Soils and Environmental Quality

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ISBN: 9780849316166 | 0849316162
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/2/2005

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Soils and Environmental Quality, Third Edition explores environmental quality from the perspective of soil science and potential interactions with the atmosphere and hydrosphere. This textbook offers graduate and upper-level undergraduate students an overview of basic soil science, hydrology, atmospheric chemistry, the classification of pollutants, and the fundamentals of soil, plant, and water analysis. It reviews the concept of human and ecological risk assessment using several contemporary examples, such as pesticide concentrations in drinking water and the contamination of soils by trace elements in organic by-products. Students in soil science, chemistry, biology, geology, and other disciplines will gain valuable insight from this multifaceted text.

Part I Fundamentals of Environmental Quality

(130)

Introduction to Environmental Quality

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Environmentalism

(2)

Studying the Environment: The Scientific Method

(3)

Environmental Science and the General Public

(1)

Defining Pollution and Contamination

(1)

Classifying and Characterizing Pollutants

(4)

Human Exposure to Soil Contaminants

(2)

Federal Environmental Legislation

(3)

Major Environmental Issues in Soil Science: A Summary

(5)

Problems

(1)

References

(1)

Supplementary Materials

(2)

Our Environment: Atmosphere and Hydrosphere

(38)

Introduction

(1)

Atmosphere

(14)

Atmospheric Layers and Their Properties

(2)

Troposphere

(1)

Stratosphere

(1)

Mesosphere

(1)

Thermosphere

(1)

Exosphere

(1)

Atmospheric Cycles

(1)

Characterizing the Atmosphere

(1)

Air Temperature and Precipitation Patterns

(4)

Wind Speed and Direction

(1)

Chemical Composition

(1)

Atmospheric Pollution

(3)

Hydrosphere

(23)

Properties of Water

(1)

Components of the Hydrologic Cycle

(2)

Inland Surface Water

(1)

Soil Moisture

(1)

Groundwater

(2)

Water Use

(6)

Legislative Efforts Related to Water Quality Issues

(1)

Water Pollution

(1)

Acidity

(1)

Eutrophication

(1)

Surface Runoff and Sediments

(1)

Water Quality

(3)

Problems

(1)

References

(1)

Supplementary Materials

(3)

Our Environment: Soil Ecosystems

(42)

Introduction

(1)

The Soil Environment

(1)

Soil Physical Attributes and Processes

(8)

Soil Physical Properties

(1)

Particle Size and Soil Textural Classes

(1)

Aggregates and Soil Structure

(1)

Soil Density

(1)

Soil Solids

(1)

Soil Organic and Inorganic Carbon

(1)

Soil Water

(1)

Soil Climate

(1)

Soil Physical Processes

(1)

Soil Gas Transfer

(1)

Soil Water Movement

(1)

Soil Erosion

(1)

Soil Chemical Attributes and Processes

(14)

Soil Chemical Properties

(1)

Clay Minerals

(2)

Soil Organic Matter

(1)

Soil Acidity

(2)

Salinity and Sodicity

(1)

Oxidation--Reduction

(2)

Soil Chemical Processes

(1)

Mineral Weathering

(1)

Cation and Anion Exchange

(1)

Sorption

(4)

Soil Biological Attributes and Processes

(6)

Soil Biological Constituents

(1)

Plants

(1)

Soil Animals

(2)

Soil Microorganisms

(1)

Soil Biological Processes

(1)

Factors Influencing Soil Organisms

(1)

Soil Pathogens

(1)

Soil Development and Land Use

(2)

Soil Morphology and Classification

(2)

Soil Quality

(10)

Assessment of Soil Quality

(6)

Problems

103

(1)

References

104

(1)

Supplementary Materials

104

(1)

Environmental Testing: Soils, Waters, Plants, Wastes, Organics

105

(26)

Introduction

105

(2)

Agronomic and Environmental Testing Practices for Soils

107

(7)

Soil Sample Collection and Handling

107

(1)

Methods of Soil Analysis

108

(1)

Soil Testing Interpretations and Recommendations

109

(1)

Environmental Soil Testing

110

(1)

Soil Testing for Potentially Toxic Trace Elements

110

(2)

Soil Testing for Plant Nutrients with Water Quality Impacts

112

(1)

Limitations of Soil Testing

113

(1)

Environmental Testing Practices for Waters

114

(6)

Collection, Storage, Handling, and Analysis of Water Samples

114

(1)

Surface Waters

115

(1)

Groundwaters

116

(3)

Interpretation of Water Analysis Results

119

(1)

Plant and Organic By-Product Analysis

120

(3)

Principles of Plant Analysis

121

(1)

Principles of Organic By-Product Analysis

121

(2)

Environmental Testing Practices for Air and Atmospheric Deposition

123

(8)

Problems

127

(1)

References

128

(1)

Supplementary Materials

129

(2)

Part II Nutrients, Management, and Environmental Quality

131

(198)

Soil Nitrogen and Environmental Quality

133

(52)

Nitrogen and the Environment

133

(17)

Origin and Distribution of Nitrogen in the Environment

134

(3)

Nitrogen Effects on Human and Animal Health

137

(4)

Nitrogen and Eutrophication

141

(3)

Atmospheric Effects of Nitrogen

144

(4)

Risk Assessment for Nitrogen Pollution

148

(2)

The Soil Nitrogen Cycle

150

(35)

Mineralization, Nitrification, and Immobilization of Nitrogen

151

(5)

Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen: Ammonia Volatilization and Denitrification

156

(8)

Leaching and Erosional Losses of Nitrogen

164

(5)

Biological Nitrogen Fixation

169

(3)

Nitrogen Additions to Soils

172

(2)

Inorganic Sources of Nitrogen

174

(3)

Organic Sources of Nitrogen

177

(3)

Problems

180

(1)

Reference

181

(2)

Supplementary Materials

183

(2)

Soil Phosphorus and Environmental Quality

185

(50)

Phosphorus and the Environment

185

(12)

Eutrophication: The Role of Phosphorus

187

(8)

Environmental Impacts of Soil Phosphorus

195

(2)

The Soil Phosphorus Cycle

197

(10)

Inorganic Soil Phosphorus

198

(2)

Organic Soil Phosphorus

200

(3)

Phosphorus Additions to Soils

203

(4)

Phosphorus Transformations in Soils

207

(10)

Mineral Equilibria: Dissolution and Precipitation of Soil Phosphorus

208

(1)

Sorption and Desorption of Soil Phosphorus

209

(7)

Mineralization and Immobilization of Soil Phosphorus

216

(1)

Phosphorus Transport in the Environment

217

(18)

Transport of Phosphorus by Surface Flow

217

(8)

Phosphorus Leaching and Subsurface Flow

225

(5)

Problems

230

(2)

References

232

(2)

Supplementary Materials

234

(1)

Soil Sulfur and Environmental Quality

235

(36)

Introduction

236

(1)

Importance of Sulfur

236

(6)

Sulfur Nutrition

236

(1)

Environmental Impacts of Sulfur

237

(5)

Global Sulfur Cycle

242

(6)

Inorganic Sulfur in Soils

245

(1)

Organic Sulfur in Soils

246

(1)

Sulfur Fractionation

247

(1)

Sulfur Retention and Transformations in Soils

248

(5)

Sorption and Desorption of Soil Sulfate

248

(3)

Inorganic Sulfur Oxidation--Reduction Reactions

251

(1)

Organic Sulfur Transformations

252

(1)

Sulfur Effects on Plants

253

(3)

Sulfur in Plant Nutrition

254

(1)

Availability Index of Sulfur

255

(1)

Management of Sulfur in Agriculture

256

(3)

Management of Sulfur in Cultivated Cropping Systems

257

(1)

Management of Sulfur in Grazed Systems

258

(1)

Sulfur in Forested Ecosystems

259

(1)

Problem Soils and Surface Waters

259

(12)

Acid Soils and Mine Spoils

260

(1)

Acid Mine Drainage

260

(2)

Sodic Soils

262

(2)

Coal Bed Methane Co-Produced Water

264

(4)

Problems

268

(1)

References

269

(1)

Supplementary Materials

270

(1)

Nutrient Management Planning

271

(58)

Nutrient Management Planning: Basic Principles

271

(14)

Definition and General Goals of Nutrient Management Plans

272

(4)

Basic Components of Agricultural Nutrient Management Plans

276

(4)

Nutrient Management Plans for Other Land Uses

280

(5)

Nutrient Management Practices for Nitrogen

285

(17)

General Principles of Efficient Nitrogen Management

286

(5)

Assessing Soil Nitrogen Availability

291

(6)

Nitrogen Sources and Application Methods

297

(3)

Soil and Water Conservation Practices for Nitrogen

300

(1)

Nitrogen Management in Nonagricultural Settings

300

(2)

Nutrient Management Practices for Phosphorus

302

(27)

General Principles of Efficient Phosphorus Management

303

(1)

Soil Testing for Phosphorus

303

(8)

Phosphorus Sources and Application Methods

311

(2)

Soil and Water Conservation Practices for Phosphorus

313

(8)

Problems

321

(2)

References

323

(3)

Supplementary Materials

326

(3)

Part III Inorganic and Organic Contaminants

329

(122)

Trace Elements

331

(32)

Introduction

332

(1)

Trace Element Categories and Importance

332

(1)

Sources of Trace Elements for the Terrestrial Environment

333

(5)

Mining and Smelting

334

(1)

Motor Vehicles

335

(1)

Urban Issues

335

(1)

Rural Issues

335

(2)

Other Sources

337

(1)

Adverse Effects

338

(5)

Human Health

340

(2)

Animal Health

342

(1)

Phytotoxicities

342

(1)

Aquatic Environments

342

(1)

Trace Element Cycles in Soils

343

(3)

Soil Solution

343

(1)

Sorption

344

(1)

Redox Conditions

345

(1)

Organic Species

345

(1)

Losses

346

(1)

Plant Accumulation

346

(1)

Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Soils

346

(5)

Plants

347

(1)

Humans

348

(3)

Radionuclides

351

(12)

Occurrence of Radionuclides

353

(2)

Characterizing Radiation Dose

355

(1)

Environmental Effects

356

(3)

Problems

359

(1)

References

360

(1)

Supplementary Materials

361

(2)

Organic Chemicals in the Environment

363

(50)

Introduction

364

(1)

Organic Chemicals

364

(9)

Sources

364

(1)

Categories

365

(2)

Petroleum Products, Solvents, and Industrial Synthetic Organics

367

(1)

Pesticides

368

(3)

Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Endocrine Disruptors

371

(2)

Adverse Effects

373

(7)

Human Health

374

(2)

Animals and Wildlife

376

(1)

Aquatic Organisms

376

(1)

Groundwaters

377

(1)

Plants

378

(1)

Microorganisms

379

(1)

Predicting the Fate of Organic Chemicals in the Environment

380

(19)

Plant Uptake

382

(1)

Solubility

383

(2)

Half-Life

385

(1)

Hydrolysis

386

(2)

Volatilization

388

(2)

Photolysis

390

(1)

Sorption-Desorption

391

(2)

Abiotic and Biotic Transformations

393

(2)

Response of Organic Chemicals in the Environment

395

(4)

Organic Chemical Analysis

399

(2)

Sample Collection and Preparation

399

(1)

Identification and Quantification of Organic Chemicals

400

(1)

Alternative Pest Management and Plant Breeding Strategies

401

(12)

Integrated Pest Management

402

(1)

Biological Control

403

(5)

Genetically Modified Crops

408

(1)

Problems

409

(1)

References

410

(1)

Supplementary Materials

411

(2)

The Atmosphere: Global Climate Change and Acidic Deposition

413

(38)

Introduction

413

(1)

The Climate and Global Climate Change

414

(16)

The Greenhouse Effect and Evidence of Global Warming

414

(3)

Greenhouse Gases

417

(3)

Carbon Dioxide

420

(5)

Methane

425

(2)

Nitrous Oxide

427

(1)

Uncertainties and Complexities

428

(2)

Acidic Deposition

430

(21)

Legislative Acts and Programs

431

(2)

Sources and Distribution

433

(3)

Human Health Effects

436

(1)

Material and Cultural Resource Impacts

436

(2)

Ecosystem Effects of Acidic Deposition

438

(1)

Soils

438

(2)

Agricultural Crops

440

(1)

Forest Ecosystems

441

(2)

Aquatic Ecosystems

443

(3)

Reversing the Effects of Acidic Deposition

446

(2)

Problems

448

(1)

References

449

(1)

Supplemental Materials

450

(1)

Part IV Contaminant Assessment and Remediation

451

(46)

Remediation of Soil and Groundwater

453

(22)

Introduction

453

(3)

Inorganic Contaminants

456

(8)

Soil

456

(7)

Water

463

(1)

Organic Contaminants

464

(11)

Soil

464

(3)

Water

467

(5)

Problems

472

(1)

References

472

(1)

Supplementary Materials

472

(1)

Additional Teaching Resources

473

(2)

Risk Assessment

475

(22)

Introduction

475

(3)

Risk Perception

478

(3)

Carcinogenicity

481

(1)

Risk Assessment

482

(7)

Exposure Assessment

483

(2)

Dose--Response Assessment

485

(1)

Risk Characterization

486

(3)

Ecological Risk Assessment

489

(2)

Uncertainty

491

(6)

Problems

495

(1)

References

496

(1)

Supplementary Materials

496

(1)

Appendix

497

(16)

Index

513

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Soils and Environmental Quality

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials