Social Psychology

, by Bordens, Kenneth S.; Horowitz, Irwin A.

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ISBN: 9780805835205 | 0805835202
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/1/2001

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This second edition presents the core fundamentals of the subject in 11 manageable chapters while maintaining the book's scientific integrity. The research methods students need to understand, interpret, and analyze social psychological research are emphasized throughout. The streamlined approach provides an economical textbook for students and a flexible format that allows instructors to cover the entire book in a single semester. A book specific Web site contains a free online study guide and a variety of teaching tools. An Instructor's Manual/Test Bank and a Computerized Test Bank are also available.

Preface

Understanding Social Behavior

(30)

Social Psychology and the Understanding of Social Behavior

(5)

A Model for Understanding Social Behavior

(2)

Expanding Lewin's Model

(2)

Social Psychology and Related Fields

(3)

Research in Social Psychology

(9)

Experimental Research

(3)

Correlational Research

(4)

Settings for Social Psychological Research

(1)

The Role of Theory in Social Psychological Research

(1)

Theory and the Research Process

(1)

Theory and Application

(1)

What Do We Learn from Research in Social Psychology?

(2)

Do Social Psychologists Study the Obvious?

(1)

Do Exceptions Mean Research Results Are Wrong?

(1)

Ethics and Social Psychological Research

(2)

Columbine High School Revisited

(1)

Chapter Review

(2)

Internet Activity

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(2)

The Social Self

(32)

Self-Concept

(11)

Self-Knowledge: How We Know the Self?

(4)

The Influence of Groups and Culture on the Self

(7)

Self-Esteem: Evaluating the Self

(6)

Internal Influences on Self-Esteem

(6)

Self-Awareness

(3)

Self-Knowledge and Self-Awareness

(1)

The Cost and Ironic Effects of Self-Control

(1)

Managing Self-Presentations

(3)

Self-Esteem and Impression Management

(1)

Self-Monitoring and Impression Management

(1)

Self-Presentation and Manipulative Strategies

(1)

Self-Handicapping

(1)

The Impression We Make on Others

(2)

The Life of James Carroll Revisited

(1)

Chapter Review

(2)

Internet Activity

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

(2)

Social Perception: Understanding Other People

(42)

Impression Formation: Automaticity and Social Perception

(5)

Automatic Processing

(1)

The Importance of Automaticity in Social Perception

(1)

Automaticity and Behavior

(1)

Automaticity and Emotions

(1)

Controlled Processing

(1)

The Impression Other Make On Us: How Do We ``Read'' People?

(4)

How Accurate Are Our Impressions?

(1)

Confidence and Impression Formation

(1)

It Is Hard to Catch a Liar: Detecting Deception

(2)

The Attribution Process: Deciding Why People Act As They Do

(6)

Heider's Early Work on Attribution

(1)

Correspondent Inference Theory

(1)

Covariation Theory

(3)

Dual Process Models

(1)

Attribution Biases

(6)

Misattributions

(1)

The Fundamental Attribution Error

(1)

The Sinister Attribution Error: Paranoid Social Cognition

(2)

Why We Make the Fundamental Attribution Error

(1)

Correcting the Fundamental Attribution Error

(1)

The Actor-Observer Bias

(2)

The False Consensus Bias

(1)

Constructing an Impression of Others

(8)

The Significance of First Impressions

(1)

Schemas

(2)

Stories

(1)

The Confirmation Bias

(1)

Shortcuts to Reality: Heuristics

(3)

How We View Our Social World: Thinking about Thinking

(3)

Cognitive Optimism and Happiness

(1)

The Incompetent, the Inept: Are They Happy?

(1)

The Effects of Distressing and Joyful Events on Future Happiness

(1)

Bottom Line

The Vincennes Revisited

(2)

Chapter Review

100

(3)

Internet Activity

103

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

104

(1)

Prejudice and Discrimination

105

(50)

The Dynamics of Prejudice, Stereotypes, and Discrimination

108

(5)

Prejudice and Stereotypes

108

(1)

Stereotypes

109

(3)

Discrimination

112

(1)

The Persistence and Recurrence of Prejudice and Stereotypes

113

(2)

Personality and Prejudice: Authoritarianism and Gender

115

(3)

The Authoritarian Personality

116

(1)

Gender and Prejudice

117

(1)

The Social Roots of Prejudice

118

(7)

Modern Racism

120

(4)

Changing Social Norms

124

(1)

The Cognitive Roots of Prejudice: From Categories to Stereotypes

125

(12)

Identify with the In-Group

126

(3)

The Role of Language in Maintaining Bias

129

(2)

Illusory Correlations

131

(1)

From Illusory Correlations to Negative Stereotypes via the Fundamental Attribution Error

132

(2)

The Confirmation Bias

134

(1)

The Out-Group Homogeneity Bias

134

(2)

The Difference Between Prejudiced and Nonprejudiced Individuals

136

(1)

The Consequences of Being a Target of Prejudice

137

(7)

Ways Prejudice Can Be Expressed

138

(1)

Prejudice-Based Jokes

138

(1)

Steretype-Based Threat

139

(3)

Coping with Prejudice

142

(2)

Reducing Prejudice

144

(4)

Contact Between Groups

144

(1)

Personalizing Out-Group Members

145

(1)

Reducing the Expression of Prejudice Through Social Norms

146

(1)

A Success Story: The Disarming of Racism in the U.S. Army

147

(1)

The Mormon Experience Revisited

148

(1)

Chapter Review

149

(3)

Internet Activity

152

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

153

(2)

Attitudes

155

(36)

What Are Attitudes?

158

(6)

Allport's Definition of Attitudes

158

(1)

Attitude Structures

159

(1)

Explicit and Implicit Attitudes

160

(1)

Attitudes as an Expressing of Values

161

(2)

What Do Attitudes Do for Us? The Function of Attitudes

163

(1)

How Are Attitudes Measured?

164

(3)

The Attitude Survey

164

(1)

Potential Biases in Attitude Surveys

165

(1)

Behavioral Measures

166

(1)

How Are Attitudes Formed?

167

(7)

Mere Exposure

167

(1)

Direct Personal Experience

168

(1)

Operant and Classical Conditioning

169

(1)

Observational Learning

170

(1)

The Effect of Television and Books

170

(2)

The Effect of Textbooks

172

(1)

The Heritability Factor

173

(1)

Attitudes and Behavior

174

(10)

An Early Study of Attitudes and Behavior

174

(2)

The Theory of Reasoned Action

176

(1)

Theory of Planned Behavior

176

(2)

The Importance of Conviction

178

(2)

Ideology

180

(1)

The Nonrational Actor

181

(1)

Mindless Behavior in Everyday Life

182

(1)

The Rational and Nonrational Actors: A Resolution

183

(1)

Ida Tarbell Revisited

184

(1)

Chapter Review

185

(2)

Internet Activity

187

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

189

(2)

Persuation and Attitude Change

191

(44)

The Yale Communication Model

193

(12)

The Communicator

194

(3)

The Message and the Audience

197

(6)

Social Judgment Theory

203

(1)

The Problem of Multiple Audiences

204

(1)

The Cognitive Approach to Persuasion

205

(11)

The Elaboration Likelihood Model

206

(2)

The Effect of Mood on Processing

208

(3)

The Effect of Personal Relevance on Processing

211

(1)

The Impact of Attitude Accessibility on Elaboration

212

(1)

Do Vivid Messages Persuade Better Than Nonvivid Messages?

213

(2)

Need for Cognition: Some Like to Do It the Hard Way

215

(1)

The Heuristic Model of Persuasion

215

(1)

Cognitive Dissonance Theory: A Model of Self-Persuasion

216

(7)

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

216

(7)

Alternatives to Cognitive Dissonance Theory

223

(2)

Self-Perception Theory

224

(1)

Persuading the Masses

225

(3)

Public Health Campaigns: Educating People about AIDS

225

(3)

The Limits of Persuasion

228

(1)

The Leopold and Loeb Case Revisited

228

(2)

Chapter Review

230

(2)

Internet Activity

232

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

233

(2)

Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience

235

(52)

Conformity: Going Along with the Crowd

238

(12)

Informational and Normative Social Influence

238

(2)

Social Norms: The Key to Conformity

240

(1)

Classic Studies in Conformity

241

(3)

How Does Social Influence Bring about Conformity?

244

(1)

Factors That Affect Conformity

245

(5)

Minority Influence

250

(3)

Can a Minority Influence the Majority?

250

(1)

Majority and Minority Influence: Two Processes or One?

251

(2)

Compliance: Responding to a Direct Request

253

(7)

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

253

(3)

Door-in-the-Face Technique

256

(3)

Low-Ball Technique

259

(1)

Compliance Techniques: Summing Up

260

(1)

Obedience

260

(14)

The Banality of Evil: Eichmann's Fallacy

261

(1)

Ultimately, Who Is Responsible for Evil Deeds?

262

(1)

Milgram's Experiments on Obedience

263

(2)

Predicted Behavior and Results in the Milgram Experiment

265

(1)

Situational Determinants of Obedience

265

(4)

The Role of Gender in Obedience

269

(1)

Obedience or Aggression?

270

(1)

Obedience Across Culture, Situation, and Time

271

(1)

Reevaluating Milgram's Findings

272

(1)

Critiques of Milgram's Research

273

(1)

Disobedience

274

(5)

Breaking with Authority

274

(3)

Reassessing the Legitimacy of the Authority

277

(1)

Strength in Numbers

278

(1)

The Jury Room Revisited

279

(2)

Chapter Review

281

(3)

Internet Activity

284

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

285

(2)

Group Processes

287

(36)

What Is A Group?

289

(1)

Characteristics of Groups

289

(1)

What Holds a Groups Together?

290

(1)

How and Why Do Groups Form?

290

(2)

Meeting Basic Needs

291

(1)

Roles in Groups

291

(1)

How Do Groups Influence the Behavior of Individuals?

292

(6)

The Effects of an Audience on Performance

293

(1)

The Effects of Group Participation on Performance

294

(4)

Groups, Self-Identity, and Intergroup Relationships

298

(6)

Why People Identify with a Social Category

300

(1)

Self-Categorization Theory (SCT)

300

(1)

The Power of Groups to Punish: Social Ostracism

301

(1)

Deindividuation and Anonymity: The Power of Groups to Do Violence

302

(2)

Group Decision Making and Group Productivity

304

(7)

Individual Decisions Versus Group Decisions

304

(3)

The Effect of Leadership Style on Group Decision Making

307

(2)

Factors That Affect the Decision-Making Ability of a Group

309

(2)

The Dynamics of Group Decision Making: Group Polarization and Groupthink

311

(7)

How Groups Blend Individual Choices into Group Decisions

311

(1)

Group Polarization

312

(1)

Groupthink

313

(5)

The Challenger Revisited

318

(1)

Chapter Review

319

(2)

Internet Activity

321

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

322

(1)

Close Relationships

323

(40)

The Roots of Interpersonal Attraction and close Relationships

325

(3)

Affiliation and Intimacy

325

(1)

Loneliness and Social Anxiety

326

(2)

Love and Close Relationships

328

(3)

Love's Triangle

328

(2)

Types of Love

330

(1)

The Formation of Intimate Relationships

331

(14)

Attachment Styles and Adult Love Relationships

333

(1)

Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction

334

(3)

Dimensions of Physical Attractiveness

337

(2)

Physique and the Attractiveness Bias

339

(1)

Beauty and the View from Evolutionary Psychology

340

(5)

Dynamics of Close Relationships

345

(13)

Relationship Development

345

(1)

Evaluating Relationships

346

(4)

Love Over Time

350

(1)

Sculpting a Relationship

350

(2)

Responses to Conflict

352

(2)

Love in the Lab

354

(1)

Friendships

355

(3)

Gertrude and Alice Revisited

358

(1)

Chapter Review

359

(2)

Internet Activity

361

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

362

(1)

Interpersonal Aggression

363

(42)

What Is Aggression?

366

(3)

Levels and Types of Aggression

366

(1)

Gender Differences in Aggression

367

(2)

Factors That Contribute to Aggression

369

(1)

Biological Explanations for Aggression

369

(7)

Ethology

369

(1)

Sociobiology

370

(1)

The Physiology of Aggression

371

(3)

The Effects of Alcohol on Aggression

374

(2)

The Frustration-Aggression Link

376

(4)

Components of the Frustration-Aggression Sequence

377

(1)

Factors Mediating the Frustration-Aggression Link

377

(3)

The Social Learning Explanation for Aggression

380

(16)

The Socialization of Aggression

381

(1)

Aggressive Scripts: Why and How They Develop

382

(1)

The Role of the Family in Developing Aggressive Behaviors

383

(3)

Child Abuse and Neglect

386

(1)

Family Disruption

386

(1)

The Role of Culture in Violent Behavior

387

(4)

The Role of Television in Teaching Aggression

391

(2)

Viewing Sexual Violence: The Impact on Aggression

393

(3)

Reducing Aggression

396

(2)

Reducing Aggression in the Family

396

(1)

Reducing Aggression with Cognitive Intervention

397

(1)

Matthew Shepard Revisited

398

(1)

Chapter Review

399

(3)

Internet Activity

402

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

403

(2)

Altruism

405

(46)

Why Do People Help?

408

(7)

Empathy: Helping in Order to Relieve Another's Suffering

408

(1)

Empathy and Egoism: Two Paths to Helping

409

(2)

Challenging the Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis

411

(2)

Biological Explanations: Helping in Order to Preserve Our Own Genes

413

(2)

Reprise: Why Do We Help?

415

(1)

Helping in Emergencies: A Five-Stage Decision Model

415

(13)

Noticing the Situation

417

(1)

Labeling the Situation as an Emergency

417

(2)

Assuming Responsibility to Help: The Bystander Effect

419

(2)

Deciding How to Help

421

(2)

Implementing the Decision to Help

423

(5)

Increasing the Chances of Receiving Help

428

(1)

Helping in Nonemergencies: Situational and Personality Influences

429

(8)

Righteous Rescuers in Nazi-Occupied Europe

429

(1)

The Oliners and the Altruistic Personality Project

430

(1)

Situational Factors Involved in Becoming a Rescuer

431

(1)

Personality Factors Involved in Becoming a Rescuer

432

(1)

Altruism as a Function of Child-Rearing Style

433

(1)

Altruism as a Function of Cognitive Development

434

(1)

Becoming an Altruistic Person

434

(1)

A Synthesis: Situational and Personality Factors in Altruism

435

(1)

The Interactionist View

435

(2)

Applying the Five-Stage Decision Model to Long-Term Helping

437

(3)

Noticing the Situation

438

(1)

Labeling the Situation as an Emergency

438

(1)

Assuming Responsibility to Help

439

(1)

Deciding How to Help

439

(1)

Implementing the Decision to Help

439

(1)

Altruistic Behavior from the Perspective of the Recipient

440

(5)

Seeking Help from Others

440

(1)

A Decision Model for Seeking Help

440

(2)

Factors Influencing the Decision to Seek Help

442

(1)

Reacting to Help When It Is Given

443

(2)

Seth Conklin Revisited

445

(1)

Chapter Review

446

(3)

Internet Activity

449

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

449

(1)

New References

450

(1)

Glossary

451

(8)

References

459

(38)

Name Index

497

(7)

Subject Index

504

(6)

Photo Credits

510

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Social Psychology

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials