A Speaker's Guidebook

Now also available with additional coverage of rhetorical theory!A Speaker's Guidebookis the most successful public speaking book in over a decade and the best resource for students both in and outside the classroom. Praised for connecting with students and addressing their most pressing needs, it is the easiest-to-use public speaking text available and the text that studentskeep. This tabbed, comb-bound text covers all topics taught in the introduction to public speaking course. In addition,A Speaker's Guidebookoffers coverage that's useful for a lifetime of public speaking with unparalleled treatment of speaking in other courses and on the job. Now for instructors who teach with a focus on rhetoric and persuasion, we are proud to offer an additional version of the text.A Speaker's Guidebook with The Essential Guide to Rhetoricincludes a full tabbed section that provides brief yet comprehensive coverage of rhetorical theory from the classical to the contemporary and its practical applications.

DAN O'HAIR is president of the National Communication Association and professor and chair of the department of communication at the University of Oklahoma. He is coauthor of six communication texts including A Speaker's Guidebook, (2007), Public Speaking: Challenges and Choices (1999) and Competent Communication (1997). He is also the author of more than 40 research articles and book chapters.

ROB STEWART is an associate dean of arts and sciences and professor of communication studies at Texas Tech University. He is coauthor of A Speaker's Guidebook (2007), Public Speaking: Challenges and Choices (1999) and has also published over 30 articles and book chapters.

HANNAH RUBENSTEIN is a writer and editor who has used her academic training in communication (M.A., Fairfield University) to guide her collaborations on A Speaker's Guidebook (2007), Public Speaking: Challenges and Choices (1999) and other successful college texts. She heads her own communication firm, Hedgehog Productions.

CHAPTER 1 - Becoming a Public Speaker  Why Study Public Speaking?     Advance Your Professional Goals     Accomplish Personal Goals     Enhance Your Career As A Student     Explore And Share Values     Hone Critical Thinking And Listening Skills  Become An Engaged Citizen  The Classical Roots of Public Speaking     Classicial Terms and the Canons of Rhetoric     A Rich and Relevant Heritage  Public Speaking as a Form of Communication     Similarities Between Public Speaking And Other Forms Of Communication     Differences Between Public Speaking And Other Forms Of Communication  Public Speaking and the Communication Process     Elements Of Communication  Learning to Speak in Public     Draw On Familiar Skills     Conversation and Public Speaking    Recognize Public Speaking’s Unique Requirements

CHAPTER 2 - Giving it a Try: Preparing Your First Speech A Brief Overview of the Speechmaking Process     Select a Topic     Analyze the Audience     Determine the Speech Purpose     Compose a Thesis Statement     Develop the Main Points     Gather Supporting Materials     Separate the Speech into Its Major Parts     Outline the Speech     Consider Presentation Aids     Practice Delivering the Speech  Take the Plunge     Sample Visually Annotated Introductory Speech         Ashley White, "The Dance of Life"     Sample Annotated Speech        Lisa Tran, "Past, Present, and Future"  CHAPTER 3 – Managing Speech Anxiety What Makes Speakers Anxious?     Lack of Positive Experience     Feeling Different     Being the Center of Attention  Pinpointing the Onset of Public Speaking Anxiety     Pre-preparation Anxiety     Preparation Anxiety     Pre-performance Anxiety     Performance Anxiety  Strategies for Getting Started with Confidence     Prepare and Practice     Modify Thoughts and Attitudes     Visualize Success     Use Relaxation Techniques     Learn from the Speech Evaluation     Enjoy the Occasion  CHAPTER 4 – Listeners and Speakers The Selective Nature of Listening  Listening and Speaking as Dialogic Communication  Barriers to Active Listening     Listening Distractions     Scriptwriting and Defensive Listening     Laziness and Overconfidence     Cultural Barriers  Becoming a More Active Listener     Set Listening Goals     Listen for Main Ideas     Watch for Nonverbal Clue  Active Listening and Critical Thinking  Guidelines for Evaluating Speeches and Presentations     Be Honest and Fair in Your Evaluation     