The Software Optimization Cookbook

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ISBN: 9780971288713 | 0971288712
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/1/2002

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Provides recipes for high-performance applications on the Intel Pentium III and Pentium 4 processors. Simple explanations and C language examples show you how to address performance issues with algorithms, memory access, branching, SIMD instruction, multiple threads, and floating-point calculations. Softcover.

Preface

xiii

Part I Performance Tools and Concepts

(58)

Introduction

(6)

Building an Application

(1)

Optimization Pitfalls

(2)

The Software Optimization Process

(1)

Key Point

(2)

The Benchmark

(8)

The Attributes of the Benchmark

(3)

Repeatable (Required)

(1)

Representative (Required)

(1)

Easy to Run (Required)

(1)

Verifiable (Required)

(1)

Measure Elapsed Time (Optional)

(1)

Complete Coverage (Situation-dependent)

(1)

Precision (Situation dependent)

(1)

Quality Assurance and Testing (Desirable, but Optional)

(1)

Automobile Fuel Economy

(2)

Key Points

(2)

Performance Tools

(22)

Timing Tools

(2)

Optimizing Compilers

(9)

Using the Intel® C++ Compiler

(2)

Optimizing for Specific Processors

(1)

Writing Functions Specific to One Processor

(1)

Using SIMD Instructions

(1)

Automatic Vectorization

(1)

C++ Class Libraries for SIMD Operations

(2)

Intrinsics

(1)

Inline Assembly Language

(1)

Other Compiler Optimizations

(1)

Types of Software Profilers

(1)

Performance Monitor

(1)

VTune™ Performance Analyzer

(5)

Sampling

(2)

Call Graph Profiling

(2)

Source Code Analysis

(1)

Microsoft Visual C++ Profiler

(1)

Sampling Versus Instrumentation

(1)

Human Brain: Trial and Error, Common Sense, and Patience

(1)

Key Points

(2)

The Hotspot

(8)

What Causes Hotspots and Cold-spots

(1)

More Than Just Time

(2)

Uniform Execution and No Hotspots

(2)

Key Points

(2)

Processor Architecture

(12)

Functional Blocks

(7)

Two Cheeseburgers Please!

(3)

Instruction Fetch and Decode

(1)

Instruction Execution

(2)

Retirement

(1)

Memory

(2)

Key Points

(2)

Part II Performance Issues

(146)

Algorithms

(12)

Computational Complexity

(1)

Choice of Instructions

(4)

Data Dependencies and Instruction Parallelism

(2)

Memory Requirements

(1)

Detecting Algorithm Issues

(2)

Key Points

(2)

Branching

(16)

Finding the Critical Mis-predicted Branches

(4)

Step 1: Find the Mis-predicted Branches

(1)

Step 2: Find the Time-consuming Hotspots

(1)

Step 3: Determine the Percentage of Mis-predicted Branches

(1)

Final Sanity Check

(1)

The Different Types of Branches

(2)

Removing Branches with CMOV

(1)

Removing Branches with Masks

(1)

Removing Branches with Min/Max Instructions

(1)

Removing Branches By Doing Extra Work

(1)

Improving Branches

(1)

Key Points

(2)

Memory

(28)

Memory Overview

(7)

Main Memory and Virtual Memory

(1)

Processor Caches

(2)

L1 Cache Details

(1)

Software Prefetch

(2)

Writing Data Without the Cache: Non-temporal Writes

(1)

Issues Affecting Memory Performance

(5)

Cache Compulsory Loads

(1)

Cache Capacity Loads

(1)

Cache Conflict Loads

(1)

Cache Efficiency

100

(1)

Data Alignment

100

(2)

Compilers and Data Alignment

102

(1)

Detecting Memory Issues

102

(7)

Finding Page Misses

103

(3)

Finding L1 Cache Misses

106

(1)

Understanding Potential Improvement

107

(2)

Fixing Memory Problems

109

(6)

Key Points

115

(2)

Loops

117

(12)

Common Loop Problems

118

(1)

Loop Unrolling

119

(4)

Loop Invariant Work

123

(1)

Loop Invariant Branches

124

(1)

Iteration Dependencies

125

(1)

Memory Address Dependencies

126

(1)

Key Points

127

(2)

Slow Operations

129

(14)

Slow Instructions

130

(1)

Lookup Tables

131

(3)

System Calls

134

(3)

System Idle Process

137

(4)

Key Points

141

(2)

Floating Point

143

(18)

Numeric Exceptions

144

(3)

Flush-to-Zero and Denormals are Zero

147

(1)

Precision

148

(4)

Scalar-SIMD Floating Point

152

(1)

Float-to-Integer Conversions, Rounding

152

(6)

Using the Intel C++ Compiler's Round Instead of Truncate Switch

154

(1)

Assembly Language

154

(3)

SIMD Convert with Truncation Instructions

157

(1)

Direct Bit Manipulation

157

(1)

Floating-Point Manipulation Tricks

158

(1)

Square Root

158

(1)

Reciprocal Square Root

158

(1)

Key Points

159

(2)

SIMD

161

(18)

Using the SIMD Instructions

162

(2)

SIMD Instruction Issues

164

(2)

Data Alignment

164

(1)

Compatibility of SIMD and x87 FPU Floating-Point Calculations

165

(1)

Data Simplifying Buffer Lengths/Padding

166

(1)

Integer SIMD

166

(1)

Single-Precision Floating-Point SIMD

167

(1)

Reciprocal Approximations Accuracy

168

(1)

Double-Precision Floating point SIMD

168

(1)

SIMD Data Organization

169

(7)

Determining Where to Use SIMD

176

(1)

Key Points

177

(2)

Processor-Specific Optimizations

179

(12)

32-bit Intel Architectures

179

(3)

The Pentium III Processor

182

(1)

Instruction Cache

182

(1)

Instruction Decoding

183

(1)

Instruction latencies

184

(1)

Instruction Set

185

(1)

Floating-Point Control Register

185

(1)

L1 Data Cache

186

(1)

Memory Prefetch

186

(1)

Processor Events

187

(1)

Partial Register Stalls

187

(2)

Partial Flag Stall

189

(1)

Pause Instruction

189

(1)

Key Points

189

(2)

Introduction to Multiprocessing

191

(14)

Parallel Programming

192

(1)

Thread Management

193

(4)

Low-level Thread Libraries

194

(1)

High-Level Thread Management with OpenMP

194

(3)

Threading Goals

197

(1)

Threading Issues

198

(4)

Tools

202

(1)

Key Points

203

(2)

Part III Design and Application Optimization

205

(62)

Design For Performance

207

(8)

Data Movement

208

(2)

Performance Experiments for Design

210

(1)

Algorithms

211

(2)

Key Points

213

(2)

Putting It Together: Basic Optimizations

215

(28)

The Sample Application

215

(5)

Quick Review of the Algorithms

220

(4)

Bilinear Pixel Interpolation

220

(2)

Alpha Blending

222

(1)

Image Rotation

223

(1)

Let The Optimizations Begin

224

(1)

Compilation

224

(1)

The Benchmark

225

(3)

Locate the Hotspots

228

(1)

Removing Calls To_ftol

229

(4)

Algorithm Issues

233

(1)

Investigation and Thought

234

(2)

Performance Experiments

236

(1)

Removing Work

237

(1)

Calling Functions Differently

238

(1)

Summary of Optimizations

239

(2)

Key Points

241

(2)

Putting It Together: More Optimizations

243

(24)

Additional Analysis

243

(4)

Writing a Specialized Merged Function

247

(3)

Using SIMD Technology

250

(4)

More Analysis, Reduce MemCopyRect

254

(2)

Pick a Different Algorithm

256

(1)

Improving the Algorithm

257

(2)

Pre-calculating Values

259

(1)

Write-Combining Memory

260

(3)

More Analysis, Remove Multiplies

263

(2)

Knowing When to Stop Optimizing

265

(1)

Summary of Optimizations

266

(1)

Key Points

266

(1)

References

267

(2)

Index

269

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The Software Optimization Cookbook

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials