Soil Morphology, Genesis, and Classification

, by Fanning, Delvin Seymour; Fanning, Mary Christine Balluff

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ISBN: 9780471892489 | 0471892483
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 1/16/1991

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An up-to-date, comprehensive text, covering--for the first time in one volume--what soils are, how they form and change under various conditions, and how they are classified. Presentation is modern, systematic, and accessible; it breaks down soil formation processes into fine and gross, describes effects of soil on human activities, and uses the most modern taxonomy throughout.

1 CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF SOIL

(11)

Main Concepts of Soil in Use by Scientists Today

(2)

The Soil as Weathered Rock or Regolith

(1)

Soil as a Medium for Plant Growth

(1)

Soil as an Organized Natural Body

(1)

Soil and Geological Surveys from Practical Points of View

(1)

Soil Taxonomy Definition of Soil

(6)

References

(2)

2 TERMINOLOGY AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEGMENTS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST

(5)

Geologic Terms

(2)

Soil Terms

(2)

References

(1)

3 ABC SYSTEM OF HORIZON NOMENCLATURE

(7)

Present ABC System

(5)

Master and Transitional Horizons and/or Layers

(3)

Subscripts to Indicate Subordinate Distinctions Within Master Horizons and Layers

(1)

Numbers to Indicate Vertical Subdivisions of Horizons

(1)

Indicating Lithologic Discontinuities

(1)

References

(1)

4 INTRODUCTION TO WAYS OF THINKING ABOUT AND STUDYING SOIL GENESIS

(5)

Processes of Soil Change

(1)

Simonson's Generalized Theory of Soil Genesis

(1)

Factors of Soil Formation

(1)

References

(2)

5 MINERAL AND ORGANIC MATTER TRANSFORMATIONS

(13)

Mineral Transformations

(9)

Simple Mineral Transformations

(1)

Transformation of Micas to Expansible 2:1 Minerals

(2)

Transformation of Trioctahedral Chlorite to Expansible 2:1 Minerals

(1)

Transformation of Expansible 2:1 Minerals Toward "Pedogenic Chlorite"

(1)

Complex Mineral Transformations

(1)

Mineral Stabilities

(3)

Organic Matter Transformations

(1)

Transformations in the Context of Other Processes

(1)

References

(3)

6 ELUVIATION AND ILLUVIATION AND CLOSELY RELATED PROCESSES (DIFFUSION, WICKING)

(6)

Mechanisms of Movement and Stoppage

(4)

Movement by Soluviation and Stoppage by "Simple" Precipitation

(1)

Chelation-Related Solution and Precipitation Phenomena

(1)

Eluviation and Illuvation Triggered by Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena

(1)

Eluviation and Illuviation of Clay

(1)

Cross-Reference Information

(1)

References

(1)

7 PHYTO- AND OTHER BIOCYCLING

(6)

Phytoliths

(1)

Some Quantitative Aspects for Some Forested Ecosystems

(2)

Phytocycling and Shifting Cultivation

(2)

References

(1)

8 PEDOTURBATION AND SOIL STRUCTURE FORMATION

(8)

Pedoturbation

(6)

Faunalpedoturbation

(4)

Argillipedoturbation

(1)

Other Kinds of Pedoturbation

(2)

Soil Structure Formation

(1)

References

(1)

9 EROSION, ALLUVATION AND OTHER ADDITIONS TO SOILS

(7)

Erosion and Alluvation

(2)

Other Additions

(4)

Natural Additions

(2)

Additions by Humans

(2)

References

(1)

10 SULFIDIZATION AND SULFURICIZATION

(12)

Sulfidization

(3)

Sulfuricization

(6)

Sulfuricization Stages

(1)

Stage 1: Presulfuricization

(1)

Stage 2: Actively Sulfuricizing

(1)

Stage 3: Postsulfuricization

(1)

Chemical Reactions

(3)

Kinds of Profiles Formed

(2)

References

(2)

11 SALINIZATION, SOLONIZATION, AND SOLODIZATION

(5)

Salinization

(1)

Solonization

(1)

Solodization

(1)

