Southeastern Indians Life Portraits : A Catalogue of Pictures, 1564-1860

This pictorial classic is a valuable ethnological record of southeastern Indians that also showcases the work of early photographers and artists. A collection of over 350 photographs, paintings, drawings,and woodcuts, Life Portraitsoffers us an important visual representation of southeastern Indians-at work, at play, in rituals, and in death-when they first encountered Europeans. Studied by historians and archaeologists, as well as museum exhibit designers and costumers, these illustrations provide a wealth of information on native dress and jewelry, house construction, agricultural techniques, warfare, and other aspects of American Indian life. Among the tribes illustrated are Natchez, Choctaw, Creek, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Seminole, Chitimacha, Timucua, Powhatan, Tuscarora, Caddo, Yuchi, and Shawnee. A special section of the book quotes historic narratives and comments on the life and work of the artists, lithographers, photographers, and engravers who made the originals. Included among these are Jacques le Moyne, John White, Theodore De Bry, Francis Parsons, Joshua Reynolds, John Trumball, George Catlin, John Mix Stanley, Thomas McKenney, and Samuel Waugh. Life Portraitshas been a classic title in southeastern archaeology and a staple of bookstores and museum shops around the country since its original publication in 1958. Because the carefully identified illustrations were secured from a wide variety of sources, including the British Museum, the Charleston Museum, the New York Public Library, and the Oklahoma Historical Society, this volume represents the most comprehensiveand widely available record of Indian images. Designed for Americana collections, it will appeal to general readers as well as professional historians and archaeologists.

Chapter One

APPRECIATION

    The owners of the pictures shown herein are indicated by the courtesy lines. I wish to thank the museums, libraries, and individuals who granted permission for the use of reproductions of their paintings, drawings, and engravings. This book would not have been possible without their cooperation. The individuals in the various institutions who patiently supplied the photographs and descriptive information performed an invaluable service in the total combined effort necessary to produce this book.

    The Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology--Dr. Frank H. H. Roberts, Director; Dr. William C. Sturtevant, Ethnologist; Mrs. Margaret Blaker, Archivist; and the photographic department--was especially helpful in making available photographs and information and in suggesting other sources of pictures. The Alabama Department of Archives and History--Peter A. Brannon, Director; Mrs. Leonard Cobb, Librarian; and Alex L. Bush, Photographer--aided in providing research materials. The Montgomery Public Library--Mrs. Dixie L. Fisher, Director--secured several dozen rare books by interlibrary loan from many libraries, including the New Orleans Public Library; Jacksonville (Florida) Public Library; Providence (R. I.) Public Library; Birmingham Public Library; Tennessee State Library and Archives; Florida State Library; the University Libraries of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Virginia, and Oklahoma; Alabama Polytechnic Institute Library; the Library of Congress and others. I am also grateful to the New York Public Library which made available prints of many pictures, and supplied useful information about various publications. Bibliographical lists from Washington University, St. Louis, the New York State Library, and others were helpful. I appreciate the correspondence regarding rare books and microfilms which I received from various libraries including the Harvard University Library, University of Pennsylvania Library, the Pennsylvania Historical Society Library, the Virginia Historical Society and others. I am also grateful to many individuals--among them Dr. Ben C. McCary, William and Mary College and Dr. Charles H. Fairbanks, University of Florida--who suggested sources of pictures and information.

    I want to thank my sister, Mary Douglass Fundaburk Foreman, for suggesting the basic design of this book; my aunt, Helen Douglas; Bradley for proof reading and making the index; Beverley Colomb Bricken for secretarial work and prepublication advertising copy; the Alabama Engraving Company for artwork and engraving; the Birmingham Printing Company for composition and printing; and the many individuals to whom I have corresponded seeking information. I am also grateful to the prepublication subscribers. I hope they and others will find this a useful research document.

    This book has not been the work of one person. It represents the combined effort of many individuals and institutions. To each who has helped in any way with this--I deeply thank you!

16th Century

De Bry

after

Le Moyne

TIMUCUA INDIANS. 1564-1565. FLORIDA. Engravings from Theodore de Bry, Brevis Narratio Eorvm Qvae in Florida Americae Provicia .... (Voyages, America, Part II), Frankfurt-am-Main, 1591. Engraved on copper by De Bry after the paintings of Jacques le Moyne de Morgues (d. 1588), cartographer and artist for the French Huguenot colony, Fort Caroline, St. Johns River, Florida. They were the first paintings representing native life in the area now the United States. Courtesy of The New York Public Library .

1. "THE PROMONTORY OF FLORIDA,

AT WHICH THE FRENCH

TOUCHED; NAMED BY THEM THE

FRENCH PROMONTORY." Engraving

number 1 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x

81/4 inches. After LeMoyne. Florida.

1564. NYPL .

2. "THE FRENCH SAIL TO

THE RIVER OF MAY." Engraving

number 2 from De

Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches.

After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564.

NYPL .

3. "LEAVING THE RIVER OF MAY, THE FRENCH

DISCOVER TWO OTHER RIVERS." Engraving number 3

from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

4. "SIX OTHER RIVERS DISCOVERED BY THE

FRENCH." Engraving number 4 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x

81/4 inches. After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

5. "THE FRENCH REACH PORT

ROYAL." Engraving number 5 from

De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches.

After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564.

NYPL .

6. "THE FRENCH COMMANDER

ERECTS A COLUMN WITH

THE ARMS OF THE KING OF

FRANCE." Engraving number 6

from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida.

1564. NYPL .

7. "THE FRENCH LEFT IN FORT

CHARLES SUFFER FROM

SCARCITY OF PROVISIONS." Engraving

number 7 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x

81/4 inches. After Le Moyne. Florida.

1564. NYPL .

8. "THE NATIVES OF FLORIDA

WORSHIP THE COLUMN

ERECTED BY THE COMMANDER

ON HIS FIRST VOYAGE." Engraving

number 8 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x

81/4 inches. After Le Moyne. Florida.

1564. NYPL .

9. "THE FRENCH SELECT A

PLACE FOR BUILDING A

FORT." Engraving number 9

from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida.

1564. NYPL .

10. "PICTURE OF FORT

CAROLINA." Engraving number 10 from

De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After

Le Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

11. "CEREMONIES PERFORMED BY

SATURIOUA BEFORE GOING ON

AN EXPEDITION AGAINST THE

ENEMY." Engraving number 11 from

De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After

Le Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

12. "OUTINA , GOING AT

THE HEAD OF HIS ARMY

AGAINST THE ENEMY,

CONSULTS A SORCERER ON THE

EVENT." Engraving number 12

from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

13. "OUTINA, WITH THE

HELP OF THE FRENCH,

GAINS A VICTORY OVER

HIS ENEMY POTANOU."

Engraving number 13 from De

Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches.

After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564.

NYPL .

14. "ORDER OF MARCH OBSERVED

BY OUTINA ON A MILITARY EXPEDITION."

Engraving number 14 from De

Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le

Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

15. "HOW OUTINA'S MEN

TREATED THE SLAIN OF

THE ENEMY." Engraving

number 15 from De Bry, 1591, 61/4

x 81/4 inches. After Le Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

16. "TROPHIES A N D CEREMONIES

AFTER A VICTORY."

Engraving number 16 from De Bry,

1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le

Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

17. "EMPLOYMENTS OF THE

HERMAPHRODITES." Engraving number

17 from De Bry, 1591. 161/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564.

NYPL .

18. "THE CHIEF APPLIED TO

BY WOMEN WHOSE HUSBANDS

HAVE DIED IN WAR

OR BY DISEASE." Engraving

number 18 from De Bry, 1591,

61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le

Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

19. "CEREMONIES OF WOMEN

MOURNING FOR THEIR DECEASED

HUSBANDS." Engraving number 19 from

De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After

Le Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

20. "MODE OF TREATING

THE SICK." Engraving number

20 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida.

1564. NYPL .

21. "MODE OF TILLING AND

PLANTING." Engraving number 21

from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches.

After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

22. "INDUSTRY OF THE FLORIDIANS

IN DEPOSITING THEIR CROPS IN

THE PUBLIC GRANARY." Engraving

number 22 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564.

NYPL .

23. "BRINGING IN WILD

ANIMALS, FISH, AND OTHER

STORES." Engraving number 23

from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida.

1564. NYPL .

24. "MODE OF DRYING FISH, WILD

ANIMALS, AND OTHER PROVISIONS."

Engraving number 24 from De Bry, 1591.

61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

25. "HUNTING DEER." Engraving

number 25 from De Bry, 1591.

61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

26. "KILLING CROCODILES." Engraving

number 26 from De Bry, 1591.

61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

27. "FLORIDIANS CROSSING OVER

TO AN ISLAND TO TAKE THEIR

PLEASURE." Engraving number 27

from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches.

After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

28. "PREPARATIONS FOR A

FEAST." Engraving number 28

from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida.

1564. NYPL .

29. "PROCEEDINGS OF THE

FLORIDIANS IN DELIBERATING ON

IMPORTANT AFFAIRS." Engraving

number 29 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564.

NYPL .

30. "CONSTRUCTION OF FORTIFIED

TOWNS AMONG THE FLORIDIANS."

Engraving number 30 from De Bry, 1591.

61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

31. "HOW THEY SET ON FIRE AN

ENEMY'S TOWN." Engraving number

31 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches.

After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

32. "HOW SENTINEL S ARE

PUNISHED FOR SLEEPING ON

THEIR POSTS." Engraving

number 32 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x

81/4 inches. After foe Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

33. "HOW THEY DECLARE WAR."

Engraving number 33 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x

81/4 inches. After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564.

NYPL .

34. "FIRST-BORN CHILDREN

SACRIFICED TO THE CHIEF WITH SOLEMN

CEREMONIES." Engraving number 34 from

De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le

Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

35. "SOLEMNITIES AT

CONSECRATING THE SKIN OF A

STAG TO THE SUN." Engraving

number 35 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4

x 81/4 inches. After Le Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

36. "THE YOUTH AT THEIR

EXERCISES." Engraving number 36 from De

Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le

Moyne, Florida, 1564. NYPL .

37. "THE DISPLAY WITH

WHICH A QUEEN ELECT IS

BROUGHT TO THE KING."

Engraving number 37 from De Bry,

1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le

Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

38. "SOLEMNITIES AT THE RECEPTION

OF THE QUEEN BY THE

KING." Engraving number 38 from De

Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le

Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

39. "THE KING AND QUEEN

TAKING A WALK FOR THEIR

AMUSEMENT." Engraving number

39 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x

81/4 inches. After Le Moyne.

Florida. 1564. NYPL .

40. "CEREMONIES AT THE

DEATH OF A CHIEF OR OF

PRIESTS." Engraving number 40

from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida.

1564. NYPL .

41. "MODE OF COLLECTING GOLD

IN STREAMS RUNNING FROM THE

APALATCY MOUNTAINS." Engraving

number 41 from De Bry, 1591. 61/4 x 81/4

inches. After Le Moyne. Florida. 1564.

NYPL .

42. "MURDER OF PIERRE

GAMBRÉ, A FRENCHMAN."

Engraving number 42 from De Bry,

1591. 61/4 x 81/4 inches. After Le

Moyne. Florida. 1564. NYPL .

16th Century

De Bry

after

White

SOUTHERN ALGONQUIAN INDIANS. 1585. NORTH CAROLINA. Engravings from Theodore de Bry, Admiranda Narratio Fida Tamen, de Commodis et incolarvm Ritibvs Virginiae, ... Viv ae Imagines ... et ad viuum expreffa of Joanne With .... (Voyages, America, Part I), Frankfurt-am-Main, 1590. Engraved on copper by De Bry after the water colors of John White, artist with Sir Walter Raleigh's first colony to Roanoke Island in 1585, and Governor of the second Virginia colony in 1587. Courtesy of The New York Public Library .

43. "THE ARRIUAL OF THE

ENGLIFHEMEN IN VIRGINIA."

Engraving number 2 from

De Bry, 1590. 83/4 x 6 inches.

After White. North Carolina.

1585. NYPL .

44. "A WEROAN OR GREAT LORDE

OF VIRGINIA." Engraving number 3

from De Bry, 1590. 83/4 x 5 7/8 inches.

After White. North Carolina. 1585.

NYPL .

45. "ONE OF THE CHEIFF LADYES OF

SECOTA." Engraving number 4 from

De Bry, 1590. 83/4 x 5 7/8 inches. After

White. North Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

46. "ONE OF THE RELIGEOUS

MEN IN THE TOWNE OF

SECOTA." Engraving number 5 from

De Bry, 1590. Engraved by G.

Veen. 83/4 x 61/4 inches. After

White. North Carolina. 1585.

NYPL .

47. "A YOUNGE GENTILL WOEMAN

DOUGHTER OF SECOTA." Engraving

number 6 from De Bry, 1590. Engraved

by G. Veen. 81/4 x 5 7/8 inches. After

White. North Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

48. "A CHEIFF LORDE OF

ROANOAC." Engraving number 7

from De Bry, 1590. 83/4 x 6 3/8

inches. After White. North

Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

49. "A CHEIFF LADYE OF POMEIOOC."

Engraving number 8 from De

Bry, 1590. 81/2 x 53/4 inches. After White.

North Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

50. "AN AGED MANNE IN HIS

WINTER GARMENT." Engraving

number 9 from De Bry, 1590.

8 5/8 x 6 inches. After White.

North Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

51. "THEIR MANNER OF

CAREYNGE THER CHILDREN

AND ATYERE OF THE CHEIFFE

LADYES OF THE TOWNE OF

DASAMONQUEPEUC." Engraving

number 10 from De Bry, 1590.

8 3/8 x 5 5/8 inches. After White.

North Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

52. "THE CONIUERER." Engraving

number 11 from De Bry, 1590. Engraved

by G Veen. 81/2 x 6 inches. After White.

North Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

53. "THE MANNER OF MAKINGE

THEIR BOATES." Engraving

number 12 from De Bry, 1590.

81/2 x 5 7/8 inches. After White.

North Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

54. "THEIR MANNER OF FISHYNGE IN VIRGINIA." Engraving number 13 from De Bry, 1590. 121/2 x 10 3/8 inches. After White. North Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

55. "THE BROVVYLLINGE OF

THEIR FIFHE OUER THE

FLAME." Engraving number 14

from De Bry, 1590. 8 3/8 x 51/4

inches. After White. North

Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

56. "THEIR FEETHEYNGE OF

THEIR MEATE IN EARTHERN

POTTES." Engraving number

15 from De Bry, 1590. Engraved

by G. Veen. 81/4 x 5 5/8 inches.

After White. North Carolina.

1585. NYPL .

57. "THEIR FITTING AT

MEATE." Engraving number 16

from De Bry, 1590. 81/2 x 6

inches. After White. North

Carolina. 1585. NYPL .

Copyright © 1958 Emma Lila Fundaburk. All rights reserved.