | p. 252 |
Sediment Transport during Spring Runoff | p. 255 |
Long-Term Sediment Transport Predictions | p. 257 |
Lakes and Bays | p. 261 |
Modeling Big Events in Lake Erie | p. 261 |
Transport due to Uniform Winds | p. 261 |
The 1940 Armistice Day Storm | p. 263 |
Geochronology | p. 264 |
Comparison of Sediment Transport Models for Green Bay | p. 266 |
Formation of a Turbidity Maximum in an Estuary | p. 271 |
Numerical Model and Transport Parameters | p. 272 |
Numerical Calculations | p. 273 |
A Constant-Depth, Steady-State Flow | p. 273 |
A Variable-Depth, Steady-State Flow | p. 274 |
A Variable-Depth, Time-Dependent Tidal Flow | p. 277 |
The Sorption and Partitioning of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals | p. 279 |
Experimental Results and Analyses | p. 280 |
Basic Experiments | p. 280 |
Parameters That Affect Steady-State Sorption and Partitioning | p. 285 |
Colloids from the Sediments | p. 285 |
Colloids from the Water | p. 289 |
Organic Content of Sediments | p. 291 |
Sorption to Benthic Organisms and Bacteria | p. 292 |
Nonlinear Isotherms | p. 292 |
Modeling the Dynamics of Sorption | p. 297 |
A Diffusion Model | p. 298 |
A Simple and Computationally Efficient Model | p. 300 |
Calculations with the General Model and Comparisons with Experimental Results | p. 303 |
Desorption | p. 305 |
Adsorption | p. 308 |
Short-Term Adsorption Followed by Desorption | p. 310 |
Effects of Chemical Properties on Adsorption | p. 311 |
Modeling the Transport and Fate of Hydrophobic Chemicals | p. 313 |
Effects of Erosion/Deposition and Transport | p. 316 |
The Saginaw River | p. 316 |
Green Bay, Effects of Finite Sorption Rates | p. 319 |
The Diffusion Approximation for the Sediment-Water Flux | p. 322 |
Simple, or Fickian, Diffusion | p. 322 |
Sorption Equilibrium | p. 325 |
A Mass Transfer Approximation | p. 326 |
The Sediment-Water Flux due to Molecular Diffusion | p. 327 |
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) | p. 328 |
Experiments | p. 328 |
Theoretical Models | p. 329 |
Diffusion of Tritiated Water | p. 330 |
HCB Diffusion and Sorption | p. 331 |
Additional HOCs | p. 334 |
Experimental Results | p. 334 |
Theoretical Model | p. 336 |
Numerical Calculations | p. 337 |
Long-Term Sediment-Water Fluxes | p. 338 |
Related Problems | p. 338 |
Flux from Contaminated Bottom Sediments to Clean Overlying Water | p. 338 |
Flux Due to a Contaminant Spill | p. 341 |
The Sediment-Water Flux Due to Bioturbation | p. 342 |
Physical Mixing of Sediments by Organisms | p. 343 |
The Flux of an HOC Due to Organisms | p. 344 |
Experimental Procedures | p. 345 |
Theoretical Model | p. 346 |
Experimental and Modeling Results | p. 348 |
Modeling Bioturbation as a Diffusion with Finite-Rate Sorption Process | p. 353 |
The Sediment-Water Flux Due to "Diffusion" | p. 355 |
The Flux and the Formation of Sediment Layers Due to Erosion/Deposition | p. 355 |
Comparison of "Diffusive" Fluxes and Decay Times | p. 356 |
Observations of Well-Mixed Layers | p. 357 |
The Determination of an Effective h | p. 359 |
Environmental Dredging: A Study of Contaminant Release and Transport | p. 360 |
Transport of Dredged Particles | p. 361 |
Transport and Desorption of Chemical Initially Sorbed to Dredged Particles | p. 362 |
Diffusive Release of Contaminant from the Residual Layers | p. 363 |
Volatilization | p. 365 |
Water Quality Modeling, Parameterization, and Non-Unique Solutions | p. 366 |
Process Models | p. 367 |
Sediment Erosion | p. 367 |
Sediment Deposition | p. 367 |
Bed Armoring | p. 368 |
The Sediment-Water Flux of HOCs Due to "Diffusion" | p. 368 |
Equilibrium Partitioning | p. 368 |
Numerical Grid | p. 369 |
Parameterization and Non-Unique Solutions | p. 369 |
Implications for Water Quality Modeling | p. 370 |
References | p. 373 |
Index | p. 389 |
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