Adjust to the Speaker’s Style     Be Compassionate in Your Criticism  CHAPTER 5 - Ethical Public Speaking  Take Responsibility For Your Words     Earn Your Listeners' Trust     Respect Your Listeners' Values     Bring Your Own Values into Focus  Use Your Rights of Free Speech Responsibly  Contribute to Positive Public Discourse  Observe the Ground Rules for Ethical Speaking     Be Trustworthy     Demonstrate Respect     Make Responsible Choices     Demonstrate Fairness  Avoid Plagiarism     Rules for Avoiding Plagiarism     Avoid Plagiarism on the Intenert  Respect the Laws of Copyright and Fair Use  CHAPTER 6 – Analyzing the Audience  Adapt to Audience Psychology     Identify Audience Members’ Attitudes, Beliefs, And Values     Identify Listeners’ Disposition To The Topic, Speaker, And Occasion  Adapt to Audience Demographics     Age     Socioeconomic Status     Religion     Political Affiliation     Gender     Disability     Ethnic or Cultural Background  Adapt to Cultural Differences    Hofstede’s Value-Dimensions Model     Lewis’ Cultural Types Model     Consult Cross-Cultural Polls     Focus on Shared Values  Techniques for Learning about Your Audience     Interviews     Surveys     Published Sources  Analyze the Speech Setting     Size Of Audience And Physical Setting     Time And Length Of Speech     The Speech Context (Rhetorical Situation)  CHAPTER 7 – Selecting a Topic and Purpose Assigned versus Self-Selected Topics  Identifying the General Speech Purpose     When the General Speech Purpose Is to Inform     When the General Speech Purpose Is to Persuade     When the General Speech Purpose Is to Mark a Special Occasion  Choosing a Topic for the Classroom Speech     Personal Interests: Looking Within     Current Events and Controversial Issues     Grassroots Issues — Opportunities for Civic Engagement     Avoid Topics That Are Overdone: You Be the Expert  Using Brainstorming to Generate Ideas     Word Association     Topic Mapping     From Source to Speech: Brainstorming on the Web  Refining the Topic and Purpose     Narrowing the Topic     Forming a Specific Speech Purpose  From Topic and Purpose to Thesis Statement     Use the Thesis Statement to Convey the Central Idea     Use the Thesis Statement to Guide your Speech Preparation     From Source to Speech: Narrowing Your Topic Using a Library Portal  Making the Thesis Statement Relevant and Motivating  CHAPTER 8 – Developing Supporting Material Use a Variety of Supporting Materials  Refer Orally to Your Sources  Offer Examples     Brief Examples     Extended Examples     Hypothetical Examples  Share Stories  Draw on Testimony  Provide Facts and Statistics     Use Statistics Accurately     Present Your Statistics Ethically    Use Visual Aids Whenever Possible Win Acceptance of Your Supporting Materials     From Source to Speech: Demonstrating Your Sources’ Reliability and Credibility  CHAPTER 9 – Locating Supporting Material Before You Begin: Plan a Research Strategy  Secondary Resources: Print and Electronically Stored Sources     Library Resources to Facilitate Your Search     Books     Newspapers and Periodicals     Government Publications     Reference Works  Primary Resources: Interviews and Surveys     Interviews     Surveys  Documenting Your Resources     Record References as You Go     Choose Helpful Tools     Identify Quoted, Paraphrased, an Summarized Material     Critically Evaluate Your Sources     From Source to Speech: Recording and Citing Books     From Source to Speech: Recording and Citing Articles and Periodicals  CHAPTER 10 – Using the Internet to Support Your Speech Begin Your Search at a Library Portal     Virtual Libraries  Be a Critical Consumer of Information     Be Alert To Commercial Factors Affecting Search Results  Make the Most of Internet Search Tools     Distinguish Among Types of Search Engines         Individual versus Meta-Search Engines         Specialized Search Engines     Understand How Subject (Web) Directories Work     Know When to Use Search Engines and Subject Directories  Conduct Smart Searches     Use Basic Search Commands     Use Field Searching To Further Narrow Results  Record and Cite Internet Sources  Organizing and Outlining  CHAPTER 11 – Organizing the Speech  Beyond the Speech: Organization as a Life Skill  Main Points, Supporting Points, and Transitions  Main Points: Making the Claim     Using the Purpose and Thesis Statements as Guides     • CHECKLIST: Do the Speech Points Illustrate or Prove the Thesis?     Number of Main Points     Strategies for Limiting Main Points     Form of Main Points  Supporting Points: Substantiating the Claim     Position of Supporting Points  Principles of Organizing Main and Supporting Points     Unity     Coherence     Balance     • CHECKLIST: Do the Speech Points Reflect Unity, Coherence, and Balance?  Transitions: Giving Direction to the Speech     Transitions among Main Points     Transitions among Supporting Points     Sample Techniques for Posing Transitions     Using Internal Previews and Summaries as Transitions     • CHECKLIST: Using Transitions     From Point to Point: Using Transitions to Guide Your Listeners  CHAPTER 12 – Types of Organizational Arrangements  Arranging Speech Points Topically  Arranging Speech Points Chronologically  Arranging Speech Points Using a Spatial Pattern  Arranging Speech Points Using a Causal (Cause-Effect) Pattern  Arranging Speech Points Using a Problem-Solution Pattern  Arranging Speech Points Using a Narrative Pattern  Arranging Speech Points Using a Circle Pattern         • CHECKLIST: Matching the Organizational Pattern to the Audience     • PUBLIC SPEAKING IN CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: Arrangement Formats and Audience Diversity  CHAPTER 13 – Outlining the Speech  Plan on Creating Two Outlines     Types of Outline Formats     Effects of Outline Format on Speech Delivery  Begin with a Working Outline     Separate Introduction and Conclusion from the Body     List Your Sources     Create a Title     • CHECKLIST: Steps in Creating a Working Outline     Sample Working Outline  Preparing the Speaking Outline     Clearly Indicate Delivery Cues     • CHECKLIST: Tips on Using Notecards or Sheets of Paper     Practice the Speech     • CHECKLIST: Steps in Creating a Speaking Outline     Sample Speaking Outline     Full-Text Speech: Staying Ahead of Spyware  Introductions, Conclusions, and Language  CHAPTER 14 – Developing the Introduction  Functions of the Introduction     Gain Attention: The First Step     • SELF-ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST: Using Humor Appropriately     Introduce the Purpose and Topic     • PUBLIC SPEAKING IN CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: Humor and Culture: When the Jokes Fall Flat     Preview the Main Points     Motivate the Audience to Accept Your Goals     •SELF-ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST: How Effective Is Your Introduction?     Make the Topic Relevant     Establish Credibility As a Speaker  Guidelines for Preparing the Introduction     • CHECKLIST: Guidelines for Preparing the Introduction  CHAPTER 15 – Developing the Conclusion  Functions of Conclusions     Signal the Close of a Speech and Provide Closure     Summarize the Main Points and Goals     Reiterate the Topic and Speech Purpose     Challenge the Audience to Respond  Make the Conclusion Memorable     • CHECKLIST: Making the Conclusion Memorable 225     Use Quotations     • CHECKLIST: How Effective Is Your Conclusion?     Tell a Story     Pose a Rhetorical Question  Guidelines for Preparing the Conclusion     • CHECKLIST: Guidelines for Preparing the Conclusion  CHAPTER 16 – Using Language to Style the Speech  Prepare Your Speeches for the Ear     Strive for Simplicity     Aim for Conciseness     • ESL SPEAKER’S NOTES: Using Contractions     Consider Phrases and Sentence Fragments     Use Repetition and Transitions     • SELF-ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST: Does Your Speech Incorporate Effective Oral Style?     Use Personal Pronouns     • CHECKLIST: Personalizing Your Speech with Personal Pronouns  Choose Language That Encourages Shared Meaning     Use Culturally Sensitive and Unbiased Language     • PUBLIC SPEAKING IN CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: Adapting your Language to Diverse Audiences     Choose Concrete Words     • CHECKLIST: Considering Your Cultural Intelligence Quotient     • SELF-ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST: Is Your Speech Language Concrete?     Offer Vivid Imagery  Choose Language That Builds Credibility     Use Appropriate Language     Use Language Accurately     Choose Words That Convey Confidence and Conviction     • CHECKLIST: Does Your Language Build Trust and Credibility?  Choose Language That Creates a Lasting Impression     Use Repetition for Rhythm and Reinforcement     Use Alliteration for a Poetic Quality     Use Parallelism to Drive Your Points Home Vocal and Nonverbal Delivery  CHAPTER 17 – Methods of Delivery  Qualities of Effective Delivery     Strive for Naturalness     Show Enthusiasm     Project a Sense of Confidence     Be Direct Select a Method of Delivery     Speaking from Manuscript     • ESL SPEAKER’S NOTES: Avoiding the Pitfalls of Manuscript Delivery     Speaking from Memory     Speaking Impromptu     • CHECKLIST: Speaking Off-the-Cuff: Preparing for the Impromptu Speech 256      Speaking Extemporaneously     • ETHICALLY SPEAKING: A Tool for Good and Evil     • CHECKLIST: Ready for the Call: Preparing for the Extemporaneous Speech  CHAPTER 18 – The Voice in Delivery  Volume     • CHECKLIST: Tips on Using a Microphone  Pitch  Rate  Pauses  Vocal Variety     • SELF-ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST: Practice Check for Vocal Effectiveness     • ESL SPEAKER’S NOTES: Vocal Variety and the Non-Native Speaker  Pronunciation and Articulation    • PUBLIC SPEAKING IN CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: Vocal Delivery and Culture    • CHECKLIST: Overcoming Articulation Problems  CHAPTER 19 – The Body in Delivery  Functions of Nonverbal Communication in Delivery     Clarify Verbal Messages     Facilitate Feedback     Establish Relationships Between Speaker and Audience     Establish Speaker Credibility 268  Pay Attention to Body Movement     Animate Your Facial     • SELF-ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST: Tips for Using Effective Facial Expressions     Maintain Eye Contact    Use Gestures That Feel     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Effective Gesturing     Be Aware of General Body Movement     Dress Appropriately     • CHECKLIST: Broad Dress Code Guidelines     • PUBLIC SPEAKING IN CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: Nonverbal Communication Patterns in Different Cultures  Practice the Delivery     Focus on the Message     Record the Speech     Be Prepared to Revise Your Speaking Notes     Practice Under Realistic Conditions     Time Your Speech     Plan Ahead and Practice Often     • CHECKLIST: Practicing Your Speech  Presentation Aids  CHAPTER 20 – Using Presentation Aids in the Speech  Functions of Presentation Aids     Help Listeners Process and Retain Information     Promote Interest and Motivation     Convey Information Concisely     Lend a Professional Image  Types of Presentation Aids    Props and Models     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Using Props Effectively     Pictures (Photographs, Drawings, Diagrams, Maps, and Posters)     Graphs and Charts     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Creating Effective Pictograms     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Creating Effective Line, Bar, and Pie Graphs     Audio and Video     • CHECKLIST: Tips on Incorporating Audio and Video Into Your Presentation     Multimedia  Options for Displaying the Presentation Aid     Overhead Transparencies     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Successfully Incorporating Presentation Aids into Your Speech     Computer-Generated Graphics and Display     • CHECKLIST: Tips on Using Overhead Transparencies 293     Flip Charts     Chalkboards     Handouts     From Idea to Image: Creating Visual Aids  CHAPTER 21 – Designing Presentation Aids  Simplicity  Continuity     • CHECKLIST: Applying the Principles of Simplicity and Continuity  Typeface Style and Font Size    • CHECKLIST: Tips for Using Typefaces, Fonts, and Sizes Effectively  Color     • CHECKLIST: Optimizing Your Use of Color  CHAPTER 22 – Using Presentation Software  It's a Speech, Not a Slide Show     • CHECKLIST: Preventive Maintenance: Avoiding PowerPoint Technical Glitches  A Brief Guide to Using PowerPoint     Become Familiar with the Presentation Options     • CHECKLIST: Using PowerPoint's AutoContent Wizard or Slide Layouts     Editing Text     Using Slide Inserts     • CHECKLIST: Inserting Tables and Worksheets into PowerPoint     Using Transitions and Animation Effects  Developing PowerPoint Slides for a Speech     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Successfully Using PowerPoint Presentations in Your Speech     From PowerPoint to Presentation: Developing Effective Slides

FORMS OF SPEECHES  CHAPTER 23 – The Informative Speech  Goals and Strategies of Informative Speaking     Look for Ways to Increase Understanding     • CHECKLIST: Help Listeners Process and Retain Information     Differentiate Between Informing and Persuading     Gauge the Audience’s Informational Needs     Demonstrate the Topic’s Relevance Early On     Preview Main Points     Present New and Interesting Information  Types of Informative Speeches     Speeches about Objects or Phenomena     Speeches about People     Speeches about Events     Speeches about Processes     Speeches about Issues     Speeches about Concepts  Approaches to Conveying Information     Definition     • CHECKLIST: Define Your Terms 332     Description     Demonstration     Explanation     • CHECKLIST: Using the Power of Language to Connect with the Audience  Strategies for Reducing Confusion     Use Analogies to Build on Prior Knowledge     Demonstrate Underlying Causes     • CHECKLIST: Strategies for Explaining Complex Information     Check for Understanding  Appeal to Different Learning Styles  Organizing the Informative Speech     • CHECKLIST: Guidelines for Clearly Communicating Your Informative Message     SAMPLE SPEECH OF DEMONSTRATION: An Ounce of Prevention Keeps the Germs Away, Christie Collins     SAMPLE VISUALLY ANNOTATED INFORMATIVE SPEECH: Necessity and the Father of Invention: John Kanzius and the Quest to Cure Cancer, David Kruckenberg  CHAPTER 24 – The Persuasive Speech  What Is a Persuasive Speech?     Persuasive Speeches Attempt to Influence Audience Choices     • CHECKLIST: Conditions for Choosing a Persuasive Purpose     Persuasive Speeches Limit Alternatives     Persuasive Speeches Seek a Response     • ETHICALLY SPEAKING: Persuasive Speeches Respect Audience Choices  The Process of Persuasion     • CHECKLIST: Increasing the Odds of Achieving Your Persuasive Speech Goals  Classical Persuasive Appeals: Using Proofs     Logos: Proof by Reason     Pathos: Proof by Emotion     • ETHICALLY SPEAKING: Using Emotions Ethically     Ethos: Proof through Speaker Character     • CHECKLIST: Displaying Ethos in the Persuasive Speech  Contemporary Persuasive Appeals     Persuading Listeners by Appealing to Their Needs     Persuading Listeners by Appealing to the Reasons for Their Behavior     Persuading Listeners by Focusing on What’s Most Relevant to Them     Persuading Listeners through Speaker Credibility     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Increasing Speaker Credibility  CHAPTER 25 – Developing Arguments for the Persuasive Speech  What Is an Argument?     • ETHICALLY SPEAKING: Engaging in Arguments in the Public Arena     Stating a Claim     Providing Evidence     Warrants: Justifying the Link Between the Claim and Evidence  Types of Claims, Evidence, and Warrants     Claims Used in Persuasive Speeches: Fact, Value, and Policy     Using Evidence to Support Your Claims     • PUBLIC SPEAKING IN CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: Addressing Culture in the Persuasive Speech     • CHECKLIST: Testing the Strength of Your Evidence     Types of Warrants Used to Link Claims with Evidence     • CHECKLIST: Making Effective Use of Reasoning by Cause     Addressing the Other Side of the Argument     • CHECKLIST: Techniques for Addressing Competing Arguments  Fallacies in Reasoning     Begging the Questions     Bandwagoning     Either-Or Fallacy     Ad Hominem Argument     Red Herring     Hasty Generalization     Non Sequitur     Slippery Slope     Appeal to Tradition  CHAPTER 26 – Organizing the Persuasive Speech  Factors to Consider When Choosing an Organizational Pattern     Arguments and Evidence     Target Audience    Specific Speech Purpose  Problem-Solution Pattern of Arrangement     • CHECKLIST: Organizing a Claim of Policy  Monroe’s Motivated Sequence     Step 1: Attention     Step 2: Need     Step 3: Satisfaction     Step 4: Visualization     • CHECKLIST: Steps in the Motivated Sequence     Step 5: Action  Comparative Advantage Pattern of Arrangement  Refutation Pattern of Arrangement     SAMPLE PERSUASIVE SPEECH: The Need for Disability Awareness, Amy Taber     SAMPLE VISUALLY ANNOTATED PERSUASIVE SPEECH: Emergency in the Emergency Room, Lisa Roth     SAMPLE VISUALLY ANNOTATED PERSUASIVE SPEECH: Choosing the Right Path, Elipidio Villarreal  CHAPTER 27 – Special Occasion Speeches  Functions of Special Occasion Speeches     Entertainment     Celebration     Commemoration     Inspiration     Social Agenda-Setting  Types of Special Occasion Speeches     Speeches of Introduction     Speeches of Acceptance     • CHECKLIST: Guidelines for Introducing Other Speakers     • CHECKLIST: Guidelines for Delivering Speeches of Acceptance     Speeches of Presentation     Roasts and Toasts     Eulogies and Other Tributes     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Delivering Effective Eulogies     After-Dinner Speeches     Speeches of Inspiration     • CHECKLIST: Delivering a Successful Speech of Inspiration     • ETHICALLY SPEAKING: Beware of Violating Audience Expectations     SAMPLE VISUALLY ANNOTATED SPECIAL OCCASION SPEECH:     Remarks at the Virginia Tech Convocation, Governor Tim Kaine     Speaking Beyond the Speech Classroom CHAPTER 28 – Communicating in Groups  Becoming an Effective Group Participant     Assuming Roles within the Group     Using Productive Conflict to Focus on the Issues     Pursuing a Collective Mind While Avoiding Groupthink  Leading a Group     Setting Goals     • CHECKLIST: Guidelines for Setting Group Goals     Encouraging Active Participation     • CHECKLIST: Techniques to Encourage Group Participation  Making Decisions in Groups  Making Presentations in Groups  CHAPTER 29 – Business and Professional Presentations  Public Versus Presentational Speaking     Topic Selection    Audience Composition     Audience Participation     Speaker Expertise  Common Types of Business and Professional Presentations     Sales Presentations     • CHECKLIST: Using Monroe’s Motivated Sequence to Organize a Sales Presentation     Proposals     • CHECKLIST: Preparing a Proposal     Staff Reports     • CHECKLIST: Preparing a Staff Report     Progress Reports     • CHECKLIST: Preparing a Progress Report     Crisis-Response Presentations     • ESL SPEAKER’S NOTES: Steps to Counteract Problems in Being Understood     • ETHICALLY SPEAKING: Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators  CHAPTER 30 – Speaking in Other College Courses  Review of an Academic Article  Team Presentations     Designate a Team Leader      Assign Roles and Tasks     Establish a Consistent Format     Rehearse the Presentation     • CHECKLIST: Assigning Roles for the Group Presentation     • CHECKLIST: Team Presentation Tips  Debates     Take a Side     Advance Strong Arguments     "Flow" the Debate     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Winning a Debate  Poster Sessions  Addressing Typical Audiences  Speaking in Science and Mathematics Courses     • CHECKLIST: Tips on Presenting to a Mixed Audience     The Research (Oral Scientific) Presentation     • CHECKLIST: Evaluating Your Original Research Presentation     The Methods/Procedure Presentation     The Research Overview     Field Study Presentation     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Producing Effective Poster Sessions     Preparing Effective Presentations in Science and Mathematics     • CHECKLIST: Tips for Preparing Successful Scientific Presentations  Speaking in Technical Courses     The Design Review     The Request for Funding     Preparing Effective Technical Presentations     The Architecture Design Review  Speaking in Social Science Courses     Debate Controversial Topics     Provide a Review of the Literature     Explain Social Phenomena     Evaluate Policies and Programs     Recommend Policies     Preparing Effective Presentations in the Social Sciences  Speaking in Arts and Humanities Courses     Informative Speeches of Description and Analysis     Presentations That Compare and Contrast     Debates     Classroom Discussions     Preparing Effective Presentations in the Arts and Humanities  Speaking in Education Courses     Delivering a Lecture     Facilitating a Group Activity     Facilitating a Classroom Discussion     Preparing Effective Presentations in Education  Speaking in Nursing and Allied Health Courses     Community Service Learning Project     Treatment Plan Reports (Case Conferences/Shift Reports)     Policy Recommendation Report     Preparing Effective Presentations in Nursing and Allied Health Courses  SAMPLE SPEECHES  Sample Informative Speech     Nonmonetary Uses of Gold, Christa Kim  Sample Persuasive Speech     Tales of Our Grandmothers, Anita Taylor  Sample Special Occasion Speech     2004 University of Pennsylvania Commencement Address, Bono  REFERENCE AND RESEARCH APPENDICES A – Handling Question-and-Answer Sessions B – Preparing for Mediated Communication C – Public Discussions: Panels, Symposiums, and Forums D – Mispronounced Words E – Chicago Documentation F – APA Documentation G – MLA Documentation H – CBE/CSE Documentation I – IEEE Documentation J – Glossary