Spaces Of Social Exclusion

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ISBN: 9780415280891 | 0415280893
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 1/13/2006

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In all developed countries, to varying extents, a minority of the population is widely perceived as suffering from particular deprivation and disadvantage. The European Union and many national governments and local agencies have sought to conceptualise and deal with this problem through the notion of 'social exclusion'.

List of illustrations	p. ix
Preface	p. xi
List of abbreviations	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
The reality, ideologies and management of poverty	p. 9
Management of the poor, ideologies of poverty	p. 11
The creation of poverty	p. 11
Obscuring the causes of poverty	p. 13
Coercion versus incorporation, separation versus integration	p. 14
Pushing the poor into work	p. 18
Inventing and tackling the underclass and the culture of poverty	p. 21
Intervening in consumption	p. 24
Political inclusion and exclusion	p. 25
Continuity, cycles and dilemmas	p. 26
Space and the management of the poor	p. 28
Poverty policy uses space	p. 28
The nation and the world	p. 29
The nation, the locality and the individual	p. 33
The nation and its regions	p. 35
The city, 'rurality' and the suburbs	p. 36
The neighbourhood	p. 38
Conclusion: contortions of space in the management of poverty	p. 43
Patterns of social exclusion	p. 46
What are poverty and social exclusion?	p. 46
Incomes	p. 51
Employment and the state's reaction to it	p. 52
Aspects of deprivation and their relation to income	p. 54
Social oppressions: poverty and social exclusion	p. 57
Neighbourhoods, localities, regions	p. 61
Conclusion	p. 63
The causes of social exclusion	p. 65
Introduction to Part II	p. 65
Jobs, the economy and social exclusion	p. 67
Introduction	p. 67
Capitalism, poor jobs and unemployment	p. 67
The systematic unevenness of poverty creation	p. 71
The deepening of employment-related poverty in the present period	p. 74
A long crisis of capitalism	p. 81
Conclusion	p. 84
How the state excludes	p. 85
The state and the poor	p. 85
State spending, taxation and poverty	p. 86
How public services fail the poor	p. 88
Neoliberal reforms of state services and their impact on social exclusion	p. 91
Capitalism, the family, and incomes from the state	p. 93
The breakdown of the postwar settlement	p. 96
Cuts in benefits and imposition of family dependence	p. 98
Retirement incomes and the casino economy	p. 99
'Welfare to work'	p. 101
Conclusion: the neoliberal state exacerbates inequality	p. 104
Social reproduction and social exclusion	p. 106
Working-class reproduction: privatism and inequality	p. 106
The rise of the nuclear family and change in gender divisions of labour	p. 107
The decline of neighbourhood survival strategies of the poor	p. 108
Authority, cultural capital and stigmatisation	p. 110
The market versus decent housing for the poor	p. 111
Residential exclusion and concentration of the poor	p. 113
Access to services and service spaces	p. 118
Immobilised by the car	p. 120
Damaged by commodities	p. 121
Committing crime and disorder in poor neighbourhoods	p. 122
The impact of crime on the poor: fear and policing	p. 124
Social life deepens poverty	p. 125
Excluding societies	p. 128
Excluded in every field of life	p. 128
Popular attitudes to the poor	p. 128
Social oppressions, class and social exclusion	p. 131
National regimes of social exclusion	p. 135
Conclusion to Part II	p. 139
Strategies against social exclusion	p. 141
Consensus strategies and their ambiguities	p. 143
Political agreement and difference	p. 143
Welfare to work	p. 145
Education, training and 'enterprise'	p. 147
The new localism: decentralisation and spatial fragmentation	p. 148
Small area regeneration: local targeting and community mobilisation	p. 151
Entrepreneurship and small business	p. 156
The social economy	p. 157
Environmental improvement	p. 161
Partnership: governance, not government	p. 164
Conclusion	p. 167
Neoliberalism: markets for the poor?	p. 169
Opening opportunities for the poor through markets	p. 169
Why neoliberal strategy fails the poor	p. 175
Reinterpreting the promise and failures of neoliberalism	p. 181
Racism and rightwing populism as a strategy against poverty	p. 183
Conservative interventionism: social inclusion?	p. 186
From Thatcherism to New Labour	p. 186
From the underclass to the socially excluded	p. 189
Conservative interventionism versus social exclusion	p. 191
Post-industrial cities, cultural diversity and social mix	p. 195
Failures of social inclusion	p. 197
The contradictions of conservative interventionism	p. 206
Associationalism: social democracy from below?	p. 209
Postmodern social democracy	p. 209
Social theory and the optimism of associationalism	p. 210
Social inclusion for all	p. 212
Critique of associationalism	p. 216
Associationalism and the ghost of class struggle	p. 220
Socialist strategy for inclusion	p. 222
From object to subject of politics	p. 222
Who can fight exclusion? The scales of collectivity	p. 224
Political focuses, holism and the complexity of exclusion	p. 228
The social economy: small-scale and community socialisation	p. 231
Different scales of struggle	p. 232
Influencing and changing the state	p. 233
An inclusive socialist society	p. 235
Bibliography	p. 239
Index	p. 263
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Spaces Of Social Exclusion

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