Sports Injury Management

, by Anderson, Marcia; Hall, Susan J.

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ISBN: 9780683001754 | 0683001752
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1995

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Section I. Foundations of Sports Injury Management

(52)

Chapter 1. Sports Injury Management and the Athletic Trainer

(28)

Sports Medicine

(2)

Responsibilities of the Primary Sports Medicine Team

(5)

Team Physician

(1)

Primary Care Physician

(1)

Athletic Trainer

(3)

The Coach or Sport Supervisor

(1)

Sport Participant

(1)

Student Athletic Trainer

(1)

Physical Therapist

(1)

Athletic and Clinical Administrators

(1)

Standards of Professional Practice

(2)

NATA Certification for the Athletic Trainer

(1)

Continuing Education Requirements

(1)

Registration and Licensure

(1)

Legal Liability

(5)

Negligence

(1)

Failure to Warn

(1)

Informed Consent

(1)

Foreseeability of Harm

(1)

Product Liability

(2)

Preventing Litigation

(1)

Medical Records and Record Keeping

(8)

Preparticipation Exams

(1)

Insurance Forms

(1)

Medical Data Information Cards

(1)

Accident Reports

(3)

Injury Management, Rehabilitation and Progress Charts

(1)

Supply and Equipment Inventory

(1)

Annual Reports

(4)

Career Opportunities in Athletic Training

(3)

High School and Collegiate Settings

(1)

Sports Medicine Clinics

(1)

Dual High School/Clinic Trainer

(1)

Industrial Health Care Programs

(1)

Professional Sport Teams

(1)

Summary

(3)

Chapter 2. The Mechanics of Tissue Injury and Healing

(24)

Injury Mechanisms

(4)

Force and Its Effects

(3)

Torque and Its Effects

(1)

Soft Tissue Injuries

(7)

Anatomical Properties of Soft Tissue

(4)

Skin Injury Classifications

(1)

Other Soft Tissue Injury Classifications

(1)

Soft Tissue Healing

(2)

Bone Injuries

(6)

Anatomical Properties of Bone

(3)

Bone Injury Classifications

(1)

Epiphyseal Injury Classifications

(1)

Bony Tissue Healing

(2)

Nerve Injuries

(1)

Anatomical Properties of Nerve

(1)

Nerve Injury Classifications

(1)

Nerve Healing

(1)

Pain

(1)

The Neurological Basis of Pain

(1)

Factors that Mediate Pain

(1)

Referred Pain and Radiating Pain

(1)

Summary

(5)

Section II: Sports Injury Management

(160)

Chapter 3. Emergency Procedures

(46)

Emergency Situations

(1)

Obstructed Airway

(1)

Partial Airway Obstruction

(1)

Total Airway Obstruction

(1)

Cardiopulmonary Emergencies

(1)

Unconscious Athlete

(1)

Hemorrhage

(3)

External Bleeding

(1)

Internal Hemorrhage

(3)

Shock

(2)

Fractures

(1)

Hyperthermia

(9)

Internal Heat Regulation

(3)

Measuring the Heat Stress Index

(1)

Preventing Heat Emergencies

(3)

Heat Cramps

(1)

Heat Exhaustion

(1)

Heat Stroke

(1)

Emergency Care for Heat Stress

(1)

Hypothermia

(3)

Preventing Cold Related Injuries

(1)

Frostbite Injuries

(1)

Systemic Body Cooling

(1)

The Emergency Plan

(1)

Primary Injury Assessment

(9)

Assess Unresponsiveness

(1)

Open the Airway

(2)

Establish Breathing

(1)

Establish Circulation

(4)

Secondary Injury Assessment

(7)

History of the Injury

(1)

Observation

(3)

Palpation

(3)

Special Tests

(1)

Determination of Findings

(1)

Moving the Injured Participant

(1)

Summary

(7)

Chapter 4. Sports Injury Assessment

103

(34)

Anatomical Foundations

105

(1)

Body Segments and Anatomical Position

105

(1)

Directional Terms

105

(1)

Regional Terms

105

(1)

Joint Movement Terms

105

(1)

Assessing an Injury

105

(5)

On-the-Field vs. Off-the-Field Assessment

105

(3)

Assessment Terms

108

(2)

History of the Injury

110

(4)

Primary Complaint

111

(1)

Mechanism of Injury

111

(1)

Characteristics of the Symptoms

111

(2)

Disability Resulting from the Injury

113

(1)

Related Medical History

113

(1)

Observation and Inspection

114

(2)

Observation

114

(2)

Inspection of the Injury Site

116

(1)

Palpation

116

(3)

Special Tests

119

(11)

Active Movement

119

(2)

Passive Movement

121

(1)

Resisted Manual Muscle Testing

122

(1)

Neurological Testing

123

(4)

Stress Tests

127

(1)

Functional Testing

128

(2)

Injury Recognition

130

(1)

SOAP Notes

130

(4)

Subjective Evaluation

131

(1)

Objective Evaluation

131

(1)

Assessment

131

(1)

Plan

131

(3)

Summary

134

(3)

Chapter 5. Therapeutic Exercise and Therapeutic Modalities

137

(46)

Psychology and the Injured Participant

137

(1)

Developing a Therapeutic Exercise Program

138

(4)

Assess the Patient

138

(1)

Organize and Interpret the Assessment

139

(1)

Formulate the Problem List

139

(1)

Establish Goals

139

(1)

Develop the Treatment Plan

140

(1)

Supervise the Treatment Program

141

(1)

Reassess the Progress of the Program

141

(1)

Phase One: Controlling Inflammation

142

(3)

Control of Inflammation

142

(1)

Protect and Restrict Activity

142

(2)

Relaxation

144

(1)

Phase Two: Restoration of Motion

145

(5)

Active Range of Motion (AROM)

146

(1)

Passive Range of Motion (PROM)

146

(1)

Active Assisted Range of Motion (AAROM)

146

(1)

Flexibility

146

(4)

Phase Three: Developing Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power

150

(6)

Muscular Strength

151

(4)

Muscular Endurance

155

(1)

Muscular Power

155

(1)

Open vs. Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises

155

(1)

Phase Four: Return to Sport Activity

156

(4)

Coordination

156

(1)

Sport Specific Skill Conditioning

157

(2)

Cardiovascular Endurance

159

(1)

Therapeutic Modalities and Medications

160

(19)

Cryotherapy

162

(4)

Thermotherapy

166

(6)

Phonophoresis

172

(1)

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

172

(3)

Intermittent Compression Units

175

(1)

Continuous Passive Motion (CPM)

175

(1)

Massage

176

(1)

Medications

176

(3)

Nutrition

179

(1)

Summary

180

(3)

Chapter 6. Protective Equipment

183

(34)

Principles of Protective Equipment

183

(1)

Protective Equipment for the Head and Face

184

(8)

Football Helmets

185

(2)

Ice Hockey Helmets

187

(1)

Batting Helmets

187

(1)

Other Helmets

187

(1)

Face Guards

188

(1)

Mouth Guards

188

(2)

Eye Wear

190

(2)

Ear Wear

192

(1)

Throat and Neck Protectors

192

(1)

Protective Equipment for the Upper Body

192

(6)

Shoulder Protection

192

(1)

Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand Protection

193

(3)

Thorax, Rib, and Abdominal Protection

196

(1)

Sport Bras

196

(1)

Lumbar/Sacral Protection

197

(1)

Protective Equipment for the Lower Body

198

(10)

Hip and Buttock Protection

199

(1)

Thigh Protection

199

(1)

Knee and Patella Protection

200

(5)

Lower Leg Protection

205

(1)

Ankle and Foot Protection

205

(3)

Summary

208

(9)

Section III. Injuries to the Lower Extremity

217

(146)

Chapter 7. Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg

217

(52)

Anatomy Review of the Foot, Ankle and Lower Leg

217

(13)

Forefoot

217

(1)

Midfoot

218

(2)

Hindfoot

220

(1)

Tibiofibular Joints

221

(1)

Plantar Arches

221

(2)

Muscles of the Lower Leg and Foot

223

(3)

Nerves of the Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg

226

(1)

Blood Vessels of the Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg

227

(3)

Kinematics of the Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg

230

(2)

The Gait Cycle

231

(1)

Toe Flexion and Extension

231

(1)

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

231

(1)

Inversion and Eversion

231

(1)

Pronation and Supination

231

(1)

Kinetics of the Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg

232

(1)

Forces Commonly Sustained by the Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg

232

(1)

Foot Deformation During Gait

233

(1)

Prevention of Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg Injuries

233

(3)

Protective Equipment

233

(1)

Physical Conditioning

233

(3)

Footwear

236

(1)

Toe and Foot Conditions

236

(4)

Turf Toe

236

(1)

Ingrown Toenail

236

(1)

Hammer and Claw Toes

236

(1)

Calluses and Corns

237

(1)

Athlete's Foot

238

(1)

Verrucae Plantaris

238

(1)

Metatarsalgia

239

(1)

Plantar Neuroma (Interdigital Neuroma)

239

(1)

Bunions (Hallux Valgus)

239

(1)

Freiberg's Disease

239

(1)

Bursitis (Pump Bump, Runner's Bump)

240

(1)

Contusions

240

(2)

Foot Contusions

241

(1)

Lower Leg Contusions

241

(1)

Acute Compartment Syndrome

242

(1)

Foot and Ankle Sprains

242

(4)

Toe and Foot Sprains/Dislocations

242

(1)

Mechanisms of Injury for Ankle Sprains

243

(1)

Lateral Ankle Sprains

243

(2)

Medial Ankle Sprains

245

(1)

Acute Strains of the Foot and Lower Leg

246

(2)

Muscle Cramps

246

(1)

Peroneal Tendon Strain

247

(1)

Tibialis Posterior Tendon Strain

247

(1)

Achilles Tendon Strain

247

(1)

Achilles Tendon Rupture

247

(1)

Gastroenemius Muscle Strain

248

(1)

Overuse Conditions

248

(3)

Plantar Fasciitis

249

(1)

Achilles Tendinitis

250

(1)

Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS)

250

(1)

Exercise-induced Compartment Syndrome

250

(1)

Fractures

251

(5)

Apophysitis of the Calcaneus (Sever's Disease)

252

(1)

Stress Fractures

252

(1)

Avulsion Fractures

253

(1)

Osteochondral Fracture of the Talus

253

(1)

Displaced and Undisplaced Fractures

254

(2)

Fracture-Dislocations

256

(1)

Assessment of the Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg

256

(1)

History

256

(1)

Observation and Inspection

256

(2)

Palpations

258

(1)

Anterior and Medial Palpations

258

(1)

Anterior and Lateral Palpations

259

(1)

Posterior Palpations

259

(1)

Special Tests

259

(5)

Active Movements

259

(1)

Passive Range of Motion

260

(1)

Resisted Muscle Testing

260

(1)

Neurological Assessment

260

(1)

Stress and Functional Tests

260

(4)

Rehabilitation

264

(2)

Restoration of Motion

265

(1)

Restoration of Proprioception and Balance

265

(1)

Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power

265

(1)

Cardiovascular Fitness

265

(1)

Summary

266

(3)

Chapter 8. The Knee

269

(50)

Anatomy Review of the Knee

269

(5)

Tibiofemoral Joint

269

(1)

Menisci

269

(1)

Joint Capsule and Bursae

270

(1)

Ligaments of the Knee

271

(1)

Other Structures Stabilizing the Knee

272

(1)

Patellofemoral Joint

272

(1)

Muscles Crossing the Knee

272

(1)

Nerves of the Knee

272

(1)

Blood Vessels of the Knee

273

(1)

Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Knee

274

(3)

Flexion and Extension

275

(1)

Rotation and Passive Abduction and Adduction

276

(1)

Knee Motion During Gait

276

(1)

Patellofemoral Joint Motion

276

(1)

Kinetics of the Knee

277

(1)

Forces at the Tibiofemoral Joint

277

(1)

Forces at the Patellofemoral Joint

277

(1)

Prevention of Knee Injuries

277

(1)

Physical Conditioning

278

(1)

Rule Changes

278

(1)

Shoe Design

278

(1)

Contusions

278

(4)

Fat Pad Contusion

278

(1)

Peroneal Nerve Contusion

278

(4)

Bursitis

282

(1)

Prepatellar Bursitis

282

(1)

Deep Infrapatellar Bursitis

283

(1)

Pes Anserine Bursitis

283

(1)

Baker's Cyst

283

(1)

Treatment of Bursitis

283

(1)

Ligamentous Injuries

283

(6)

Unidirectional Instabilities

284

(3)

Multidirectional Instabilities

287

(1)

Management of Ligament Injuries

287

(2)

Meniscal Injuries

289

(2)

Patellar and Related Injuries

291

(6)

Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome

293

(1)

Chondromalacia Patellae

293

(1)

Acute Patellar Subluxation and Dislocation

294

(1)

Patella Plica Syndrome

295

(1)

Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper's Knee)

296

(1)

Osgood-Schlatter Disease

296

(1)

Extensor Tendon Rupture

297

(1)

Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome

297

(1)

Fractures and Associated Injuries

298

(4)

Avulsion Fractures

298

(1)

Epiphyseal and Apophyseal Fractures

299

(1)

Stress Fractures

300

(1)

Chondral and Osteochondral Fractures

300

(1)

Osteochondritis Dissecans

301

(1)

Displaced and Undisplaced Femoral Fractures

301

(1)

Patellar Fractures

302

(1)

Assessing the Knee Complex

302

(1)

History

302

(1)

Observation and Inspection

303

(1)

Palpations

304

(2)

Anterior Palpations

305

(1)

Posterior Palpations with Knee Slightly Flexed

305

(1)

Palpation for Swelling

305

(1)

Special Tests

306

(7)

Active Movements

306

(1)

Passive Range of Motion

307

(1)

Resisted Muscle Testing

307

(1)

Neurological Assessment

307

(2)

Stress and Functional Tests

309

(4)

Rehabilitation of Knee Injuries

313

(4)

Restoration of Motion

313

(1)

Restoration of Proprioception and Balance

314

(1)

Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power

314

(1)

Cardiovascular Fitness

315

(2)

Summary

317

(2)

Chapter 9. Thigh, Hip, and Pelvis Injuries

319

(44)

Anatomy of the Thigh, Hip, and Pelvis

319

(4)

Bony Structure of the Thigh

319

(3)

The Hip Joint

322

(1)

The Pelvis

322

(1)

Joint Capsule and Bursae

322

(1)

Ligaments of the Hip

322

(1)

Muscles of the Hip

323

(1)

Nerves of the Thigh, Hip, and Pelvis

323

(1)

Blood Vessels of the Thigh, Hip, and Pelvis

323

(1)

Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Hip

323

(5)

Pelvic Positioning

323

(1)

Flexion

323

(1)

Extension

323

(3)

Abduction

326

(1)

Adduction

327

(1)

Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Femur

327

(1)

Kinetics of the Hip

328

(1)

Forces at the Hip During Standing

328

(1)

Forces at the Hip During Gait

328

(1)

Prevention of Injuries to the Thigh, Hip, and Pelvis

328

(3)

Protective Equipment

329

(1)

Physical Conditioning

329

(1)

Shoe Selection

329

(2)

Contusions

331

(2)

Quadriceps Contusion

331

(1)

Myositis Ossificans

331

(2)

Hip Pointers

333

(1)

Bursitis

333

(1)

Sprains and Dislocations

334

(1)

Strains

335

(3)

Quadriceps Strain

335

(1)

Hamstrings Strain

335

(2)

Adductor (Groin) Strain

337

(1)

Gluteal Muscles

338

(1)

Piriformis Syndrome

338

(1)

Treatment and Rehabilitation

338

(1)

Vascular Disorders

338

(2)

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

339

(1)

Venous Disorders

339

(1)

Hip Fractures

340

(3)

Avulsion Fractures

340

(1)

Epiphyseal Fractures

340

(1)

Stress Fractures

341

(1)

Displaced and Nondisplaced Pelvic Fractures

341

(1)

Femoral Fractures

342

(1)

Assessment

343

(1)

History

344

(1)

Observation and Inspection

344

(1)

Palpations

344

(2)

Anterior Palpations

345

(1)

Posterior Palpations

346

(1)

Special Tests

346

(10)

Active Movements

346

(1)

Passive Range of Motion

347

(1)

Resisted Muscle Testing

348

(1)

Neurological Assessment

349

(3)

Stress and Functional Tests

352

(4)

Rehabilitation of the Hip

356

(1)

Restoration of Motion

356

(1)

Restoration of Proprioception and Balance

357

(1)

Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power

357

(1)

Cardiovascular Fitness

357

(1)

Summary

357

(6)

Section IV. Injuries to the Upper Extremity

363

(134)

Chapter 10. Shoulder Injuries

363

(56)

Anatomy Review of the Shoulder

363

(7)

Sternoclavicular Joint

363

(1)

Acromioclavicular Joint

364

(1)

Coracoclavicular Joint

364

(1)

Glenohumeral Joint

364

(2)

Scapulothoracic Joint

366

(1)

Muscles of the Shoulder

366

(3)

Bursae

369

(1)

Nerves of the Shoulder

369

(1)

Blood Vessels of the Shoulder

370

(1)

Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Shoulder Complex

370

(3)

Throwing

370

(1)

Coordination of Shoulder Movements

371

(1)

Glenohumeral Flexion

372

(1)

Glenohumeral Extension

372

(1)

Glenohumeral Abduction

373

(1)

Glenohumeral Adduction

373

(1)

Lateral and Medial Rotation of the Humerus

373

(1)

Kinetics of the Shoulder

373

(1)

Prevention of Shoulder Injuries

373

(2)

Protective Equipment

374

(1)

Physical Conditioning

374

(1)

Proper Skill Technique

375

(1)

Sprains to the Shoulder Complex

375

(13)

Sternoclavicular Joint Sprain

375

(5)

Acromioclavicular Joint Sprain

380

(2)

Glenohumeral Joint Sprain

382

(1)

Glenohumeral Dislocations

383

(2)

Recurrent Subluxations and Dislocations

385

(3)

Overuse Injuries

388

(7)

Rotator Cuff Injuries

388

(1)

Impingement Syndrome

389

(2)

Bursitis

391

(2)

Bicipital Tendinitis

393

(1)

Biceps Tendon Rupture

393

(1)

Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndrome

393

(2)

Fractures to the Shoulder Region

395

(4)

Clavicular Fractures

395

(1)

Scapular Fractures

396

(1)

Epiphyseal and Avulsion Fractures

397

(1)

Humeral Fractures

398

(1)

Assessment

399

(1)

History

399

(1)

Observation and Inspection

399

(1)

Palpations

400

(2)

Anterior Palpations

401

(1)

Lateral Palpations

401

(1)

Posterior Palpations

401

(1)

Special Tests

402

(11)

Active Movements

402

(1)

Passive Range of Motion

402

(1)

Resisted Muscle Testing

402

(1)

Neurological Assessment

403

(4)

Stress and Functional Tests

407

(6)

Rehabilitation

413

(3)

Restoration of Motion

414

(1)

Restoration of Proprioception and Balance

414

(1)

Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power

415

(1)

Cardiovascular Fitness

415

(1)

Summary

416

(3)

Chapter 11. Upper Arm, Elbow, and Forearm Injuries

419

(36)

Anatomy Review of the Elbow

419

(4)

Humeroulnar Joint

419

(1)

Humeroradial Joint

419

(1)

Proximal Radioulnar Joint

420

(1)

Carrying Angle

420

(1)

Ligaments of the Elbow

420

(1)

Muscles of the Elbow

421

(1)

Nerves of the Elbow

421

(1)

Blood Vessels of the Elbow

422

(1)

Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Elbow

423

(1)

Flexion and Extension

423

(1)

Pronation and Supination

423

(1)

Kinetics of the Elbow

424

(1)

Prevention of Elbow Injuries

425

(1)

Protective Equipment

425

(1)

Physical Conditioning

425

(1)

Proper Skill Technique

425

(1)

Contusions

425

(5)

Olecranon Bursitis

430

(1)

Sprains

430

(2)

Anterior Capsulitis

431

(1)

Dislocations

431

(1)

Strains

432

(1)

Elbow Flexor and Extensor Strains

432

(1)

Forearm Flexor/Extensor Strains

433

(1)

Management of Strains

433

(1)

Overuse Conditions

433

(5)

Medial Epicondylitis

434

(1)

Lateral Epicondylitis

435

(1)

Impingement and Neural Entrapment Injuries

436

(2)

Forearm Splints

438

(1)

Compartment Syndrome

438

(1)

Fractures

438

(2)

Epiphyseal and Avulsion Fractures

439

(1)

Stress Fractures

439

(1)

Displaced and Undisplaced Fractures

439

(1)

Fracture Management

440

(1)

Assessment of the Elbow

440

(1)

History

440

(1)

Observation and Inspection

440

(2)

Palpations

442

(2)

Anterior Palpations

443

(1)

Lateral Palpations

443

(1)

Posterior Palpations

443

(1)

Medial Palpations

444

(1)

Special Tests

444

(6)

Active Movement

444

(1)

Passive Range of Motion

444

(1)

Resisted Muscle Testing

444

(1)

Neurological Testing

444

(1)

Stress and Functional Tests

445

(5)

Rehabilitation

450

(1)

Restoration of Motion

450

(1)

Restoration of Proprioception and Balance

450

(1)

Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power

451

(1)

Cardiovascular Fitness

451

(1)

Summary

451

(4)

Chapter 12. Wrist and Hand Injuries

455

(42)

Anatomy Review of the Wrist and Hand

455

(6)

Wrist Articulations

455

(1)

Hand Articulations

456

(1)

Muscles of the Wrist and Hand

456

(1)

Nerves of the Wrist and Hand

457

(1)

Blood Vessels of the Wrist and Hand

457

(3)

Retinacula of the Wrist

460

(1)

Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Wrist and Hand

461

(1)

Flexion

461

(1)

Extension and Hyperextension

461

(1)

Radial and Ulnar Deviation

461

(1)

Carpometacarpal Joint Motion

461

(1)

Metacarpophalangeal Joint Motion

462

(1)

Interphalangeal Joint Motion

462

(1)

Kinetics of the Wrist and Hand

462

(1)

Prevention of Wrist and Hand Injuries

463

(1)

Protective Equipment

464

(1)

Physical Conditioning

464

(1)

Proper Skill Technique

464

(1)

Contusions and Abrasions

464

(1)

Sprains

465

(3)

Wrist Sprains

465

(1)

Gamekeeper's Thumb

465

(1)

Interphalangeal Collateral Ligament Sprains

465

(2)

Dislocations

467

(1)

Strains

468

(3)

Jersey Finger (Profundus Tendon Rupture)

469

(1)

Mallet Finger

469

(1)

Boutonniere Deformity

470

(1)

Trigger Finger

470

(1)

Tendinitis and Stenosing Tenosynovitis

470

(1)

Ganglion Cysts

471

(1)

Fingertip Injuries

471

(1)

Subungual Hematomas

472

(1)

Paronychia

472

(1)

Felons

472

(1)

Nerve Entrapment Syndromes

472

(4)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

472

(2)

Ulnar Neuropathy

474

(2)

Superficial Radial Nerve Entrapment

476

(1)

Bowler's Thumb

476

(1)

Fractures to the Wrist and Hand

476

(4)

Distal Radial and Ulnar Fractures

477

(1)

Scaphoid Fracture

477

(1)

Hamate Fracture

478

(1)

Metacarpal Fractures

478

(2)

Bennett's Fracture

480

(1)

Phalangeal Fractures

480

(1)

Assessment of the Wrist and Hand

480

(1)

History

481

(1)

Observation and Inspection

482

(1)

Palpations

482

(1)

Dorsal Aspect

482

(1)

Palmar Aspect

483

(1)

Special Tests

483

(5)

Active Movement

484

(1)

Passive Range of Motion

484

(1)

Resisted Muscle Testing

484

(1)

Neurological Testing

485

(1)

Stress and Functional Tests

486

(2)

Rehabilitation

488

(3)

Restoration of Motion

489

(1)

Restoration of Proprioception and Balance

489

(1)

Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power

490

(1)

Cardiovascular Fitness

491

(1)

Summary

491

(6)

Section V. Injuries to the Axial Region

497

(130)

Chapter 13. Head and Facial Injuries

497

(38)

Anatomy Review of the Head and Facial Region

497

(6)

Bones of the Skull

497

(1)

The Scalp

498

(1)

The Brain

498

(1)

The Eyes

499

(1)

Nerves of the Head and Face

500

(2)

Blood Vessels of the Head and Face

502

(1)

Prevention of Head and Facial Injuries

503

(1)

Cranial Injury Mechanisms

503

(2)

Skull Fractures

505

(2)

Cerebral Hematomas

507

(2)

Epidural Hematoma

507

(1)

Subdural Hematoma

508

(1)

Concussions

509

(3)

Grade I Concussion

510

(1)

Grade II Concussion

510

(1)

Grade III Concussion

510

(1)

Grade IV Concussion

511

(1)

Grade V Concussion

512

(1)

Grade VI Concussion

512

(1)

Scalp Injuries

512

(1)

Assessment of Cranial Injuries

512

(5)

Vital Signs

513

(1)

History

514

(1)

Observation and Inspection

515

(1)

Palpation

515

(1)

Special Tests

515

(1)

Determination of Findings

516

(1)

Jaw Injuries

517

(4)

Mandibular Fractures

519

(1)

Maxillary Fractures

520

(1)

Zygomatic Fractures

520

(1)

Temporomandibular Dislocation

520

(1)

Facial Soft Tissue Injuries

521

(1)

Nasal Injuries

521

(2)

Epistaxis

521

(1)

Nasal Fractures

522

(1)

Oral and Dental Injuries

523

(3)

Lacerations of the Mouth

523

(1)

Loose Teeth

524

(1)

Fractured Tooth

524

(2)

Dislocated Tooth

526

(1)

Ear Injuries

526

(1)

External Ear Injury

526

(1)

Internal Ear Injury

526

(1)

Swimmer's Ear

527

(1)

Ear Injuries

527

(6)

Periorbital Ecchymosis (Black eye)

527

(1)

Foreign Bodies

528

(1)

Sty

528

(1)

Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)

528

(1)

Corneal Abrasion

528

(1)

Corneal Laceration

529

(1)

Imbedded Object

530

(1)

Subconjuctival Hemorrhage

530

(1)

Hemorrhage into the Anterior Chamber

530

(1)

Detached Retina

530

(1)

Orbital "Blowout" Fracture

530

(1)

Displaced Contact Lens

530

(3)

Summary

533

(2)

Chapter 14. Injuries to the Spine

535

(50)

Anatomy Review of the Spine

535

(7)

Spinal Column

535

(1)

Vertebrae

536

(2)

Intervertebral Discs

538

(1)

Ligaments of the Spine

539

(1)

Spinal Curves

539

(1)

Muscles of the Spine and Trunk

539

(1)

The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

540

(2)

Kinematics and Major Muscle Actions of the Spine

542

(2)

Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension

542

(2)

Lateral Flexion and Rotation

544

(1)

Kinetics of the Spine

544

(3)

Effect of Body Position

545

(1)

Effect of Movement Speed and Impact

545

(2)

Anatomical Variations Predisposing Individuals to Spine Injuries

547

(3)

Kyphosis

547

(1)

Scoliosis

548

(1)

Lordosis

548

(1)

Pars Interarticularis Fractures

548

(1)

Spina Bifida Occulta

549

(1)

Prevention of Spinal Injuries

550

(5)

Protective Equipment

550

(1)

Physical Conditioning

551

(4)

Proper Skill Technique

555

(1)

Cervical Spine Injuries

555

(2)

Cervical Strains and Sprains

556

(1)

Cervical Spinal Stenosis

556

(1)

Cervical Fractures and Dislocations

556

(1)

Brachial Plexus Injuries

557

(1)

Thoracic Spine Injuries

558

(2)

Thoracic Contusions, Strains, and Sprains

558

(1)

Thoracic Spinal Fractures and Apophysitis

559

(1)

Lumbar Spine Injuries

560

(5)

Low Back Pain

560

(1)

Lumbar Contusions, Strains, and Sprains

561

(1)

Sciatica

561

(2)

Lumbar Disc Injuries

563

(1)

Lumbar Fractures and Dislocations

564

(1)

Sacrum and Coccyx Injuries

565

(1)

Sacroiliac Joint Immobility

565

(1)

Coccygeal Injuries

565

(1)

Assessment of Spinal Injuries

565

(1)

History

566

(1)

Observation and Inspection

566

(3)

Posture

567

(1)

Scan Exam

567

(1)

Gait Assessment

567

(2)

Inspection of the Injury Site

569

(1)

Gross Neuromuscular Assessment

569

(1)

Palpations

569

(2)

Anterior Aspect

569

(1)

Posterior Aspect

569

(2)

Special Tests

571

(8)

Active Movement

571

(1)

Passive Range of Motion

572

(1)

Resisted Muscle Testing

572

(1)

Neurological Assessment

572

(3)

Stress and Functional Tests

575

(4)

Rehabilitation

579

(2)

Relief of Pain and Muscle Tension

579

(1)

Restoration of Motion

579

(2)

Restoration of Proprioception and Balance

581

(1)

Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Power

581

(1)

Cardiovascular Fitness

581

(1)

Summary

581

(4)

Chapter 15. Throat, Thorax, and Visceral Injuries

585

(42)

Anatomy Review of the Throat

585

(2)

Pharynx

585

(1)

Larynx

585

(1)

Trachea

586

(1)

Esophagus

587

(1)

Blood Vessels of the Throat

587

(1)

Anatomy Review of the Thorax

587

(4)

Thoracic Cage and Pleura

588

(1)

Bronchial Tree and Lungs

588

(2)

Heart

590

(1)

Muscles of the Thorax

591

(1)

Anatomy Review of the Visceral Region

591

(7)

Pelvic Girdle and Abdominal Cavity

592

(1)

Visceral Organs

592

(4)

Blood Vessels of the Trunk

596

(1)

Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle

597

(1)

Prevention of Injuries to the Throat, Thorax, and Viscera

598

(1)

Protective Equipment

598

(1)

Physical Conditioning

598

(1)

Throat Injuries

598

(2)

Thoracic Injuries

600

(4)

Stitch in the Side

600

(1)

Breast Injuries

600

(1)

Rupture of the Pectoralis Major Muscle

601

(1)

Costochondral Injury

601

(1)

Sternal Fractures

602

(1)

Rib Fractures

602

(2)

Internal Complications

604

(3)

Hyperventilation

604

(1)

Pulmonary Contusion

604

(1)

Pneumothorax

604

(1)

Tension Pneumothorax

605

(1)

Traumatic Asphyxia

605

(1)

Hemothorax

605

(1)

Heart Injuries

606

(1)

Sudden Death in Athletes

606

(1)

Athletic Heart Syndrome

607

(1)

Abdominal Wall Injuries

607

(3)

Skin Wounds and Contusions

607

(1)

Muscle Strains

607

(1)

Solar Plexus Contusion ("Wind Knocked Out")

608

(1)

Hernias

608

(2)

Intra-abdominal Injuries

610

(3)

Splenic Rupture

611

(1)

Liver Contusion and Rupture

612

(1)

Appendicitis

612

(1)

Kidney Contusion

612

(1)

Bladder Injuries

612

(1)

Assessment of Throat, Thorax, and Visceral Injuries

613

(1)

History

613

(1)

Observation and Inspection

614

(1)

Palpations

615

(2)

Special Tests

617

(2)

Auscultation and Percussion

617

(1)

Neurological Testing

618

(1)

Summary

619

(8)

Section VI. Special Conditions Related to Sports

627

(56)

Chapter 16. Conditions Related to the Reproductive System

627

(22)

Anatomy of the Genitalia

627

(2)

Female Reproductive System

628

(1)

Male Reproductive System

629

(1)

Injuries and Conditions of the Genitalia

629

(5)

Male Genital Injuries

629

(3)

Female Genital Injuries

632

(1)

Dermatological Conditions

633

(1)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

634

(7)

Hepatitis

634

(4)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

638

(3)

Menstrual Irregularities

641

(2)

Dysmenorrhea

641

(1)

Luteal Phase Deficiency

642

(1)

Anovulation

642

(1)

Exercise-Associated Amenorrhea

642

(1)

Birth Control and Sport Participation

643

(1)

Pregnancy and Sport Participation

644

(1)

Summary

645

(4)

Chapter 17. Other Health Conditions Related to Sports

649

(34)

Environmental Considerations

649

(2)

Altitude Disorders

650

(1)

Preventing Altitude Illness

650

(1)

Air Pollution

650

(1)

Respiratory Tract Conditions

651

(6)

Common Cold

651

(1)

Sinusitis

651

(2)

Pharyngitis (Sore Throat)

653

(1)

Influenza

653

(1)

Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever)

653

(1)

Bronchitis

654

(1)

Infectious Mononucleosis

654

(1)

Bronchial Asthma

655

(1)

Exercise-induced Asthma

655

(2)

The Gastrointestinal Tract

657

(1)

Gastroenteritis

657

(1)

Diarrhea

657

(1)

Constipation

658

(1)

Hemorrhoids

658

(1)

The Diabetic Athlete

658

(5)

Diabetic Coma

660

(1)

Insulin Shock

660

(1)

Exercise and Diabetes

661

(2)

Common Contagious Viral Diseases

663

(1)

Epilepsy

663

(2)

Hypertension

665

(1)

Anemia

665

(1)

Iron-deficiency Anemia

665

(1)

Sickle Cell Anemia

665

(1)

Substance Abuse

666

(9)

Therapeutic Drugs

666

(5)

Performance-enhancing Drugs

671

(2)

Recreational Drugs

673

(1)

Signs of Substance Abuse

674

(1)

Drug Testing

674

(1)

Eating Disorders

675

(5)

Atypical Eating Disorders

677

(1)

Bulimia Nervosa

677

(1)

Anorexia Nervosa

678

(1)

Exercise and Weight Management

678

(2)

Summary

680

(3)

Credits

683

(2)

Glossary

685

(14)

Index

699

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Sports Injury Management

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