Spacecraft Systems Engineering

Dr Graham Swinerd is a Reader in Astronautics within the School of Engineering Sciences at the University of Southampton where he teaches courses in aerospace design, spacecraft systems design and astronautics. Prior to joining Southampton in 1987 he was employed by British Aerospace Space Systems, Stevenage. His research interests include orbit dynamics, space mission analysis, spacecraft attitude dynamics and control and space systems engineering.

Professor John Stark joined QMUL as Professor of Aerospace Engineering in 1992. This followed previous appointments at UMIST as a lecturer (1980/83), at Southampton in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics (1983/90) as a senior lecturer, and then an executive post at BAe Space Systems Ltd (1990/92). He has served as Head of Department at QMUL from 1992 to 1999, and 2003 to date. He teaches courses in the principles of spacecraft engineering, spacecraft design and space mission engineering, and his areas of expertise include electrospray technology, spacecraft propulsion, spacecraft design and direct printing.

Peter Fortescue retired as a Professor in the Astronautics Group, Department of Engineering Sciences at Southampton University in 1989.

Preface to the Fourth Edition xv

Preface to the Third Edition xix

Preface to the Second Edition xxi

Preface to the First Edition xxiii

List of Acronyms xxv

1 INTRODUCTION
John P. W. Stark, Graham G. Swinerd and Adrian R. L. Tatnall

1.1 Payloads and Missions 3

1.2 A System View of Spacecraft 4

1.3 The Future 9

2 THE SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECT ON DESIGN
John P. W. Stark

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Pre-Operational Spacecraft Environments 11

2.3 Operational Spacecraft Environments 17

2.4 Environmental Effects on Design 40

3 DYNAMICS OF SPACECRAFT
Peter W. Fortescue and Graham G. Swinerd

3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Trajectory Dynamics 51

3.3 General Attitude Dynamics 58

3.4 Attitude Motion of Specific Types of Spacecraft 63

3.5 Oscillatory Modes 71

3.6 In Conclusion 73

Appendix: The Inertia Matrix 73

4 CELESTIAL MECHANICS
John P. W. Stark, Graham G. Swinerd and Peter W. Fortescue

4.1 Introduction 79

4.2 The Two-body Problem—Particle Dynamics 81

4.3 Specifying the Orbit 92

4.4 Orbit Perturbations 93

4.5 Restricted Three-body Problem 106

5 MISSION ANALYSIS
John P. W. Stark and Graham G. Swinerd

5.1 Introduction 111

5.2 Keplerian Orbit Transfers 114

5.3 Mission Analysis 116

5.4 Polar LEO/Remote-Sensing Satellites 122

5.5 Satellite Constellations 127

5.6 Geostationary Earth Orbits (GEO) 133

5.7 Highly Elliptic Orbits 143

5.8 Interplanetary Missions 147

6 PROPULSION SYSTEMS
J. Barrie Moss and John P. W. Stark

6.1 Systems Classification 177

6.2 Chemical Rockets 180

6.3 Spacecraft Propulsion 202

6.4 Electric Propulsion 206

7 LAUNCH VEHICLES
J. Barrie Moss and Graham E. Dorrington

7.1 Introduction 221

7.2 Basic Launch Vehicle Performance and Operation 222

7.3 Spacecraft Launch Phases and Mission Planning 231

7.4 The Ariane 5 Launch Vehicle 236

7.5 US Crewed Launch Systems 239

7.6 Small Launchers and Reusable Sub-Orbital Vehicles 242

7.7 Re-Entry into Earth’s Atmosphere 244

7.8 Specific Launch Costs and Reliability 247

8 SPACECRAFT STRUCTURES
John M. Houghton

8.1 Introduction 251

8.2 Design Requirements 251

8.3 Material Selection 256

8.4 Analysis 263

8.5 Design Verification 274

8.6 Impact Protection 276

8.7 Configuration Examples 278

8.8 The Future of Space Structures 285

9 ATTITUDE CONTROL
Peter W. Fortescue and Graham G. Swinerd

9.1 Introduction 289

9.2 ACS Overview 290

9.3 The Spacecraft Attitude Response 294

9.4 Torques and Torquers 301

9.5 Attitude Measurement 309

9.6 ACS Computation 321

10 ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
John P. W. Stark

10.1 Introduction 327

10.2 Power System Elements 328

10.3 Primary Power Systems 330

10.4 Secondary Power Systems: Batteries 345

10.5 Power Management, Distribution and Control 347

10.6 Power Budget 350

11 THERMAL CONTROL OF SPACECRAFT
Chris J. Savage

11.1 Introduction 357

11.2 The Thermal Environment 358

11.3 Thermal Balance 362

11.4 Thermal Analysis 366

11.5 Thermal Design 371

11.6 Thermal Technology 375

11.7 Thermal Design Verification 386

11.8 Example of Satellite Thermal Design—XMM/Newton 390

12 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Ray E. Sheriff and Adrian R. L. Tatnall

12.1 Introduction 395

12.2 Techniques of Radio Communications 400

12.3 The Communications Payload 422

12.4 Conclusion 436

13 TELEMETRY, COMMAND, DATA HANDLING AND PROCESSING
Nigel P. Fillery and David Stanton

13.1 Introduction 439

13.2 System Architecture 440

13.3 Telemetry Data Formatting 442

13.4 Telecommand 449

13.5 Communication Techniques and Protocols 455

13.6 On-Board Data Handling (OBDH) and Processing 458

13.7 Technology 464

13.8 Tools and Controlling Documents 466

14 GROUND SEGMENT
Franck Chatel

14.1 Introduction 467

14.2 The Ground Station 468

14.3 Flight Dynamics 475

14.4 The Ground Data System 480

14.5 The Flight Operations System 483

15 SPACECRAFT MECHANISMS
Guglielmo S. Aglietti

15.1 Introduction 495

15.2 One-Shot Devices 497

15.3 Continuously and Intermittently Operating Devices 507

15.4 Components 513

15.5 Materials 520

15.6 Tribology 521

15.7 Testing and Verification 523

15.8 Conclusion 524

16 SPACECRAFT ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY ENGINEERING
Ken M. Redford

16.1 Introduction 527

16.2 Examples of EMC Problems 528

16.3 EMC Specifications 528

16.4 Electromagnetic Compatibility—Terms and Definitions 529

16.5 EMC Fundamentals 530

16.6 The Systems Approach to EMC 531

16.7 EMC Categories 531

16.8 Electrostatic Discharge 535

16.9 Spacecraft Grounding Schemes 536

16.10 Major Causes of Spacecraft EMC Problems 541

16.11 Analysis Methods for Spacecraft EMC Engineering 542

17 ASSEMBLY, INTEGRATION AND VERIFICATION
Terry Ransome

17.1 Introduction 545

17.2 Some Definitions 545

17.3 The Verification Plan 547

17.4 Relationship between Analysis and Test 551

17.5 The AIV Plan 552

17.6 Testing: General 553

17.7 Test Types 557

17.8 Model Philosophy 561

17.9 Build Standards and Applications 564

17.10 Ground Support Equipment 567

17.11 Checkpoints in the AIV Programme 571

17.12 Verification Closeout 572

17.13 Launch Preparation 572

17.14 Conclusion 573

18 SMALL SATELLITE ENGINEERING AND APPLICATIONS
Martin N. Sweeting and Craig I. Underwood

18.1 Introduction 575

18.2 Small Satellite Design Philosophy 579

18.3 Small Satellite System Design 580

18.4 COTS Components in the Space Environment 583

18.5 Microsatellite Platforms 587

18.6 Minisatellite Platforms 590

18.7 Nanosatellite Platforms 590

18.8 Affordable Launches for Small Satellites 592

18.9 In-Orbit Operations 594

18.10 Small Satellite Applications 597

18.11 Picosatellites and Recent Advances in Miniaturization 603

18.12 Conclusion 604

19 PRODUCT ASSURANCE
Geoffrey Hall

19.1 Introduction 607

19.2 Product Assurance in a Project 609

19.3 Reliability/Dependability 613

19.4 Parts 618

19.5 Materials and Processes 622

19.6 Product Assurance in Manufacturing, AI&V 626

19.7 Safety 634

19.8 Product Assurance in Operations 637

19.9 Software Product Assurance 638

19.10 PA in Technology Developments 640

19.11 The Assurance Message 642

20 SPACECRAFT SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Adrian R. L. Tatnall, John B. Farrow, Massimo Bandecchi and C. Richard Francis

20.1 Introduction 643

20.2 System Engineering 644

20.3 Concurrent Engineering 654

20.4 A Case Study: Cryosat 667

20.5 Conclusion 678

Index 679

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