Southern United States

This unique survey of the environmental history of the southern United States explores the ecological, social, and economic interaction between humans and the environment in the South over the last 20,000 years.

Series Foreword

ix

Acknowledgments

xiii

Preface

xv

1 PLEISTOCENE: THE BIG CHILL,

Donald E. Davis

1

(24)

Ecological Impact of the Ice Age

1

(3)

Importance of Climate Change in the Pleistocene

2

(1)

Plant Migration and the Warming Trend

3

(1)

Animal Populations of the Pleistocene

4

(3)

Effects of the Glacial Retreat

7

(4)

Appearance of Humans in the American South

11

(5)

Theories of Pleistocene Mammal Extinction

16

(2)

Paleoindian Survival

18

(2)

The Younger Dryas and the End of the Pleistocene Era

20

(5)

2 HOLOCENE: MELTDOWN,

Donald E. Davis

25

(30)

Early Archaic Human Habitats and Culture

26

(3)

Effects of the Hypsithermal

29

(1)

Middle Archaic Human Culture

30

(2)

Climate Changes in the Middle Archaic Period

32

(1)

Late Archaic Culture

33

(4)

Woodland Period

37

(14)

Middle Woodland Culture

41

(4)

Late Woodland Culture

45

(6)

Mississippian Culture

51

(4)

3 MOUNDVILLE: ENTER ZEA MAYS,

Donald E. Davis

55

(26)

Spread of Mississippian Culture

55

(10)

Maize Cultivation among the Mississippians

58

(4)

Beans and Squash

62

(1)

Additional Dietary Elements

63

(2)

Consequences of a Mixed Subsistence Economy

65

(2)

Timber and River Cane Use in Mississippian Settlements

67

(3)

Plant and Animal Depletions in the Mississippean Period

70

(5)

Climate and Mississippian Survival

75

(6)

4 COLONY: THE COAST IS CLEARED,

Donald E. Davis

81

(28)

Beginnings of the Spanish Colonies

81

(10)

Cabeza de Vaca's Travails

83

(2)

De Soto's Conquests

85

(6)

Early French Settlements in the American South

91

(1)

Continued Spanish Dominance

92

(3)

The Columbian Exchange

95

(1)

British Arrivals

96

(13)

5 PLANTATION: SEEDS OF CHANGE,

Donald E. Davis

109

(24)

Rice

109

(6)

Indigo

115

(3)

Sugarcane

118

(3)

Cotton

121

(7)

Effect of Cotton Crops on Soil

125

(3)

The Effect of Slaves on the Environment

128

(1)

Other Crops

129

(4)

6 UPLAND: GROWING PAINS,

Donald E. Davis

133

(26)

Hunting and the Fur Trade

134

(4)

White Settlers, Population Increases, and Changes to the Landscape

138

(2)

Livestock and the Environment

140

(10)

Corn and Livestock

143

(3)

Bluegrass, Hemp, and Other Crops

146

(4)

Ores, Mining, and Environmental Effects

150

(9)

7 METROPOLIS: PARADISE LOST,

Donald E. Davis

159

(24)

Railroads and Lumber

159

(7)

Spanish Moss and Medicinal Herbs

166

(5)

Turpentine

168

(3)

Commercial Ports and the Rivers

171

(4)

Levee Construction

172

(2)

Dams and Electricity

174

(1)

The Tennessee Valley Authority and the River Ecology

175

(5)

Dams and Marine Life

178

(2)

Electricity and Industry

180

(3)

8 PARADISE LOST?

Craig E. Colten

183

(38)

A Century of Transformation

183

(1)

Conserving the Wild

183

(9)

Transforming the Agricultural Landscape

192

(5)

Planting a New Agriculture

197

(3)

Managing Hazards in the Landscape

200

(10)

Growing Cities

210

(4)

Enjoying Nature

214

(2)

Conclusions: The Transformation Continues

216

(2)

Epilogue

218

(3)

9 CASE STUDIES

221

(40)

The Okefenokee Swamp (Georgia/Florida),

Megan Kate Nelson

221

(14)

A Marginalized Landscape

222

(2)

Exploration and Extraction

224

(6)

Scientific Inquiry, Preservation, and Tourism

230

(5)

The Making of Cancer Alley: A Historical View of Louisiana's Chemical Corridor,

Barbara L. Allen

235

(12)

From Plantations to Petrochemical Corporations

235

(3)

Attempt at Regulation

238

(2)

Further Expansion of the Chemical Industry

240

(2)

From "Environmental" to "Environmental justice" Movement

242

(3)

Corporate Versus Human Welfare

245

(1)

Conclusion

246

Imperiled and Extinct Birds of the South,

Mikko Saikku

247

(14)

Important People, Events, and Concepts

261

(12)

Chronology

273

(6)

Documents

279

(56)

References and Bibliography

335

(46)

Index

381

references and index.

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Southern United States

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials