Sonar to Quartz Clock Technology and Physics in War, Academy, and Industry

Sonar to Quartz Clock examines how the unapplied phenomenon of piezoelectricity became applied for technologies such as sonar, crystal frequency control, the quartz clock, and how its research has consequently changed during WWI and the interwar period. It aims at reconstructing, for the first time, the fascinating history of the inventions and the development of these highly important technologies, which are still in extensive use, and which were crucial for the electronic revolution, arguably the most important technological developments of the twentieth century.

On this basis, this book suggests a better and more nuanced understanding of the relationships between modern science and technology and the process of development and innovation of science-based technologies. It examines in particular the mutual transfer and transformation of knowledge between them including the way physics becomes practically applicable, the way applications and societal interests shape technology and science, and the differences and similarities between scientific and technological research. The book presents an in-depth analysis of the scientific and technological research and development in the field, and of the evolution of their experimental, theoretical, and technical aspects within their social military and commercial contexts. It offers an integrative history of science and technology, needed to better comprehend their interactions and evolution but rare in current historiography.

This book will appeal to historians of science and technology, sociologists of science and generally scientists and engineers studying or working with piezoelectricity, ultrasound devices, and crystal frequency control.

Shaul Katzir, Associate Professor and Director, The Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Professor Shaul Katzir is the director of the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas at Tel Aviv University, Israel. His scholarly interests range from ancient Greek science to twentieth century physics and technology. He has published extensively on the history of the physical sciences, connected technologies and their interactions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in leading venues. Katzir earned an MA (1996) and a PhD (2003) at Tel Aviv University. Before returning to his alma matter he was fellow of (among others) the Hebrew University, the Humboldt Foundation, the European Research Council, and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, where he is a regular visitor.

Introduction
1. Piezoelectricty before its technical use
2. Knoweldge, expertise and technical aims in the creation of the piezoelectric sonar
3. From sonar research to the discovery of sharp electric resonance
4. The appilication of piezoelectric resonance: frequency-standards and control
5. The tuning-fork roots of the quartz clock
6. The invention of Bell's quartz frequency standard and clock
7. Development of quartz clock technics outside AT&T
8. Development of new applications beyond sonar and frequency control
9. The transformation of a research field
Concluding remarks