References

(2)

12 CALCIFICATION

(5)

General Characteristics of Affected Soils

(2)

Setting

(1)

Narrow Processes

(1)

Other Relationships

(1)

References

(2)

13 LESSIVAGE

(7)

Conditions of Formation and Narrow Processes

(3)

Setting

(1)

Mechanisms of Clay Eluviation and Illuviation

(2)

Other Modes of Formation of Soils with Clay-Enriched B Horizons and the Kandic Horizon

(2)

References

(1)

14 PODZOLIZATION

(5)

Morphology

(1)

Genetic Settings

100

(1)

Narrow Processes

100

(1)

References

101

(2)

15 LATOSOLIZATION AND LATERITIZATION

103

(7)

Latosolization

104

(3)

Lateritization

107

(1)

Summary

108

(1)

References

109

(1)

16 GLEIZATION

110

(16)

Soil Colors and Color Patterns in Relation to Soil Constituents and Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena

111

(7)

Constituents Responsible for Soil Colors--The Paints of the Earth

111

(3)

Color Patterns--Mottling Models

114

(1)

Mottling Model I, Fe Oxidized to Fe(III) on Ped Faces or in Coarse Strata with Fe(II) Generated in Ped Interiors or in Finer Strata

115

(2)

Mottling Model II, Ped Interiors More Oxidizing than Ped Faces

117

(1)

General Gleization Model in Regard to Soils Differing in Degree of Natural Drainage

118

(1)

Ground-Water Gley Model

119

(3)

Pseudo- (or Surface Water-) Gley Model

122

(1)

Ferrolysis

123

(1)

References

124

(2)

17 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND KINDS OF SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

126

(13)

Why Classify?

126

(1)

Objectives and Kinds of Soil Classification Systems

127

(8)

Interpretive Systems

127

(7)

Taxonomic Systems

134

(1)

Categories, Taxa (Classes) and Differentiating and Accessory Characteristics

135

(1)

Categories

135

(1)

Taxa (Classes) and Differentiating Characteristics

136

(1)

Other Principles and Thoughts

136

(1)

Subdividing Continua

136

(1)

How Many Differentiating Characteristics Should Be Used in Each Category?

137

(1)

References

137

(2)

18 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IN THE PAST--ROOTS AND PHILOSOPHIES

139

(14)

Introduction

139

(1)

Earliest Efforts

139

(1)

Classification Systems Based on Geology

140

(2)

Early Pedologic Systems of Classification

142

(4)

Later Pedologic Systems of Classification

146

(3)

Epilogue

149

(1)

References

150

(3)

19 HISTORY LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOIL TAXONOMY

153

(12)

Systems Employed in U.S. Soil Surveys Before and After the Recognition of Soil as an Organized Natural Body

153

(5)

Pre-Soil Taxonomy Genetic Systems for Higher Categories

158

(1)

Problems in Integrating High Category Classes Based on Genetic Systems with Low Category Classes (Soil Series) Used in Detailed Soil Surveys

159

(3)

Defects of the Older Systems

162

(1)

Guidelines for the Development of Soil Taxonomy

162

(1)

References

163

(2)

20 PEDONS AND POLYPEDONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO MAPPING DELINEATIONS

165

(6)

The Pedon

165

(1)

Polypedons--Soil Individuals

166

(1)

Relationship of Soil Individuals to Delineations of Given Soil Series on Detailed Soil Maps

167

(2)

References

169

(2)

21 SOIL TAXONOMY: EPIPEDONS

171

(4)

Mollic Epipedon

171

(2)

Umbric Epipedon

173

(1)

Anthropic Epipedons

173

(1)

Histic Epipedon

173

(1)

Plaggen Epipedon

173

(1)

Ochric Epipedon

174

(1)

References

174

(1)

22 DIAGNOSTIC SUBSURFACE HORIZONS

175

(12)

Agric Horizon

175

(1)

Albic Horizon

176

(1)

Argillic Horizon

177

(1)

Calcic Horizon

178

(1)

Cambic Horizon

179

(1)

Gypsic Horizon

180

(1)

Kandic Horizon

180

(1)

Natric Horizon

181

(1)

Oxic Horizon

181

(1)

Petrocalcic Horizon

182

(1)

Petrogypsic Horizon

183

(1)

Placic Horizon

183

(1)

Salic Horizon

184

(1)

Sombric Horizon

184

(1)

Spodic Horizon

184

(1)

Sulfuric Horizon

185

(1)

References

186

(1)

23 PANS AND PLINTHITE

187

(5)

Duripan

187

(2)

Fragipan

189

(1)

Plinthite

190

(1)

References

191

(1)

24 PROPOSED SPECIAL DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR HIGHLY MAN-INFLUENCED SOILS

192

(8)

Urbic Materials

193

(1)

Garbic Materials

193

(2)

Spolic Materials

195

(1)

Scalped Land Surface

196

(1)

Dredged Materials

197

(2)

References

199

(1)

25 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS AND TERMS USED IN DEFINING MINERAL SOILS AND CLASSES OF THEM

200

(13)

Organic Versus Mineral Soil Materials and Soils

200

(1)

Sulfidic Materials

201

(1)

Domination of the Cation Exchange Complex by Amorphous Materials

201

(1)

Weatherable Minerals

202

(1)

Terms Used Mainly with Vertisols

203

(1)

Mechanical Properties Related to Soil Moisture or Wetness

203

(2)

Terms for Contacts Between Soil Materials and Rock or Rocklike Materials

205

(1)

Other Defined Profile Characteristics

206

(2)

Soil Temperature Regimes

208

(1)

Soil Moisture Regimes

209

(2)

Family Criteria

211

(1)

References

212

(1)

26 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR ORGANIC SOILS

213

(5)

Definition of Organic Soil Materials

213

(1)

Kinds of Organic Soil Materials Based on Degree of Decomposition

213

(3)

Limnic Materials

216

(1)

Other Materials

216

(1)

Thickness of Control Section and Tiers

217

(1)

References

217

(1)

27 GENERAL VIEW OF DIVISION OF SOILS INTO ORDERS

218

(8)

Geographic Extent and Patterns

219

(6)

References

225

(1)

28 ENTISOLS

226

(8)

General Description

226

(1)

Definition

227

(1)

Suborders and Great Groups of Entisols

228

(1)

Genesis

229

(1)

Geographic Distribution

230

(1)

Problems

231

(1)

Uses

231

(1)

References

232

(2)

29 VERTISOLS

234

(5)

General Description

234

(1)

Definition

235

(1)

Classification Into Suborders and Great Groups

235

(1)

Other Classification

236

(1)

Genesis

236

(1)

Geographic Distribution

237

(1)

Properties, Problems, and Use

237

(1)

References

237

(2)

30 INCEPTISOLS

239

(9)

General Description

239

(1)

Definition

240

(1)

Suborders and Great Groups of Inceptisols

241

(2)

Genesis

243

(2)

Geographic Distribution

245

(1)

Problems

246

(1)

Uses

246

(1)

References

246

(2)

31 ARIDISOLS

248

(4)

General Description

248

(1)

Definition

248

(1)

Classification Into Suborders and Great Groups

249

(1)

Genesis

250

(1)

Geographic Distribution

250

(1)

Problems and Uses

251

(1)

References

251

(1)

32 MOLLISOLS

252

(7)

General Description

252

(1)

Definition

252

(2)

Classification Into Suborders and Great Groups

254

(1)

Genesis

255

(2)

Geographic Distribution

257

(1)

Problems

257

(1)

Uses

257

(1)

References

257

(2)

33 SPODOSOLS

259

(5)

General Description

259

(1)

Definition

260

(1)

Classification Into Suborders and Great Groups

260

(1)

Genesis

261

(1)

Geographic Distribution

262

(1)

Problems

263

(1)

Uses

263

(1)

References

263

(1)

34 ALFISOLS

264

(6)

General Description

264

(1)

Definition

264

(2)

Classification Into Suborders and Great Groups

266

(1)

Genesis

267

(1)

Geographic Distribution

268

(1)

Problems

268

(1)

Uses

268

(1)

References

269

(1)

35 ULTISOLS

270

(5)

General Description

270

(1)

Definition

271

(1)

Classification Into Suborders and Great Groups

271

(1)

Genesis

272

(1)

Geographic Distribution

273

(1)

Problems

273

(1)

Uses

273

(1)

References

273

(2)

36 OXISOLS

275

(6)

General Description

275

(1)

Definition

275

(1)

Classification Into Suborders and Great Groups

276

(1)

Genesis

277

(1)

Geographic Distribution

278

(1)

Problems

278

(1)

Uses

279

(1)

Other Generalities Pertaining to Tropical Soils

279

(1)

References

279

(2)

37 HISTOSOLS

281

(6)

General Description

281

(1)

Definition

282

(1)

Classification Into Suborders and Great Groups

283

(1)

Special Subgroups and Families

284

(1)

Genesis

284

(1)

Geographic Distribution

285

(1)

Problems

285

(1)

Uses

285

(1)

References

286

(1)

38 THE FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION--OVERVIEW

287

(4)

Historical Background

287

(2)

The Main Effects of the Five Factors

289

(1)

References

290

(1)

39 SOILS IN RELATION TO THEIR PARENT MATERIAL

291

(9)

Main Kinds of Parent Materials and How They May Vary

291

(2)

List of Main Kinds of Soil Parent Materials

291

(1)

Consolidated Materials--Rocks

291

(1)

Unconsolidated Materials--Sediments of Various Kinds

292

(1)

Other Kinds of Sediments

292

(1)

Direct Effects--Inherited Properties

293

(1)

Indirect Effects--Influence on the Nature of Acquired Characteristics

293

(5)

Effects on the Amount and Kinds of Secondary Minerals

293

(1)

Effects on Profile Characteristics

294

(1)

Effects of Absence vs. Presence of Weatherable Minerals

295

(1)

Variation in Solum Thickness and Character of Zone of Clay Illuviation with Parent Material Texture

296

(1)

Differences in Characteristics of Some Soils Formed from Limestone vs. Chloritic Metabasalt

296

(2)

References

298

(2)

40 SOILS IN RELATION TO THEIR AGE

300

(19)

The Concept of Time Zero or the Birth of a Soil

301

(1)

Geomorphic Concepts in Regard to the Likelihood of Equilibrium Soils

302

(3)

The Concept of Equilibrium Soils as Related to the "Downwearing" Geomorphic Model

302

(1)

"Backwearing" Geomorphic Model

302

(1)

Possible Model Containing Some Aspects of Backwearing and Downwearing

303

(1)

Further Comments Regarding Equilibrium Soils and Landscapes

304

(1)

Idealized Chronosequences

305

(11)

Time Development Sequences on Sulfidic Parent Materials

306

(1)

Hypothetical Time Development Sequence on Sulfidic Dredged Materials

307

(4)

Hypothetical Chronosequence on Sulfidic Shales in East Texas

311

(3)

Hypothesized Early Acid Sulfate Effects in Other Environments

314

(1)

Hypothetical Time Development Sequence on Calcareous Loess Under Prairie Grasses in Midwestern United States

314

(1)

Hypothetical Time Development Sequence on Chloritic Metabasalt in Piedmont Region of Eastern United States

315

(1)

Other Chronosequences

316

(1)

References

316

(3)

41 SOILS IN RELATION TO CLIMATE

319

(19)

Some Aspects of Climate

319

(2)

Difficulty in Characterizing the Climate Under Which Soils Have Developed

321

(4)

Climates Change Through Time

322

(1)

Soils Formed Under Past Climates May Be Temporarily Buried and Later Reappear (Exhumed Paleosols)

322

(2)

Difficulty in Characterizing Present-Day Climate

324

(1)

Moisture Relationships

325

(5)

Attempts to Measure Effectiveness

325

(2)

Example Soil Property Relationships with Moisture Gradients

327

(1)

Nitrogen-Organic Matter Increase with Increasing Moisture at Given Temperatures

327

(1)

Deeper Depth to Horizon of Secondary Carbonate Accumulation with Increasing Moisture

328

(2)

Other Relationships

330

(1)

Temperature Relationships

330

(5)

Attempts to Measure Effectiveness

330

(2)

General Soil Temperature Profile

332

(1)

Examples of Influence of Differences in Temperature on Soils

333

(1)

Nitrogen and Organic Matter Relationships

333

(1)

Clay Content/Temperature Relationships

333

(2)

Other Relationships

335

(1)

Overall Climatic Effects

335

(1)

References

336

(2)

42 SOILS IN RELATION TO ORGANISMS OTHER THAN MAN

338

(12)

Organisms as Dependent Variables, Part of Systematic Relationships with Other Factors

338

(7)

Organisms Dependent Upon Parent Materials

338

(1)

Organisms Dependent Upon Soil Age

339

(3)

Organisms Dependent Upon Climate

342

(1)

Organisms Dependent Upon Other Organisms

343

(1)

Biological Nitrogen Fixation

343

(1)

Allelopathy

343

(1)

Other Effects of Organisms

343

(1)

Organisms Dependent Upon Relief or Topography

344

(1)

Organisms as Independent Variables

345

(3)

Effects of Grass Vs. Trees at Prairie-Forest Boundaries

345

(2)

Kauri Trees and Basket or Giant Podzols

347

(1)

Some Effects of Animals Other Than Man and of Microorganisms

348

(1)

References

348

(2)

43 EFFECTS OF MAN

350

(10)

Physical Effects

351

(3)

Creation and Destruction of Soils

351

(2)

Soil Mixing, Tillage, and Effects Upon Erosion and Deposition Patterns

353

(1)

Other Physical Effects

353

(1)

Chemical Effects

354

(3)

Some Effects of Lime and Fertilizers

354

(1)

Organic Matter

355

(1)

Buildup of Salts and Heavy Metals Along Highways, and Other Heavy Metals Concerns

355

(2)

Biological Effects

357

(1)

References

358

(2)

44 SOILS IN RELATION TO TOPOGRAPHY

360

(10)

Hill Slope Models and Catena Concepts

360

(2)

Open Vs. Closed Drainage Systems

362

(1)

Moisture Distribution Relationships

363

(2)

The Drainage or Bushnell's Catena, Topography-Induced Hydrosequences in Humid Regions

363

(1)

Effect of Lateral Eluviation on Chemistry of Young Soils on Calcareous Parent Materials

364

(1)

Effect of Lateral Leaching of Silica and Bases in Tropical Regions with Wet-Dry Seasons

364

(1)

Effect of Topography on Erosion, Alluviation, and Colluviation with Bedrock-Controlled Topography and Natural Levees Along Streams

365

(1)

Effect of Aspect (Direction that Slope Faces)

366

(1)

Vertical Zonation of Soils and Vegetation on Mountains and Interior Valleys of Western United States

367

(1)

Effect of Topography and Wind Direction in Palouse Area of Washington State

368

(1)

References

369

(1)

APPENDIX 1 MINERALS AND MINERAL STABILITIES

370

(2)

References

371

(1)

APPENDIX 2 OVERVIEW OF WATER MOVEMENT IN SOILS AND SOIL GENETIC EFFECTS

372

(6)

Properties of Water Entering the Soil

372

(1)

Effects of Plants, Animals, and Microorganisms

373

(1)

Unevenness in Time and Space of Water Movement in Soils

373

(3)

Unevenness in Space

373

(2)

Unevenness in Time

375

(1)

Philosophical Comment

376

(1)

References

377

(1)

APPENDIX 3 SUBGROUPS OF UDORTHENTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF SOME HIGHLY MAN-INFLUENCED SOILS

378

(3)

Distinctions Between Typic Udorthents and Other Udorthent Subgroups

378

(2)

Comments

380

(1)

References

380

(1)

APPENDIX 4 TEXTURAL TRIANGLES

381

(3)

References

383

(1)

NAME INDEX

384

(3)

SUBJECT INDEX

387

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Soil Morphology, Genesis, and Classification

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials