The Spanish Language Today

The Spanish Language Todaydescribes the varied and changing Spanish language at the end of the twentieth century. As conflicting forces work towards the unification and fragmentation of both Peninsular and Latin American Spanish, this book examines where Spanish is spoken on a global scale as well as the status of Spanish within the realms of politics, education and media, with particular reference to the English-only movement in the US. The book also examines the standardization of Spanish and the specific areas of linguistic variation and change, including the effects of language contact on Spanish which is spoken widely in contexts of bi- and multilingualism. Supported throughout by extracts from contemporary press and literary sources,The Spanish Language Todayprovides a comprehensive overview of the varieties of the Spanish language today and is essential for students of the modern Spanish language.

Miranda Stewart is Senior Lecturer in Spanish and Latin American Studies at the University of Strathclyde.

Preface

xi

(4)

Acknowledgements

xv

PART I Spanish as a world language

1

(40)

1 The extent and status of Spanish in the world

3

(11)

1.0 Introduction

3

(1)

1.1 The extent of Spanish in the world

3

(7)

1.1.0 Spanish in Latin America

3

(2)

1.1.1 Spanish in Spain

5

(1)

1.1.2 Spanish as the second language in the United States

6

(1)

1.1.3 Spanish in the rest of the world

7

(3)

1.2 The status of Spanish as a world language

10

(3)

1.2.0 Economic and cultural potential

10

(1)

1.2.1 Supranational organizations

11

(1)

1.2.2 The promotion of the language

12

(1)

1.3 Conclusion

13

(1)

2 The standardization of Spanish

14

(27)

2.0 Language prescription: from the academy to the style guide

16

(20)

2.0.0 The rise and fall (and rise?) of the academies

16

(5)

2.0.1 Standardization and the media

21

(7)

2.0.2 Standardization in public administration

28

(3)

2.0.3 Guidelines for non-sexist language use

31

(4)

2.0.4 Standardization in science and technology

35

(1)

2.1 Language description: oral and written corpora

36

(3)

2.2 Conclusion

39

(2)

PART II Spanish: variation and change

41

(78)

3 The phonology, phonetics and orthography of Spanish

43

(18)

3.0 The phonology of Spanish

44

(1)

3.1 The phonetics and phonology of Spanish: variation and change

45

(9)

3.2 Orthography

54

(7)

4 Spanish lexis

61

(35)

4.0 Lexical change

61

(27)

4.0.0 Creation of neologisms from Spanish-language stock

62

(20)

4.0.1 Creation of neologisms through borrowing

82

(6)

4.1 Lexical variation

88

(7)

4.1.0 User variation: geography

89

(1)

4.1.1 User variation: age

90

(5)

4.2 Conclusion

95

(1)

5 Spanish morpho-syntax

96

(23)

5.0 The verbal group

96

(15)

5.0.0 Impersonal verbs (haber, hacer)

97

(1)

5.0.1 The passive

97

(1)

5.0.2 Pronominal verbs

98

(1)

5.0.3 Ser/estar

99

(1)

5.0.4 Tense

99

(2)

5.0.5 Modality

101

(4)

5.0.6 Proforms and clitics

105

(6)

5.1 The noun group

111

(2)

5.1.0 The noun

111

(1)

5.1.1 The adjective

112

(1)

5.2 The clause

113

(4)

5.2.0 Queismo/dequeismo

113

(1)

5.2.1 Prepositions

114

(1)

5.2.2 Relative pronouns

115

(1)

5.2.3 Word order

115

(2)

5.3 Conclusion

117

(2)

PART III The Spanish language in use

119

(60)

6 Tu, Vd. and forms of address

121

(14)

6.0 Pronominal paradigms

122

(4)

6.0.0 Spain

122

(1)

6.0.1 Latin America

122

(4)

6.1 The use of tu and Vd. in face-to-face interaction

126

(3)

6.2 Naming

129

(3)

6.3 Illustrative texts

132

(2)

6.4 Conclusion

134

(1)

7 Discourse and genre

135

(26)

7.0 Administrative Spanish

135

(5)

7.1 Legal Spanish

140

(4)

7.2 Political Spanish

144

(6)

7.3 Newspaper reporting

150

(5)

7.4 Taboo: euphemism and political correctness

155

(5)

7.5 Conclusion

160

(1)

8 Conversation, pragmatics and politeness

161

(18)

8.0 Planned and unplanned discourse

161

(3)

8.1 Conversational Spanish

164

(5)

8.1.0 Adjacency pairs

165

(1)

8.1.1 Preferred and dispreferred responses

165

(1)

8.1.2 Repairs

166

(1)

8.1.3 Allocation of turns, interruption and overlap

167

(1)

8.1.4 Closures

167

(1)

8.1.5 Pre-sequences

168

(1)

8.2 Pragmatics and politeness

169

(8)

8.2.0 Directives and requests

171

(5)

8.2.1 Telephone calls

176

(1)

8.3 Conclusion

177

(2)

PART IV Spanish in contact

179

(20)

9 Spanish in contact

181

(18)

9.0 Spanish-based creoles

182

(3)

9.0.0 Philippine creole Spanish (Zamboangueno), Papiamento Palenquero

183

(2)

9.1 Contact with other languages

185

(8)

9.1.0 Spanish/Catalan

185

(1)

9.1.1 Spanish/Portuguese

186

(1)

9.1.2 Spanish/Maya (Yucateca)

187

(1)

9.1.3 Spanish/Italian

188

(2)

9.1.4 Spanish/English

190

(3)

9.2 Borrowing and code-switching

193

(4)

9.3 Conclusion

197

(2)

Conclusion

199

(2)

Notes

201

(13)

Glossary

214

(6)

Selected bibliography and further reading

220

(9)

Other sources

228

(1)

Index

229

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The Spanish Language Today

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials