Spark Discharge

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ISBN: 9780849328688 | 0849328683
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/21/1997

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Spark Discharge is a first-of-its-kind text, providing a comprehensive and systematic description of the spark breakdown of long gas gaps. It discusses the nature of a long spark, physical peculiarities of relevant gas discharge processes, methods and results of experimental studies, and analytical and numerical models. The most important applications in high-voltage engineering are covered in a single volume.The straightforward presentation of complicated materials, the deep insight into the nature of the processes, and the simplified mathematical descriptions of the phenomena, make Spark Discharge an excellent textbook for students and an indispensable reference for researchers, physicists, and engineers.

Preface

1 The concepts of spark, corona, and breakdown

(14)

1.1 Lightning and long spark leaders

(3)

1.2 Corona and spark discharges

(5)

1.2.1 Corona discharge

(1)

1.2.2 A leader and streamers

(2)

1.2.3 The forms of spark discharge

(2)

1.3 Avalanche and streamer mechanisms of gas breakdown

(2)

1.4 What is a breakdown?

(3)

2 Basic information on processes in ionized gases

(28)

2.1 Drift and diffusion of electrons and ions

(4)

2.2 Molecular ionization and excitation

(4)

2.2.1 Ionization

(2)

2.2.2 Inelastic energy losses

(1)

2.2.3 Excitation and relaxation of molecular vibrations

(1)

2.3 Electron loss and liberation

(4)

2.3.1 Recombination

(1)

2.3.2 Electron attachment

(2)

2.3.3 Electron detachment

(1)

2.4 Electron and ion gases in electric fields

(4)

2.4.1 The hydrodynamic approximation

(1)

2.4.2 The electrostatic field equation

(1)

2.4.3 Space charge conservation and relaxation

(1)

2.4.4 Ambipolar diffusion and the Debye radius

(2)

2.5 Breakdown by avalanche multiplication

(2)

2.6 Induced charge and circuit current

(2)

2.7 Strongly ionized equilibrium plasma

(3)

2.8 Equilibrium plasma arc with current

(5)

3 Basic processes in spark breakdown

(50)

3.1 Streamer as an ionization wave

(13)

3.1.1 Physical background

(3)

3.1.2 The problem formulation

(4)

3.1.3 Ionization wave parameters

(3)

3.1.4 Relationships among wave parameters

(3)

3.2 Electrical properties of a plasma channel

(11)

3.2.1 Capacitance and charge

(3)

3.2.2 Streamer and external currents

(2)

3.2.3 Longitudinal field behind the head

(2)

3.2.4 Streamer expansion and channel radius

(1)

3.2.5 Spark as a line with distributed parameters

(3)

3.3 Gas temperature and energy balance

(5)

3.3.1 Evaluation of the upper temperature

(2)

3.3.2 Energy balance and gas heating

(2)

3.4 Initial ionization mechanisms

(4)

3.4.1 Production of seed electrons

(1)

3.4.2 Initiation of an ionization wave

(3)

3.5 The streamer inception

(8)

3.5.1 Requirements on streamer inception

(2)

3.5.2 A single electron avalanche

(3)

3.5.3 Avalanche-streamer transition

(2)

3.5.4 Streamer head radius

(1)

3.6 Is a streamer breakdown possible?

(3)

3.7 An ionization wave in spark breakdown

(6)

3.7.1 Gas heating in a long spark

(1)

3.7.2 Leader as a bunch of streamers

(5)

4 Experimental techniques

(52)

4.1 High voltage sources

(6)

4.1.1 The Marx generator

(3)

4.1.2 The Fitch circuit

(1)

4.1.3 Alternating voltage sources

(1)

4.2 Voltage measurement

(5)

4.2.1 A measuring sphere gap

(1)

4.2.2 Voltage dividers: a general description

(2)

4.2.3 Voltage dividers: special cases

101

(3)

4.2.4 Registration devices

104

(1)

4.3 Current measurement

105

(11)

4.3.1 Shunt measurements

106

(3)

4.3.2 The skin effect in a tubular shunt

109

(2)

4.3.3 Current measurement by a Rogovsky belt

111

(2)

