- ISBN: 9781119507482 | 1119507480
- Cover: Hardcover
- Copyright: 5/18/2021
The Space Physics and Aeronomy collection is a five-volume set of books presenting the latest scientific observations, models, and theories. Arranged sequentially, the books examine the Sun and the solar wind, magnetospheres in the Solar system, Earth's ionosphere, Earth's upper atmosphere, and the effects of space weather.
Volume 1: Solar Physics and Solar Wind — A comprehensive view of our Sun at the start of a new era in solar and heliospheric physics
Volume 2: Magnetospheres in the Solar System — An overview of current knowledge and future research directions in magnetospheric physics
Volume 3: Ionosphere Dynamics and Applications — A comprehensive review of global ionospheric research from the polar caps to equatorial regions
Volume 4: Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics — A comprehensive overview of the structure and variability of the upper atmosphere
Volume 5: Space Weather Effects and Applications — Examines how solar and terrestrial space phenomena affect sophisticated technological systems
The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Find out more about the Space Physics and Aeronomy collection in this Q&A with the Editors in Chief.
Yongliang Zhang, Principal Professional Staff at JHU/APL, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory is Supervisor of the Space Weather Section.
Larry Paxton, Principal Professional Staff at JHU/APL, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory is Supervisor of Earth Science Group.
Volume 1: At the Doorstep of our Star:Solar Physics and SolarWind
NourRaouafiand Angelos Vourlidas Part I. Introduction Nour E. Raouafi and Angelos Vourlidas, Johns Hopkins Univ. APL (JHU/APL)
Part II. Solar Interior
1. Advances in Helioseismology Frank Hill, Doug Brown, Junwei Zhao, Charlie Lindsay 2 Solar Magnetic Field Generation James Leake, Mark Linton, Yhang fan, S. Gibson, Mark Cheung, Matthias Rempel 3 Magnetic field emergence James Leake, Mark Linton, Yhang fan, S. Gibson, Mark Cheung, Matthias Rempel 4 Solar Cycle P Charbonneau, Mausumi Dikpati, David Hathaway, Robert Cameron Part III. Solar Surface: Magnetism and Solar Radiation Sami Solanki, J. M. Borrero, K. D. Leka, J. Trujillo Bueno, Hector Navarro, N. E. Raouafi, S. Gibson, J. Kuhn, Mancuso, S. White
5 Measurements techniques of solar magnetic fields 6 Active regions 7 Large scale solar magnetic fields 8 Modeling of the coronal fields 9 Solar radiation: TSI vs. SSI Part IV. Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections Lyndsay Fletcher, Sam Krucker, Russ Howard, David Web, Barbara Thomson, Ryun Young Kwon, Spiros Patsourakos, Spiro K. Antiochos, John Linker, WB Manchester
10 Phenomenology of flares and CMEs 11 Advances in the observations of flares and CMEs 12 Modeling of flares and CMEs 13 Forecast of solar activity: advances and outstanding problems Part V. Small-Scale Coronal Activity A. Sterling, B. DePontieu, N. E. Raouafi, S. McIntosh, Peter Young, Spiros Patsourakos, Tibor Torok, Roberto Lionnello, Antonia Savcheva
14 Coronal plumes formation and evolution 15 Coronal jets: observations vs. models 16 Contribution of plumes and jets to the solar wind 17 Jets as sources of 3He rich events Part VI. The Coronal Heating Problem Jim Klimchuk, Markus Aschwendan, Durgesh Tripathi, Helen Mason, Lars Landorf, Leon Ofman, Steve Cranmer, Marco Velli, Bill Matthaeus, Hardi Peter
18 Historical aspects of the coronal heating problem 19 Obervational sources of chromospheric and coronal heating 20 Models of coronal heating: differences and observational constraints Part VII. Solar Wind Alexis Rouillard, Shadia Habbal, Marco Velli, Bill Matthaeus, Ben Chandran, Daniel Verscharen, Chris Kelin, Sofiane Bourouaine, Greg Howse, Jean Perez, some people from Europe
21 Observations of different regimes of the solar wind 22 Origins of the solar wind 23 Acceleration of the nascent coronal solar wind 24 Heating of the solar wind: Turbulence, reconnection, waves, etc. Part VIII. Solar Energetic Particles and Cosmic Rays Rami Vainio, Radoslav Bucik, Joe Giacalone, D. Lario, Richardson, Dröge, Christina Cohen, Alexis Rouillard
25 Observations of SEPs: sources of impulsive and gradual events 26 Particle Reservoirs 27 3He rich events 28 Neutral events 29 Diffusive shock acceleration 30 Other theories of particle injection and acceleration Part IX. Physics of the Outer Heliosphere Tom Krimigis, Rob Decker, Ed Stone, Alan Cummings, Ed Roelof, Don Gurnett, Bill Kurth, John Richardson, Len Burlaga, Nick Pogorelov, Merav Opher, Joe Giacalone, Randy Jokipii, Vladimir Florinski
31 Evolution of the Solar Wind and Energetic Particles from Sun to Termination Shock 32 Physics of the Pickup-ion Mediated Termination Shock of the Solar Wind 33 Evolution of the Shocked Solar Wind, Suprathermal Particles, and Cosmic Rays through the Heliosheath 34 Physics of the Heliopause Boundary Region 35 Properties of the Very Local Interstellar Medium Measured at Voyager 1 Volume 2: Magnetospheres in the solarsystem
Romain Maggiolo, Nicolas André, Hiroshi Hasegawa, and Dan Welling
Part I. Introduction (8 pages) R. Maggiolo (BISA, Belgium); N. André (IRAP, France); Hiroshi Hasegawa (ISAS/JAXA, Japan, D.T. Welling (University of Michigan, MI, USA) Part II. The Earth magnetosphere (30 pages)
1 A short history of the Earth magnetosphere (15 pages) Christopher T. Russell (IGPP/UCLA, CA, USA); David Southwood (Imperial College, London, UK) 2 Large scale structure and dynamics (15 pages) David Sibeck (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA); Jonathan .P. Eastwood (Imperial College, London, UK) Part III. Fundamental Processes (65 pages)
3 Magnetic reconnection (15 pages) Tsugunobu Nagai (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan); Andrei Runov (EPSS/UCLA, CA, USA) 4 Turbulence (15 pages) Marius M. Echim (BISA, Belgium); Giuseppe Consolini (INAF-IAPS, Italy) 5 Wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere (15 pages) Yoshiharu Omura (Kyoto University, Japan), Wen Li (Boston University, MA, USA), Richard. B. Horne (British Antarctic Survey, UK) 6 Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma (10 pages) Georges V. Khazanov (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA) 7 Cross-scale energy transport in space plasmas (10 pages) Thomas E. Moore (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA) Part IV. Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling (50 pages)
8 The Bow shock (10 pages) Georges K. Parks (SSL, UC Berkeley, CA, USA) 9 Magnetosheath and magnetopause (10 pages) Ferdinand Plaschke (SRI, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria) 10 Dayside magnetopause processes: (10 pages) Steven Fuselier (SWRI, TX, USA) Joe Borovsky (SSI, Boulder, CO, USA; CSSE, University of Michigan, MI, USA); Goetz Paschmann (Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Germany) 11 The magnetospheric cusps (10 pages) Benoit Lavraud (IRAP, France), Philippe Escoubet (ESA/ESTEC, Netherland) 12 The Low-Latitude Boundary Layer (10 pages) Takuma Nakamura (Space Research Institute Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria), Hiroshi Hasegawa (ISAS/JAXA, Japan) Part V. Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling (45 pages)
13 Field aligned currents (7+7 pages) Hermann Lühr (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Germany): SWARM results, (7 pages) Haje Korth (JHUAPL, MD, USA): AMPERE (7 pages) 14 Ionospheric ions acceleration and transport (10 pages) Andrew W. Yau (University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada); Hans Nilsson (Institutet för Rymdfysik, Sweden) 15 Cold ions in the magnetosphere (10 pages) Mats André (IRF, Sweden), Stein Haaland (Max-Planck Institute, Germany/University of Bergen, Norway) 16 Particle precipitation (10 pages) Patrick Newell (JHUAPL, MD, USA); SimonWing (JHUAPL, MD, USA) Part VI. The dynamic magnetosphere (90 pages)
17 The active magnetosphere: Storms and substorms (15 pages, could be divided in 2 papers, one dedicated to THEMIS results) Yukitoshi Nishimura (UCLA, CA, USA), Tony Lui (JHUAPL, MD, USA) David Sibeck (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA) THEMIS results 18 The northward IMF (quiet) magnetosphere (10 pages) Wenhui Li (UNH, NH, USA), Robert Fear (University of Southampton, UK) 19 Magnetotail processes (15 pages) Joachim Birn (LANL, NM, USA) 20 Ring current (10 pages) Raluca Ilie (University of Illinois, IL, USA); N. Ganushkina (FMI, Finland), 21 Radiation belts (10 pages) Xinlin Li (LANL, NM, USA), Drew turner (UCLA, CA, USA) 22 Plasmasphere (10 pages) Fabien Darrouzet (BISA, Belgium), Denis Gallager (MSFC/NASA, AL, USA) 23 Ionospheric ions impact on magnetospheric dynamics (10 pages) Elena Kronberg (Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Germany); Lynn Kistler (UNH, NH, USA) Part VII. Planetary magnetic fields (10 pages)
24 Planetary Magnetic fields (10 pages) Karl-Heinz Glassmeier (University of Braunschweig, Germany), Jack Connerney (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA), David Stevenson (Caltech University, CA, USA), Ulrich Christensen (MPS Goettingen, Germany) Part VIII. Induced Magnetospheres: Mars, Venus, Titan, and comets (65 pages)
25 Venus (15 pages) Tielong Zhang (Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria), Stas Barabash (IRF Kiruna, Sweden) 26 Mars (15 pages) Jasper Halekas (University of Iowa, IA, USA) 27 Titan (15 pages) Cesar Bertucci (University of Buenos Aires, Argentina), Sven Simon (University of Washington, WA, USA) 28 Comets: Rosetta, the birth of a magnetosphere (10 pages) Hans Nilsson (IRF Kiruna, Sweden), M. Taylor (ESA/ESTEC, Netherlands) 29 Atmospheric escape from induced magnetospheres (10 pages) Dave Brain (University of Colorado, CO, USA), Edik Dubinin (MPS Goettingen, Germany) Part IX. Giant planet magnetospheres (80 pages)
30 Fast rotating magnetospheres: Jupiter and Saturn (40 pages) Nick Achilleos (UCL), Nick Sergis (University of Athens, Greece): Magnetodiscs (10 pages) Michelle Thomsen (LANL), Plasma sources, losses, and transport (10 pages) Emma Bunce (Leicester University), Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling (10 pages) Elias Roussos (MPS Goettingen, Germany), Daniel Santos Costa (SwRI), Radiation Belts (10 pages) 31 Asymmetrical magnetospheres: Uranus and Neptune (30 pages) Chris Arridge (University of Lancaster, UK): Uranus (15 pages) Adam Masters (Imperial College, UK): Neptune (15 pages) 32 Seasonal effects (10 pages) Ann Persoon (University of Iowa, IA, USA); Khrishan Khurana (University of California, CA, USA) Part X. Mini-magnetospheres and Moon-magnetosphere interactions (45 pages)
33 Mercury (15 pages) Jim Slavin (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA), Yoshifumi Saito (ISAS/JAXA), Mercury magnetosphere 34 Ganymede (15 pages) Xianzhe Jia (University of Michigan, MI, USA), Ganymede magnetosphere 35 Moon-magnetosphere interactions (15 pages) Joachim Saur (University of Braunschweig, Germany), Khrishan Khurana (University of California, CA, USA) Part XI. Investigating magnetospheric processes (80 pages)
36 Global simulations (10 pages) Joachim Raeder (EOS/UNH, NH, USA) 37 Kinetic modelling (10 pages) Giovanni Lapenta (KUL Leuven, Belgium); Stefano Markidis (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden) 38 Data based models of the Earth magnetic field (10 pages) N. Tsyganenko (Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia) 39 Multi-point observations (CLUSTER, DOUBLE STAR, THEMIS, SWARM) (10 pages) Joachim Vogt (Jacobs University Bremen, Germany), Philippe Escoubet (ESA/ESTEC, Netherlands) 40 Exploring small scales with MMS (10 pages) K.J. Trattner (LASP, CO, USA), J. Burch (SWRI, TX, USA), R. Ergun (LASP, CO, USA) 41 Imaging the magnetosphere (10 pages) J. Goldstein (SWRI, TX, USA) 42 Ground observations: radars and all sky cameras (10 pages) Larry Lyons (UCLA, CA, USA); Steve Milan (University of Leicester, UK) 43 Laboratory experiments: putting space in the lab (10 pages) Koepke (West Virginia University, VI, USA), Gregory Howes (university of IOWA, IA, USA) Part XII. Future directions (50 pages)
44 Challenges in modelling the magnetosphere (10 pages) V. Jordanova (LANL, NM, USA) Joe Borovsky (SSI, Boulder, CO, USA; CSSE, University of Michigan, MI, USA) 45 Does a magnetosphere protect the ionosphere? (10 pages) R. Maggiolo (BISA, Belgium), R. Lundin, H. Nilsson 46 Using magnetospheres to detect exoplanets (10 pages) Zarka, Philippe (LESIA, France) : AKR/Radio emissions Alide Vidotto (School of Physics Trinity College Dublin, Ireland): bow shock/Interaction with stellar wind 47 Unsolved problems (10 pages) M. H. Denton (NMC, Los Alamos, NM, USA) 48 The future of magnetospheric research (10 pages) Goetz Paschmann (Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Germany) Volume 3: Advances in Ionospheric Research: Current understanding and Challenges
Chaosong Huang of Air Force Research Laboratory and Gang Lu of National Center of Atmospheric Research Part I. Electrodynamics in the polar cap and auroral zone 1. Magnetospheric energy input to the high-latitude ionosphere Cheryl Huang, Air Force Research Laboratory Gang Lu, National Center for Atmospheric Studies 2. High-latitude ionospheric convection J. Mickael Ruohoniemi and Joseph Baker, Virginia Tech Alexandre V. Koustov, University of Saskatchewan, Canada 3. Processes during geomagnetic storms and substorms Shasha Zou, University of Michigan William Bristow, University of Alaska Fairbanks 4. Magnetospheric-ionospheric coupling C. Robert Clauer, Virginia Tech Olga Verkhoglyadova, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory 5. High-latitude ionospheric response to transient variations of the solar wind M. Grandin, University of Oulu, Finland Hui Zhang, University of Alaska Fairbanks Part II. Electrodynamics in the subauroral and midlatitude ionosphere
6. Subauroral polarization streams John Foster, MIT Haystack Observatory Phil C. Anderson, University of Texas at Dallas Evgeny V. Mishin, Air Force Research Laboratory 7. Subauroral ionospheric convection Simon G. Shepherd, Dartmouth College K. Hosokawa, University of Electro�]Communications, Japan 8. Storm enhanced density and ionospheric plumes Anthea Coster and Phil Erickson, MIT Haystack Observatory Endawoke Yizengaw, Boston College 9. Interhemispheric difference and coupling Carlos Martinis, Boston University Tetsuo Motoba, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan 10. Sporadic E layers and plasma instability in midlatitude ionosphere Qihou Zhou, Miami University, David Hysell, Cornell University Part III. Electrodynamics in the low-latitude ionosphere
11. Equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics Bela Fejer, Utah State University Rob Pfaff, NASA Space Weather Laboratory M. A. Abdu: INPE/ITA, Brazil 12. Equatorial spread F: Modeling Joe Huba, Naval Research Laboratory Tatsuhiro Yokoyama: NICT, Japan 13. Equatorial spread F: Observations Roland Tsunoda, SRI International Fabiano Rodrigues, University of Texas Dallas 14. Equatorial electrojet currents H. Luehr, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany Yosuke Yamazaki, University of Lancaster, UK 15. Equatorial anomaly during geomagnetic storms Biqiang Zhao, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Nanan Balan: Nagoya University, Japan Part IV. Global ionospheric processes
16. Penetration electric fields Takashi Kikuchi, Nagoya University, Japan Chaosong Huang, Air Force Research Laboratory 17. Ionospheric-thermospheric coupling T. W. Fang, University of Colorado Boulder Shunrong Zhang, MIT Haystack Observatory 18. Stratospheric warming Larisa Goncharenko, MIT Haystack Observatory Alan Burns, High Altitude Observatory 19. Ionospheric storms Robert W. Schunk, Utah State University Tim Fuller-Rowell, University of Colorado Boulder 20. Traveling ionospheric disturbances Elvira Astafyeva, Denis Diderot University, France Takuya Tsugawa, NICT, Japan Part V. Planetary ionospheres
21. Venus’s ionosphere Christopher T. Russell, UCLA M. Pätzold, Universität zu Köln, Germany 22. Martian ionosphere Ali Safaeinili, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory 23. Sanchez-Cano, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK 24. Jupiter’s ionosphere Robert E. Ergun, University of Colorado, Boulder K. Matsuda, Tohoku University, Japan 25. Saturn’s ionosphere Andrew F. Nagy, University of Michigan Luke Moore, Boston University 26. Uranus’s ionosphere Henrik Melin, University of Leicester, UK Part VI. Ionospheric impacts on applications
27. Scintillation effects on radio communications Seebany Datta-Barua, Illinois Institute of Technology V. Sreeja, University of Nottingham, UK 28. Scintillation effects on GPS and navigation system Charles Carrano, Boston College Claudia Stolle, GFZ Helmhotz Centre Potsdam, Germany Yu T. Morton, Miami University 29. Ionospheric effects on HF propagation Ray A. Greenwald, Virginia Tech Ben A. Witvliet, Radio communications Agency Netherlands 30. Geomagnetically induced currents Chunming Liu, North China Electric Power University, China Ryuho Kataoka, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan 31. Ionospheric disturbances related to earthquakes C. D. Reddy, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, India Jann-Yeng Liu, National Space Organization, Hsinchu, Taiwan Yu-Ming Yang, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Volume 4: Thermospheres and mesospheres in the solarsystem
Wenbin Wang and Yongliang Zhang Part I. Introduction Wenbin Wang of NCAR and Yongliang Zhang of JHU/APL Part II. Upper atmosphere dynamics and energetics
1 Winds in the upper atmosphere: Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 2 Force balance: Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 3 Hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic atmosphere: Yue Deng of UTA and Hanli Liu of NCAR, Aaron Ridley of UMich 4 Energy budget: Solar heating: Stan Solomon and Liying Qian of NCAR 5 Energy budget: Joule heating: Delores Knipp of CU and Gang Lu of NCAR 6 Energy budget: Auroral particle heating: Yongliang Zhang and Larry Paxton of JPL 7 Energy budget: Cooling to space (airglow): Stan Solomon of NCAR 8 Energy budget: CO2 cooling: Marti Mlynczak of NASA 9 Energy budget: NO cooling: Marti Mlynczak of NASA and Yongliang Zhang of APL 10 Global structure of winds and temperature Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR Part III. Composition and density of the upper atmosphere
11 Mesospheric chemistry: Dan Marsh of NCAR 12 Major and minor species in the upper atmosphere: Jeff Thayer of CU 13 Diffusion and advection of the upper atmosphere: Jeff Tayer of CU, Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 14 ETWA, equatorial temperature and wind anomaly: Jiuhou Lei of USTC; Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 15 Pressure surface/height coordinate: Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 16 Vertical profiles and column density O/N2: Yongliang Zhang of APL, Jia Yue of HU, Bob Meier of GMU 17 Helium: Eric Sutton of AFRL, Jeff Thayer of CU 18 Hydrogen/Geocorona: Edwin Mierkiewicz of ERU Part IV. Vertical coupling of the atmosphere
19 Gravity waves: Hanli Liu of NCAR, Sharon Vadas of NWRA, Geoff Crowley of Astra 20 Tides: Jeff Forbes of CU and Mara Hagan of USU 21 Planetary waves: Jia Yue of HU, Loren Chang of NCU 22 Sudden Stratosphere Warming (SSW): Nick Pedatella of NCAR, Larisa Goncharenko of MIT 23 Mixing: Jia Yue of HU, Yosuke Yamazaki of U of Larcaster, Liying Qian of NCAR Part V. Ion-neutral coupling in the upper atmosphere
24 Ion drag and Joule heating: Jeff Thayer of CU, Gang Lu and Art Richmond of NCAR 25 Wind and composition effect on the ionosphere: Jiuhou Lei of USTC, Alan Burns and Wenbin Wang of NCAR 26 Neutral wind dynamo: Astrid Maute and Art Richmond of NCAR 27 TAD/TID: Irfan Izeem of Astra, Jonath Makala of UILL Part VI. Upper atmospheric variability and its sources
28 Day-to-day variability: Jiuhou Lei of USTC, Hanli Liu and Wenbin Wang of NCAR 29 Seasonal variation and hemispheric asymmetry: Liying Qian and Alan Burns of NCAR, Huixin Liu of Japan 30 Solar cycle variations: Stan Solomon and Liying Qian of NCAR, John Emmert of GMU 31 Long-term trend: Stan Solomon and Liying Qian of NCAR, John Emmert of GMU, Shunrong Zhang of MIT Part VII. Upper atmosphere coupling with the magnetosphere
32 Storm-time energy and momentum inputs: Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 33 Extreme event: Delores Knipp of CU and Aaron Ridley of UM 34 Storm-time changes of the upper atmosphere: Yongliang Zhang of APL, Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 35 Thermosphere upwelling and O+ outflow: Binzheng Zhang and Mike Wiltberger of NCAR, Bill Lotko of Dartmouth Part VIII. Upper atmospheres of other planets
36 Mars 37 Venus 38 Outer planets Part IX. Advances in empirical and numerical modeling of the upper atmosphere
39 MSIS and HWM: Doug Drob and John Emmert of NRL 40 WAM: Tim Fuller-Rowell of NOAA 41 WACCM-X: Hanli Liu and Wenbin Wang of NCAR 42 Data assimilation and application: Tomoko Matsuo of CU, Ludger Scheliess of USU Part X. Observations of the upper atmosphere
43 Ground-based observations: Qian Wu of NCAR, Jonath Makala of UILL 44 Lidar: Xinzhao Chu of CU, Tao Yue of USU 45 GUVI: Yongliang Zhang and Larry Paxton of APL 46 SABER: Marti Mlynczak of NASA, Jams Russell and Jia Yue of HU 47 Satellite drag: Eric Sutton of AFRL Volume 5: Space weather predications and applications
Phil Erickson Part I. Introduction Part II. Space Weather at the Sun
1 Solar Optical Spectral Variability (visible, UV, X-ray) 2 Solar Electromagnetic variability (Radio frequency) 3 Solar Particle Variability (CMEs, CIRs, Solar wind) Part III. Space Weather in Interplanetary Space
4 Acceleration of Mass and Energy in Interplanetary Space 5 Solar Wind Geoeffectiveness Part IV. Space Weather in the Radiation Belts
6 Radiation belt morphology 7 Effects on human efforts in space (spacecraft and biological effects) 8 Radiation belt acceleration, transport, and loss (Inner Van Allen zone, slot region and outer Van Allen zone) 9 Radiation belt coupling to other regions of geospace (Plasmasphere, ionosphere and middle atmosphere) Part V. Space Weather in the Magnetosphere
10 Magnetosheath, magnetopause, bow shock variations 11 Magnetospheric reconfiguration and transients (substorms, dipolarizations, plasmoids) Part VI. Ionospheric and Thermospheric Variability
12 Drivers 13 Climatology 14 Auroral dynamics connections 15 Irregularities and scintillations 16 Global electric circuit Part VII. Space weather connections to meteorology
17 Lower atmospheric effects coupling to ionospheric variability 18 Middle atmosphere variations Part VIII. Space Weather Observational Capabilities
19 Ground based observations 20 Space based observations 21 Recent advances Part IX. Space Weather Prediction Capabilities
22 Specification capabilities and challenges 23 Prediction capabilities and challenges Part X. Space weather operational impacts
24 Power grids 25 Communication systems 26 Satellites (radiation damage, thermospheric drag, micrometeoroid impact and EMP) Part XI. Space weather, Earthquake and climate Part XII. Space Weather insurance, policy, law and economy impact Part XIII. Future directions for space weather research
NourRaouafiand Angelos Vourlidas Part I. Introduction Nour E. Raouafi and Angelos Vourlidas, Johns Hopkins Univ. APL (JHU/APL)
Part II. Solar Interior
1. Advances in Helioseismology Frank Hill, Doug Brown, Junwei Zhao, Charlie Lindsay 2 Solar Magnetic Field Generation James Leake, Mark Linton, Yhang fan, S. Gibson, Mark Cheung, Matthias Rempel 3 Magnetic field emergence James Leake, Mark Linton, Yhang fan, S. Gibson, Mark Cheung, Matthias Rempel 4 Solar Cycle P Charbonneau, Mausumi Dikpati, David Hathaway, Robert Cameron Part III. Solar Surface: Magnetism and Solar Radiation Sami Solanki, J. M. Borrero, K. D. Leka, J. Trujillo Bueno, Hector Navarro, N. E. Raouafi, S. Gibson, J. Kuhn, Mancuso, S. White
5 Measurements techniques of solar magnetic fields 6 Active regions 7 Large scale solar magnetic fields 8 Modeling of the coronal fields 9 Solar radiation: TSI vs. SSI Part IV. Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections Lyndsay Fletcher, Sam Krucker, Russ Howard, David Web, Barbara Thomson, Ryun Young Kwon, Spiros Patsourakos, Spiro K. Antiochos, John Linker, WB Manchester
10 Phenomenology of flares and CMEs 11 Advances in the observations of flares and CMEs 12 Modeling of flares and CMEs 13 Forecast of solar activity: advances and outstanding problems Part V. Small-Scale Coronal Activity A. Sterling, B. DePontieu, N. E. Raouafi, S. McIntosh, Peter Young, Spiros Patsourakos, Tibor Torok, Roberto Lionnello, Antonia Savcheva
14 Coronal plumes formation and evolution 15 Coronal jets: observations vs. models 16 Contribution of plumes and jets to the solar wind 17 Jets as sources of 3He rich events Part VI. The Coronal Heating Problem Jim Klimchuk, Markus Aschwendan, Durgesh Tripathi, Helen Mason, Lars Landorf, Leon Ofman, Steve Cranmer, Marco Velli, Bill Matthaeus, Hardi Peter
18 Historical aspects of the coronal heating problem 19 Obervational sources of chromospheric and coronal heating 20 Models of coronal heating: differences and observational constraints Part VII. Solar Wind Alexis Rouillard, Shadia Habbal, Marco Velli, Bill Matthaeus, Ben Chandran, Daniel Verscharen, Chris Kelin, Sofiane Bourouaine, Greg Howse, Jean Perez, some people from Europe
21 Observations of different regimes of the solar wind 22 Origins of the solar wind 23 Acceleration of the nascent coronal solar wind 24 Heating of the solar wind: Turbulence, reconnection, waves, etc. Part VIII. Solar Energetic Particles and Cosmic Rays Rami Vainio, Radoslav Bucik, Joe Giacalone, D. Lario, Richardson, Dröge, Christina Cohen, Alexis Rouillard
25 Observations of SEPs: sources of impulsive and gradual events 26 Particle Reservoirs 27 3He rich events 28 Neutral events 29 Diffusive shock acceleration 30 Other theories of particle injection and acceleration Part IX. Physics of the Outer Heliosphere Tom Krimigis, Rob Decker, Ed Stone, Alan Cummings, Ed Roelof, Don Gurnett, Bill Kurth, John Richardson, Len Burlaga, Nick Pogorelov, Merav Opher, Joe Giacalone, Randy Jokipii, Vladimir Florinski
31 Evolution of the Solar Wind and Energetic Particles from Sun to Termination Shock 32 Physics of the Pickup-ion Mediated Termination Shock of the Solar Wind 33 Evolution of the Shocked Solar Wind, Suprathermal Particles, and Cosmic Rays through the Heliosheath 34 Physics of the Heliopause Boundary Region 35 Properties of the Very Local Interstellar Medium Measured at Voyager 1 Volume 2: Magnetospheres in the solarsystem
Romain Maggiolo, Nicolas André, Hiroshi Hasegawa, and Dan Welling
Part I. Introduction (8 pages) R. Maggiolo (BISA, Belgium); N. André (IRAP, France); Hiroshi Hasegawa (ISAS/JAXA, Japan, D.T. Welling (University of Michigan, MI, USA) Part II. The Earth magnetosphere (30 pages)
1 A short history of the Earth magnetosphere (15 pages) Christopher T. Russell (IGPP/UCLA, CA, USA); David Southwood (Imperial College, London, UK) 2 Large scale structure and dynamics (15 pages) David Sibeck (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA); Jonathan .P. Eastwood (Imperial College, London, UK) Part III. Fundamental Processes (65 pages)
3 Magnetic reconnection (15 pages) Tsugunobu Nagai (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan); Andrei Runov (EPSS/UCLA, CA, USA) 4 Turbulence (15 pages) Marius M. Echim (BISA, Belgium); Giuseppe Consolini (INAF-IAPS, Italy) 5 Wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere (15 pages) Yoshiharu Omura (Kyoto University, Japan), Wen Li (Boston University, MA, USA), Richard. B. Horne (British Antarctic Survey, UK) 6 Kinetic Theory of the Inner Magnetospheric Plasma (10 pages) Georges V. Khazanov (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA) 7 Cross-scale energy transport in space plasmas (10 pages) Thomas E. Moore (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA) Part IV. Solar wind-magnetosphere coupling (50 pages)
8 The Bow shock (10 pages) Georges K. Parks (SSL, UC Berkeley, CA, USA) 9 Magnetosheath and magnetopause (10 pages) Ferdinand Plaschke (SRI, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria) 10 Dayside magnetopause processes: (10 pages) Steven Fuselier (SWRI, TX, USA) Joe Borovsky (SSI, Boulder, CO, USA; CSSE, University of Michigan, MI, USA); Goetz Paschmann (Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Germany) 11 The magnetospheric cusps (10 pages) Benoit Lavraud (IRAP, France), Philippe Escoubet (ESA/ESTEC, Netherland) 12 The Low-Latitude Boundary Layer (10 pages) Takuma Nakamura (Space Research Institute Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria), Hiroshi Hasegawa (ISAS/JAXA, Japan) Part V. Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling (45 pages)
13 Field aligned currents (7+7 pages) Hermann Lühr (GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Germany): SWARM results, (7 pages) Haje Korth (JHUAPL, MD, USA): AMPERE (7 pages) 14 Ionospheric ions acceleration and transport (10 pages) Andrew W. Yau (University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada); Hans Nilsson (Institutet för Rymdfysik, Sweden) 15 Cold ions in the magnetosphere (10 pages) Mats André (IRF, Sweden), Stein Haaland (Max-Planck Institute, Germany/University of Bergen, Norway) 16 Particle precipitation (10 pages) Patrick Newell (JHUAPL, MD, USA); SimonWing (JHUAPL, MD, USA) Part VI. The dynamic magnetosphere (90 pages)
17 The active magnetosphere: Storms and substorms (15 pages, could be divided in 2 papers, one dedicated to THEMIS results) Yukitoshi Nishimura (UCLA, CA, USA), Tony Lui (JHUAPL, MD, USA) David Sibeck (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA) THEMIS results 18 The northward IMF (quiet) magnetosphere (10 pages) Wenhui Li (UNH, NH, USA), Robert Fear (University of Southampton, UK) 19 Magnetotail processes (15 pages) Joachim Birn (LANL, NM, USA) 20 Ring current (10 pages) Raluca Ilie (University of Illinois, IL, USA); N. Ganushkina (FMI, Finland), 21 Radiation belts (10 pages) Xinlin Li (LANL, NM, USA), Drew turner (UCLA, CA, USA) 22 Plasmasphere (10 pages) Fabien Darrouzet (BISA, Belgium), Denis Gallager (MSFC/NASA, AL, USA) 23 Ionospheric ions impact on magnetospheric dynamics (10 pages) Elena Kronberg (Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Germany); Lynn Kistler (UNH, NH, USA) Part VII. Planetary magnetic fields (10 pages)
24 Planetary Magnetic fields (10 pages) Karl-Heinz Glassmeier (University of Braunschweig, Germany), Jack Connerney (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA), David Stevenson (Caltech University, CA, USA), Ulrich Christensen (MPS Goettingen, Germany) Part VIII. Induced Magnetospheres: Mars, Venus, Titan, and comets (65 pages)
25 Venus (15 pages) Tielong Zhang (Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria), Stas Barabash (IRF Kiruna, Sweden) 26 Mars (15 pages) Jasper Halekas (University of Iowa, IA, USA) 27 Titan (15 pages) Cesar Bertucci (University of Buenos Aires, Argentina), Sven Simon (University of Washington, WA, USA) 28 Comets: Rosetta, the birth of a magnetosphere (10 pages) Hans Nilsson (IRF Kiruna, Sweden), M. Taylor (ESA/ESTEC, Netherlands) 29 Atmospheric escape from induced magnetospheres (10 pages) Dave Brain (University of Colorado, CO, USA), Edik Dubinin (MPS Goettingen, Germany) Part IX. Giant planet magnetospheres (80 pages)
30 Fast rotating magnetospheres: Jupiter and Saturn (40 pages) Nick Achilleos (UCL), Nick Sergis (University of Athens, Greece): Magnetodiscs (10 pages) Michelle Thomsen (LANL), Plasma sources, losses, and transport (10 pages) Emma Bunce (Leicester University), Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling (10 pages) Elias Roussos (MPS Goettingen, Germany), Daniel Santos Costa (SwRI), Radiation Belts (10 pages) 31 Asymmetrical magnetospheres: Uranus and Neptune (30 pages) Chris Arridge (University of Lancaster, UK): Uranus (15 pages) Adam Masters (Imperial College, UK): Neptune (15 pages) 32 Seasonal effects (10 pages) Ann Persoon (University of Iowa, IA, USA); Khrishan Khurana (University of California, CA, USA) Part X. Mini-magnetospheres and Moon-magnetosphere interactions (45 pages)
33 Mercury (15 pages) Jim Slavin (NASA/GSFC, MD, USA), Yoshifumi Saito (ISAS/JAXA), Mercury magnetosphere 34 Ganymede (15 pages) Xianzhe Jia (University of Michigan, MI, USA), Ganymede magnetosphere 35 Moon-magnetosphere interactions (15 pages) Joachim Saur (University of Braunschweig, Germany), Khrishan Khurana (University of California, CA, USA) Part XI. Investigating magnetospheric processes (80 pages)
36 Global simulations (10 pages) Joachim Raeder (EOS/UNH, NH, USA) 37 Kinetic modelling (10 pages) Giovanni Lapenta (KUL Leuven, Belgium); Stefano Markidis (KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden) 38 Data based models of the Earth magnetic field (10 pages) N. Tsyganenko (Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia) 39 Multi-point observations (CLUSTER, DOUBLE STAR, THEMIS, SWARM) (10 pages) Joachim Vogt (Jacobs University Bremen, Germany), Philippe Escoubet (ESA/ESTEC, Netherlands) 40 Exploring small scales with MMS (10 pages) K.J. Trattner (LASP, CO, USA), J. Burch (SWRI, TX, USA), R. Ergun (LASP, CO, USA) 41 Imaging the magnetosphere (10 pages) J. Goldstein (SWRI, TX, USA) 42 Ground observations: radars and all sky cameras (10 pages) Larry Lyons (UCLA, CA, USA); Steve Milan (University of Leicester, UK) 43 Laboratory experiments: putting space in the lab (10 pages) Koepke (West Virginia University, VI, USA), Gregory Howes (university of IOWA, IA, USA) Part XII. Future directions (50 pages)
44 Challenges in modelling the magnetosphere (10 pages) V. Jordanova (LANL, NM, USA) Joe Borovsky (SSI, Boulder, CO, USA; CSSE, University of Michigan, MI, USA) 45 Does a magnetosphere protect the ionosphere? (10 pages) R. Maggiolo (BISA, Belgium), R. Lundin, H. Nilsson 46 Using magnetospheres to detect exoplanets (10 pages) Zarka, Philippe (LESIA, France) : AKR/Radio emissions Alide Vidotto (School of Physics Trinity College Dublin, Ireland): bow shock/Interaction with stellar wind 47 Unsolved problems (10 pages) M. H. Denton (NMC, Los Alamos, NM, USA) 48 The future of magnetospheric research (10 pages) Goetz Paschmann (Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Germany) Volume 3: Advances in Ionospheric Research: Current understanding and Challenges
Chaosong Huang of Air Force Research Laboratory and Gang Lu of National Center of Atmospheric Research Part I. Electrodynamics in the polar cap and auroral zone 1. Magnetospheric energy input to the high-latitude ionosphere Cheryl Huang, Air Force Research Laboratory Gang Lu, National Center for Atmospheric Studies 2. High-latitude ionospheric convection J. Mickael Ruohoniemi and Joseph Baker, Virginia Tech Alexandre V. Koustov, University of Saskatchewan, Canada 3. Processes during geomagnetic storms and substorms Shasha Zou, University of Michigan William Bristow, University of Alaska Fairbanks 4. Magnetospheric-ionospheric coupling C. Robert Clauer, Virginia Tech Olga Verkhoglyadova, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory 5. High-latitude ionospheric response to transient variations of the solar wind M. Grandin, University of Oulu, Finland Hui Zhang, University of Alaska Fairbanks Part II. Electrodynamics in the subauroral and midlatitude ionosphere
6. Subauroral polarization streams John Foster, MIT Haystack Observatory Phil C. Anderson, University of Texas at Dallas Evgeny V. Mishin, Air Force Research Laboratory 7. Subauroral ionospheric convection Simon G. Shepherd, Dartmouth College K. Hosokawa, University of Electro�]Communications, Japan 8. Storm enhanced density and ionospheric plumes Anthea Coster and Phil Erickson, MIT Haystack Observatory Endawoke Yizengaw, Boston College 9. Interhemispheric difference and coupling Carlos Martinis, Boston University Tetsuo Motoba, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan 10. Sporadic E layers and plasma instability in midlatitude ionosphere Qihou Zhou, Miami University, David Hysell, Cornell University Part III. Electrodynamics in the low-latitude ionosphere
11. Equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics Bela Fejer, Utah State University Rob Pfaff, NASA Space Weather Laboratory M. A. Abdu: INPE/ITA, Brazil 12. Equatorial spread F: Modeling Joe Huba, Naval Research Laboratory Tatsuhiro Yokoyama: NICT, Japan 13. Equatorial spread F: Observations Roland Tsunoda, SRI International Fabiano Rodrigues, University of Texas Dallas 14. Equatorial electrojet currents H. Luehr, GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Germany Yosuke Yamazaki, University of Lancaster, UK 15. Equatorial anomaly during geomagnetic storms Biqiang Zhao, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Nanan Balan: Nagoya University, Japan Part IV. Global ionospheric processes
16. Penetration electric fields Takashi Kikuchi, Nagoya University, Japan Chaosong Huang, Air Force Research Laboratory 17. Ionospheric-thermospheric coupling T. W. Fang, University of Colorado Boulder Shunrong Zhang, MIT Haystack Observatory 18. Stratospheric warming Larisa Goncharenko, MIT Haystack Observatory Alan Burns, High Altitude Observatory 19. Ionospheric storms Robert W. Schunk, Utah State University Tim Fuller-Rowell, University of Colorado Boulder 20. Traveling ionospheric disturbances Elvira Astafyeva, Denis Diderot University, France Takuya Tsugawa, NICT, Japan Part V. Planetary ionospheres
21. Venus’s ionosphere Christopher T. Russell, UCLA M. Pätzold, Universität zu Köln, Germany 22. Martian ionosphere Ali Safaeinili, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory 23. Sanchez-Cano, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK 24. Jupiter’s ionosphere Robert E. Ergun, University of Colorado, Boulder K. Matsuda, Tohoku University, Japan 25. Saturn’s ionosphere Andrew F. Nagy, University of Michigan Luke Moore, Boston University 26. Uranus’s ionosphere Henrik Melin, University of Leicester, UK Part VI. Ionospheric impacts on applications
27. Scintillation effects on radio communications Seebany Datta-Barua, Illinois Institute of Technology V. Sreeja, University of Nottingham, UK 28. Scintillation effects on GPS and navigation system Charles Carrano, Boston College Claudia Stolle, GFZ Helmhotz Centre Potsdam, Germany Yu T. Morton, Miami University 29. Ionospheric effects on HF propagation Ray A. Greenwald, Virginia Tech Ben A. Witvliet, Radio communications Agency Netherlands 30. Geomagnetically induced currents Chunming Liu, North China Electric Power University, China Ryuho Kataoka, National Institute of Polar Research, Japan 31. Ionospheric disturbances related to earthquakes C. D. Reddy, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, India Jann-Yeng Liu, National Space Organization, Hsinchu, Taiwan Yu-Ming Yang, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Volume 4: Thermospheres and mesospheres in the solarsystem
Wenbin Wang and Yongliang Zhang Part I. Introduction Wenbin Wang of NCAR and Yongliang Zhang of JHU/APL Part II. Upper atmosphere dynamics and energetics
1 Winds in the upper atmosphere: Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 2 Force balance: Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 3 Hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic atmosphere: Yue Deng of UTA and Hanli Liu of NCAR, Aaron Ridley of UMich 4 Energy budget: Solar heating: Stan Solomon and Liying Qian of NCAR 5 Energy budget: Joule heating: Delores Knipp of CU and Gang Lu of NCAR 6 Energy budget: Auroral particle heating: Yongliang Zhang and Larry Paxton of JPL 7 Energy budget: Cooling to space (airglow): Stan Solomon of NCAR 8 Energy budget: CO2 cooling: Marti Mlynczak of NASA 9 Energy budget: NO cooling: Marti Mlynczak of NASA and Yongliang Zhang of APL 10 Global structure of winds and temperature Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR Part III. Composition and density of the upper atmosphere
11 Mesospheric chemistry: Dan Marsh of NCAR 12 Major and minor species in the upper atmosphere: Jeff Thayer of CU 13 Diffusion and advection of the upper atmosphere: Jeff Tayer of CU, Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 14 ETWA, equatorial temperature and wind anomaly: Jiuhou Lei of USTC; Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 15 Pressure surface/height coordinate: Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 16 Vertical profiles and column density O/N2: Yongliang Zhang of APL, Jia Yue of HU, Bob Meier of GMU 17 Helium: Eric Sutton of AFRL, Jeff Thayer of CU 18 Hydrogen/Geocorona: Edwin Mierkiewicz of ERU Part IV. Vertical coupling of the atmosphere
19 Gravity waves: Hanli Liu of NCAR, Sharon Vadas of NWRA, Geoff Crowley of Astra 20 Tides: Jeff Forbes of CU and Mara Hagan of USU 21 Planetary waves: Jia Yue of HU, Loren Chang of NCU 22 Sudden Stratosphere Warming (SSW): Nick Pedatella of NCAR, Larisa Goncharenko of MIT 23 Mixing: Jia Yue of HU, Yosuke Yamazaki of U of Larcaster, Liying Qian of NCAR Part V. Ion-neutral coupling in the upper atmosphere
24 Ion drag and Joule heating: Jeff Thayer of CU, Gang Lu and Art Richmond of NCAR 25 Wind and composition effect on the ionosphere: Jiuhou Lei of USTC, Alan Burns and Wenbin Wang of NCAR 26 Neutral wind dynamo: Astrid Maute and Art Richmond of NCAR 27 TAD/TID: Irfan Izeem of Astra, Jonath Makala of UILL Part VI. Upper atmospheric variability and its sources
28 Day-to-day variability: Jiuhou Lei of USTC, Hanli Liu and Wenbin Wang of NCAR 29 Seasonal variation and hemispheric asymmetry: Liying Qian and Alan Burns of NCAR, Huixin Liu of Japan 30 Solar cycle variations: Stan Solomon and Liying Qian of NCAR, John Emmert of GMU 31 Long-term trend: Stan Solomon and Liying Qian of NCAR, John Emmert of GMU, Shunrong Zhang of MIT Part VII. Upper atmosphere coupling with the magnetosphere
32 Storm-time energy and momentum inputs: Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 33 Extreme event: Delores Knipp of CU and Aaron Ridley of UM 34 Storm-time changes of the upper atmosphere: Yongliang Zhang of APL, Wenbin Wang and Alan Burns of NCAR 35 Thermosphere upwelling and O+ outflow: Binzheng Zhang and Mike Wiltberger of NCAR, Bill Lotko of Dartmouth Part VIII. Upper atmospheres of other planets
36 Mars 37 Venus 38 Outer planets Part IX. Advances in empirical and numerical modeling of the upper atmosphere
39 MSIS and HWM: Doug Drob and John Emmert of NRL 40 WAM: Tim Fuller-Rowell of NOAA 41 WACCM-X: Hanli Liu and Wenbin Wang of NCAR 42 Data assimilation and application: Tomoko Matsuo of CU, Ludger Scheliess of USU Part X. Observations of the upper atmosphere
43 Ground-based observations: Qian Wu of NCAR, Jonath Makala of UILL 44 Lidar: Xinzhao Chu of CU, Tao Yue of USU 45 GUVI: Yongliang Zhang and Larry Paxton of APL 46 SABER: Marti Mlynczak of NASA, Jams Russell and Jia Yue of HU 47 Satellite drag: Eric Sutton of AFRL Volume 5: Space weather predications and applications
Phil Erickson Part I. Introduction Part II. Space Weather at the Sun
1 Solar Optical Spectral Variability (visible, UV, X-ray) 2 Solar Electromagnetic variability (Radio frequency) 3 Solar Particle Variability (CMEs, CIRs, Solar wind) Part III. Space Weather in Interplanetary Space
4 Acceleration of Mass and Energy in Interplanetary Space 5 Solar Wind Geoeffectiveness Part IV. Space Weather in the Radiation Belts
6 Radiation belt morphology 7 Effects on human efforts in space (spacecraft and biological effects) 8 Radiation belt acceleration, transport, and loss (Inner Van Allen zone, slot region and outer Van Allen zone) 9 Radiation belt coupling to other regions of geospace (Plasmasphere, ionosphere and middle atmosphere) Part V. Space Weather in the Magnetosphere
10 Magnetosheath, magnetopause, bow shock variations 11 Magnetospheric reconfiguration and transients (substorms, dipolarizations, plasmoids) Part VI. Ionospheric and Thermospheric Variability
12 Drivers 13 Climatology 14 Auroral dynamics connections 15 Irregularities and scintillations 16 Global electric circuit Part VII. Space weather connections to meteorology
17 Lower atmospheric effects coupling to ionospheric variability 18 Middle atmosphere variations Part VIII. Space Weather Observational Capabilities
19 Ground based observations 20 Space based observations 21 Recent advances Part IX. Space Weather Prediction Capabilities
22 Specification capabilities and challenges 23 Prediction capabilities and challenges Part X. Space weather operational impacts
24 Power grids 25 Communication systems 26 Satellites (radiation damage, thermospheric drag, micrometeoroid impact and EMP) Part XI. Space weather, Earthquake and climate Part XII. Space Weather insurance, policy, law and economy impact Part XIII. Future directions for space weather research
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