Sleep in Children: Developmental Changes in Sleep Patterns, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9781420060805 | 1420060805
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/19/2008

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Infants and children spend one- to two-thirds of their life asleep. Despite this, very little attention has been paid to understanding both normal sleep and sleep-related abnormalities during child development. This volume is devoted to the pathophysiology of sleep-related breathing disorders. There are profound changes in sleep and circadian rhythm during growth and maturation. Sleep is particularly important in children, due to its putative role in consolidating memory and other neurocognitive functions.

Introduction	p. iii
Foreword	p. v
Preface	p. ix
Contributors	p. xi
Neurophysiological Basis and Behavior of Early Sleep Development	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
General Principles of Sleep-Wake Control	p. 2
Sleep Development During Early Ontogenesis: Animal Studies	p. 6
Development of Behavioral States During Human Ontogenesis	p. 11
The Development of Sleep-Wake Rhythm	p. 22
Early Sleep-Wake Regulation	p. 24
Awakening	p. 24
References	p. 27
Ontogeny of EEG Sleep	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
Caveats Concerning Neurophysiologic Interpretation of State	p. 40
General Comments on Recording Techniques and Instrumentation for Neonates and Infants	p. 41
Maturation of Electrographic Patterns in the Neonate	p. 42
Midline Theta/Alpha Activity	p. 46
Maturation of Noncerebral Physiologic Behaviors That Define State in the Preterm Infant	p. 47
Assessment of State Organization in the Full-Term Infant	p. 50
Sleep Ontogenesis-State Maturation from Fetal Through Infancy Periods	p. 54
Ontogeny of Autonomic Behaviors During Sleep	p. 57
Brain Adaptation to Stress as Reflected in Sleep Reorganization	p. 60
Computer-Assisted Analyses of EEG Sleep Organization in Neonates and Infants	p. 61
Sleep Ontogenesis and Neural Plasticity	p. 64
Summary	p. 66
References	p. 66
Maturation of Sleep Patterns During Infancy and Childhood	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Consolidation of Nocturnal Sleep	p. 78
Sleep Onset and Sleep Duration	p. 79
Sleep State Organization	p. 81
Factors Influencing Sleep Maturation	p. 83
Maturation of Sleep and Cognitive Function in Children	p. 85
Summary and Conclusions	p. 87
References	p. 87
Maturation of Processes Regulating Sleep in Adolescents	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Circadian Timing System	p. 98
Sleep-Wake Homeostasis (Process S)	p. 102
A Model Relating These Processes to the Adolescent Sleep Delay	p. 105
What About Young Adults?	p. 106
Implications	p. 107
References	p. 108
Characteristics of Arousal Mechanisms from Sleep in Infants and Children	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
The Hierarchy of the Arousal Process	p. 116
Definitions and Scoring Methodologies	p. 117
The Determination of Arousal Thresholds	p. 120
Factors Influencing Arousability	p. 120
Conclusion	p. 128
References	p. 128
Thermoregulation During Sleep in Infants: A Functional Itneraction with Respiration	p. 135
Introduction	p. 135
Neonatal Thermoregulation	p. 137
Sleep and Thermoregulation	p. 144
Sleep, Thermoregulation, and Respiration	p. 150
Summary	p. 153
References	p. 154
Behavioral Influences on Sleep in Children and Adolescents	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Infants, Toddlers, and School-Aged Children	p. 159
Adolescence	p. 168
Conclusion	p. 175
References	p. 175
Cultural Influences on Infant and Childhood Sleep Biology, and the Science That Studies It: Toward a More Inclusive Paradigm II	p. 183
Introduction	p. 183
Culture and Childhood Sleep	p. 185
Conventional Western Understandings of "Healthy, Normal" Infant and Childhood Sleep: Where Did They Come From? Is One Form of Sleep as Good as Any Other?	p. 192
Infant-Parent or Child Cosleeping: "The Political Third Rail?" Why So Controversial?	p. 205
Conclusions/Recommendations/Afterthoughts-Getting Mothers and Infants Together for Nighttime Sleep and Breast-feeding: Still Crazy After All These Years	p. 210
References	p. 215
Pediatric Parasomnias	p. 223
Introduction	p. 223
Disorders of Arousal from NREM Sleep	p. 223
Parasomnias Usually Associated with REM Sleep	p. 229
Other Parasomnias	p. 233
References	p. 238
Narcolepsy in Childhood	p. 243
Introduction	p. 243
Epidemiology	p. 244
Pathophysiology	p. 244
Clinical Features	p. 249
Diagnosis	p. 251
Management	p. 254
Conclusions	p. 256
References	p. 257
Sleep in Children with Neurologic Disease	p. 261
Introduction	p. 261
Sleep in Children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders	p. 262
Sleep in Other Forms of Mental Retardation	p. 264
Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy and Abnormal Motor Behaviors of Epileptic Origin: Differentiation from Parasomnias	p. 268
Achondroplasia	p. 274
Neuromuscular Diseases	p. 276
Cerebral Palsy	p. 278
Headaches	p. 280
Use of Melatonin in Children with Neurologic Disorders	p. 282
References	p. 285
Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Children: A Complex Reciprocal Relationship	p. 297
Introduction	p. 297
Sleep and Anxiety Disorders	p. 299
Sleep and Depression	p. 301
Sleep and ADHD	p. 303
Sleep and Developmental Disorders	p. 305
Case Discussion	p. 306
Summary and Conclusions	p. 310
References	p. 310
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep in Children	p. 317
Introduction	p. 317
Epidemiology of Adult and Childhood RLS	p. 318
Essential Clinical Features of Adult RLS	p. 319
Nonessential Features of Adult Restless Legs Syndrome	p. 319
Essential Clinical Criteria for Childhood RLS	p. 321
Pathophysiology	p. 322
Relationship of Childhood RLS to Growing Pains	p. 323
Relationship of Childhood RLS to ADHD	p. 324
Treatment Options	p. 326
Treatment of Restless Legs and Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep in Children	p. 329
References	p. 330
Gastroesophageal Reflux During Sleep	p. 335
Sleep, Gastroesophageal Function and Dysfunction	p. 335
Sleep-Related Clinical Manifestations of GER	p. 338
References	p. 341
Assessing Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Childhood Sleep-Disordered Breathing: A Primer for Nonneuropsychologists	p. 345
Introduction	p. 345
Psychometric Terms	p. 346
Psychometric Issues in Child Assessment	p. 354
The State of the Field Circa 2006	p. 360
Concluding Comments	p. 363
References	p. 363
Structural and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Research Tool in Pediatric Sleep Research	p. 367
Introduction	p. 367
Structural Imaging	p. 367
Functional Imaging	p. 373
Analytic Procedures	p. 375
Physiological Data Acquisition	p. 378
Movement Control	p. 379
Imaging Resources and Shared Access	p. 379
Summary	p. 380
References	p. 380
Index	p. 385
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Sleep in Children: Developmental Changes in Sleep Patterns, Second Edition

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