4.3.4 Rogovsky measurement errors

113

(3)

4.4 Current data analysis

116

(5)

4.4.1 Current escape from the measuring circuit

116

(2)

4.4.2 Conduction current discrimination

118

(2)

4.4.3 Base and remote currents

120

(1)

4.5 Gap charge measurement

121

(4)

4.6 Electric field measurement

125

(6)

4.6.1 Field measurement on the electrodes

125

(2)

4.6.2 Measurement of varying fields at electrodes

127

(2)

4.6.3 Field measurement in the gap bulk

129

(2)

4.7 Optical registration of discharge

131

(8)

4.7.1 Still photography

131

(3)

4.7.2 Streak photography

134

(5)

4.8 Synchronization

139

(3)

4.9 Gap field data: theory and reality

142

(3)

5 Long streamers

145

(58)

5.1 Phenomenology and dimensions

146

(5)

5.1.1 Streamer radius

148

(2)

5.1.2 Streamer length

150

(1)

5.2 Streamer velocity

151

(4)

5.3 Streamer channel field

155

(3)

5.4 Current and charge data analysis

158

(18)

5.4.1 Initial current rise due to the base ionization

159

(3)

5.4.2 Single streamer charge and radius

162

(3)

5.4.3 Flash charge and current

165

(3)

5.4.4 Flash charge data analysis

168

(4)

5.4.5 Overlapping streamer current

172

(4)

5.5 Numerical simulation

176

(18)

5.5.1 The model dimensionality

178

(1)

5.5.2 The set of equations

179

(2)

5.5.3 Charge and field computations

181

(2)

5.5.4 Initial ionization

183

(1)

5.5.5 Results from simple models

184

(3)

5.5.6 Requirements on a kinetic 1.5D-model

187

(2)

5.5.7 Recombination and attachment in cold air

189

(1)

5.5.8 A cathode-directed streamer in hot air

189

(5)

5.6 The ionization expansion model

194

(9)

5.6.1 Computed channel geometry

194

(2)

5.6.2 The stem formation

196

(2)

5.6.3 Current through the anode

198

(1)

5.6.4 Streamer development in a uniform field

199

(4)

6 The leader process

203

(58)

6.1 General description

203

(5)

6.1.1 The leader structure

203

(2)

6.1.2 Two stages of the leader process

205

(3)

6.1.3 The leader origin

208

(1)

6.2 Leader velocity measurement

209

(4)

6.3 Current and charge measurement

213

(2)

6.4 Channel and streamer zone fields

215

(8)

6.4.1 The streamer zone field

216

(1)

6.4.2 Channel field and head potential

217

(5)

6.4.3 Short spark experiments

222

(1)

6.5 Leader channel expansion

223

(2)

6.6 Comparison of leader and streamer parameters

225

(2)

6.7 Streamer zone and cover charges

227

(6)

6.7.1 The streamer zone

227

(4)

6.7.2 Ionization in the leader cover

231

(2)

6.8 The origin of leader current

233

(5)

6.8.1 The initial leader stage

234

(2)

6.8.2 The final jump

236

(2)

6.9 Streamer-leader transition

238

(5)

6.10 Leader support voltage

243

(9)

6.10.1 Leader head potential

244

(2)

6.10.2 Long leader plasma and field

246

(4)

6.10.3 Optimal regime for a long leader

250

(2)

6.11 The leader family

252

(9)

6.11.1 A negative leader

253

(3)

6.11.2 A creeping leader

256

(2)

6.11.3 A leader along a conducting surface

258

(3)

7 Electrical strength of long gaps

261

(16)

7.1 A weakly nonuniform gap

262

(2)

7.2 A strongly nonuniform gap

264

(9)

7.2.1 Supercritical anode radius

264

(4)

7.2.2 Minimum gap strength for a small anode

268

(1)

7.2.3 Gap strength versus pulse rise time

269

(4)

7.3 The time-voltage characteristic

273

(1)

7.4 Breakdown voltage deviation

274

(3)

A Supplement

277

(4)

References

281

(10)

Index

291

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Spark Discharge

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials