Shakespeare's Grammar

A comparative reference guide to Shakespeare's grammar, based on a complete revision of an extremely elderly but still much-cited volume, Abbott's Shakespearean Grammar, first published in 1869 and still regarded by default as an essential component of Shakespeare research. This volume meets the identified need for an authoritative and systematic grammar of Shakespeare which takes account both of current linguistic developments and of the current state of knowledge about Early Modern English and enable editors and readers both to understand and to contextualise Shakespeare's use and manipulation of language, i.e. to locate it in the context of other writings in Early Modern English.'Should be an essential reference tool not only for Shakespeare editors but for university and school teachers' ' Professor Ernst Honigmann, editor of Arden 3 Othello'…should become part of every reader's, and certainly every teacher's, arsenal of central reference books' - Ruth Morse, Shakespeare Survey

Jonathan Hope is Reader in Literary Linguistics at Strathclyde University, and Linguistic Advisor to the Arden Shakespeare Third Series.

List of symbols and abbreviations

xi

Acknowledgements

xiii

INTRODUCTION

1

(10)

0.1 Abbott's Grammar and Shakespeare's Grammar

1

(2)

0.2 Using Shakespeare's Grammar: how to find things

3

(2)

0.3 Citation of texts: sources and conventions

5

(1)

0.4 Shakespeare's linguistic context

6

(2)

0.5 Further reading

8

(3)

PART 1: THP. NOUN PHRASE

11

(106)

1.0a Overview: The stylistics of noun phrase use

13

(7)

1.0b Overview: The structure of the noun phrase

20

(5)

1.1 Pre-head elements: Determiners

25

(18)

1.1.0 Overview

25

(2)

1.1.0a Articles

25

(1)

1.1.0b Demonstratives

25

(1)

1.1.0c Possessives

26

(1)

1.1.0d Interrogatives

26

(1)

1.1.0e Quantifiers

26

(1)

1.1.0f Numerals

26

(1)

1.1.0g Ordinals

27

(1)

1.1.1 Development of determiners from adjectives

27

(2)

1.1.2 Determiners used in different combinations or in different senses

29

(2)

1.1.2a A/an in the sense of one/the same

29

(1)

1.1.2b Each/every/one for each of/every one of/none of

30

(1)

1.1.2c Each and everyone + noun treated as plurals

30

(1)

1.1.3 Deletion of determiners: the, a/an, possessives

31

(2)

1.1.3a Deletion of the

31

(1)

1.1.3b Deletion of possessive determiner

32

(1)

1.1.3c Deletion of a/an

32

(1)

1.1.4 Possession: 'genitive' constructions

33

(10)

1.1.4a Possessive pronouns

36

(1)

1.1.4b s-genitive

37

(1)

1.1.4c Of construction

37

(1)

1.1.4d Double genitive

38

(1)

1.1.4e Absolute genitive

38

(1)

1.1.4f Zero genitive

38

(1)

1.1.4g His genitive

39

(1)

1.1.4h Split genitive

40

(1)

1.1.4i Orthography

40

(3)

1.2 Pre-head elements: Modification

43

(20)

1.2.0 Overview

43

(1)

1.2.1 Placement of adjectival phrases

44

(1)

1.2.2 Adjectives: scope

45

(7)

1.2.2a Location of effect

46

(3)

1.2.2b Subjectivization

49

(2)

1.2.2c Passivized

51

(1)

1.2.3 Adjectives: comparative and superlative

52

(2)

1.2.4 Adjectival inflections

54

(3)

1.2.5 Adjectives: compound adjectives

57

(1)

1.2.6 Nouns as pre-modifiers

58

(1)

1.2.7 Verb forms as pre-modifiers

59

(1)

1.2.8 Other parts of speech as pre-modifiers (conversion)

60

(1)

1.2.9 Complex pre-modifying structures

61

(2)

1.3 The head

63

(42)

1.3.0 Overview

63

(2)

1.3.1 Nouns: plural inflections

65

(2)

1.3.2 Pronouns

67

(34)

1.3.2.0 Overview

67

(3)

1.3.2a First person singular pronouns

70

(2)

1.3.2b Second person singular pronouns

72

(11)

1.3.2c Third person singular pronouns

83

(6)

1.3.2d First person plural pronouns

89

(1)

1.3.2e Second person plural pronouns

90

(1)

1.3.2f Third person plural pronouns

90

(3)

1.3.2g Anomalous pronouns

93

(4)

1.3.2h Reflexive pronouns

97

(2)

1.3.2i Dative pronouns (ethical dative)

99

(2)

1.3.2j Pronouns as nouns

101

(1)

1.3.3 Adjectives as heads of noun phrases

101

(1)

1.3.4 Determiners as heads of noun phrases

102

(1)

1.3.5 -ing forms as heads of noun phrase

102

(3)

1.4 Post-head elements

105

(12)

1.4.0 Overview

105

(1)

1.4.1 Prepositional phrases

105

(1)

1.4.2 Relative clauses

106

(8)

1.4.2a Who relatives

108

(1)

1.4.2b Which relatives

109

(1)

1.4.2c That relatives

110

(1)

1.4.2d Zero relatives

110

(1)

1.4.2e Relative pronoun/conjunctive but

111

(1)

1.4.2f Determiners as antecedents of relatives

112

(1)

1.4.2g Head-shifted relatives

112

(1)

1.4.2h Headless relatives

113

(1)

1.4.2i Relative pronouns and verb agreement

114

(1)

1.4.3 Noun phrases as post-head modification (apposition)

114

(1)

1.4.4 Postpositive adjectival phrases

115

(2)

PART 2: THE VERB PHRASE

117

(62)

2.0a Overview: The stylistics of verb phrase use

119

(4)

2.0b Overview: The structure of the verb phrase

123

(12)

2.1 The verb phrase head

135

(38)

2.1.0 Overview

135

(1)

2.1.1 Main auxiliary verbs

136

(5)

2.1.1a Have and be

136

(1)

2.1.1b Do

137

(4)

2.1.2 Modal verbs

141

(6)

2.1.2a Can/could

142

(1)

2.1.2b May/might

142

(1)

2.1.2c Must

143

(1)

2.1.2d Shall/should

144

(1)

2.1.2e Will/would, wi11/shall

145

(2)

2.1.3 Tense and time

147

(5)

2.1.3a Present time

148

(1)

2.1.3b Past time

149

(1)

2.1.3c Future time

150

(2)

2.1.3d Mixed tense forms

152

(1)

2.1.4 Aspect

152

(4)

2.1.4a Simple past for present perfect

155

(1)

2.1.5 Mood

156

(3)

2.1.5a Indicative

156

(1)

2.1.5b Subjunctive

156

(2)

2.1.5c Imperative

158

(1)

2.1.6 Finite versus non-finite

159

(1)

2.1.7 Voice: active/passive, agency

160

(1)

2.1.8 Verb morphology

160

(9)

2.1.8a Present tense morphology

161

(3)

2.1.8b Past tense morphology

164

(1)

2.1.8c Participles

165

(4)

2.1.8d Infinitive marking

169

(1)

2.1.9 Negation

169

(4)

2.2 Beyond the head

173

(6)

2.2.0 Overview

173

(1)

2.2.1 Subjects and agents

174

(1)

2.2.2 Objects: direct and indirect

175

(1)

2.2.3 Complements

175

(1)

2.2.4 Adverbials

176

(3)

Glossary

179

(22)

List of references to Shakespeare's works

201

(4)

Index

205

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Shakespeare's Grammar

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials