Sports Law

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ISBN: 9780766823242 | 0766823245
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 11/27/2002

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For coaches, students, and administrators, paralegals, as well as those seeking a law degree in this field of study, this book introduces the relationship between law and sports, teaches the fundamentals, provides real-world insights, and explains many recent cases. The book is well-organized and helps readers not only understand the legal issues facing many in the sports industry, but how to seek the best professional advice. With numerous Web sites and other references, readers can conduct further research in a specific areas of interest in this fascinating study of sports law.

Preface

xvii

Introduction to Sports Law

xxi

Sports Agents

(32)

Introduction

(1)

Who Is a Sports Agent?

(2)

Qualifications to Become a Sports Agent

(1)

Professional Leagues

(1)

Formal Education to Become an Agent

(1)

General Agency Law Principles

(1)

Fiduciary Duties

(1)

History of Sports Agency

(1)

Agent Hierarchy

(1)

Agent Roles

(1)

Other Sports Clients

(1)

Agent Regulation

(3)

State Regulation of Sports Agents

(1)

Testing Sports Agents

(2)

Exhibit 1--1: Uniform Athlete Agents Act

(7)

Importance of Focus of Agent Laws

(1)

Violators of State Agent Laws

(1)

Statutory Framework

(1)

Sports Agent as Lawyer

(1)

Professional Codes of Ethics

(1)

Sports Agent Fees

(1)

States Regulating Fees

(1)

Regulation by Players Associations/Unions

(1)

NFLPA

(1)

MLBPA

(1)

NHLPA

(1)

NBPA

(1)

Breach of Fiduciary Duty

(1)

NCAA Student Athletes Turning Professional

(2)

Professional Sports Counseling Panels

(1)

Exhibit 1--2: Excerpt of NCAA Rules Governing Agents

(8)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Additional Cases

(4)

Sports Contracts

(30)

Introduction

(1)

Sports Agents and Contracts

(1)

Personal Services Nature of Sports Contracts

(1)

Public Nature of Sports Contracts

(1)

The Occupation of ``Athlete''

(1)

General Contract Law Principles

(3)

Definition

(1)

Offer and Acceptance

(1)

Consideration

(1)

Statute of Frauds

(1)

Valid, Void, Voidable

(1)

Good Faith

(1)

Categories of Contracts

(2)

Team Contracts versus Individual Contracts

(1)

The Professional Services Contract

(1)

Endorsement Contracts

(1)

Appearance Contracts

(1)

Drafting the Sports Contract

(7)

Sports Contract Drafting Suggestions

(7)

Implied Contracts

(1)

Damages and Remedies for Breach

(10)

Types of Remedies

(10)

NCAA Contracts and Amateurism

(3)

Evolution of Amateurism

(1)

Other NCAA Contract Issues

(1)

Letter of Intent

(1)

Health Club Contracts

(1)

Major League Contracts

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Additional Cases

(1)

Sports Torts

(24)

Introduction

(1)

General Tort Theories

(2)

Negligence

(1)

Contributory Negligence versus Comparative Negligence (Fault)

(1)

Gross Negligence and Recklessness

(1)

Spectator Injuries

(3)

No Fly Zones

(1)

Wrongful Death

(1)

Malpractice in Sports

(8)

Sports Officials

(1)

Workers Compensation

(1)

Insurance

(1)

Torts and Waivers

(1)

Ticket Stubs and Waivers

(1)

Minors and Waivers

(1)

Statutes of Limitation

(1)

Intentional Torts

(1)

Defamation of Character

(1)

Intentional Interference with Contractual Relations

(1)

Commercial Misappropriation

(1)

Products Liability

(1)

Strict Liability in Torts

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Additional Cases

(4)

Sports Crimes

(16)

Introduction

(1)

Variety of Crimes

(1)

Relationship to Torts

(1)

Contact Sports

(1)

Crimes Unrelated to Sports Conduct

(1)

General Criminal Law Principles

(2)

Burden of Proof

(1)

Defenses to Crimes

(1)

Criminal Intent

(1)

Felony versus Misdemeanor

(1)

Assault and Battery

(1)

Sports Violence

(1)

Governmental Legislation

(1)

Internal League Controls

(1)

Crimes Agaist the Person

(4)

Illegitimate Sports Violence

(2)

Fans and Spectators

(1)

Sports Officials and Crimes

(1)

Sports Agent Crimes

(1)

Crimes Affecting the Public Health and Welfare

(3)

Ticket Scalping

(1)

Sports Gambling

(1)

Sports Bribery and Game Fixing

(2)

Crimes Against the Government

(1)

RICO

(1)

Illegal Drugs

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Additional Cases

(4)

Title IX and Other Women's Issues

103

(24)

Introduction

103

(1)

Born from the Civil Rights Movement

103

(1)

College Sports

104

(1)

NCAA's Role in Promoting Compliance

105

(1)

Title IX Criticism

105

(1)

Grove City College v. Bell

105

(1)

Title IX Tests and Fundamentals

106

(1)

Test 1: Substantial Proportionality

106

(1)

Test 2: History of Expansion of Women's Programs

106

(1)

Test 3: Full and Effective Accommodation of Women's Interests

107

(1)

Evolution of Title IX

107

(7)

Cohen v. Brown University

107

(6)

NCAA v. Smith

113

(1)

Men and Title IX

114

(1)

Men's Programs Funding Women's Programs

114

(1)

Contact Sports Exception

114

(1)

Football

114

(1)

Men's Programs Cut Due to Title IX

115

(1)

General Accounting Office Releases Reports on Title IX

115

(2)

Report on Team Discontinuation

116

(1)

Other Women's Issues

117

(7)

Women Competing on Male Teams

117

(1)

Men Competing on Women's Teams

117

(1)

Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act

117

(4)

Equal Pay Act of 1963

121

(1)

Sexual Harassment

122

(1)

Family and Medical Leave Act

123

(1)

Health Clubs for Women Only

124

(1)

Summary

124

(1)

Key Terms

125

(1)

Additional Cases

125

(2)

Disabilities and Sports

127

(36)

Introduction

127

(1)

Relevant Statutes

127

(1)

High Schools

127

(1)

NCAA

128

(1)

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973

128

(1)

Proof of Discrimination under § 504

129

(1)

The Americans with Disabilities Act

129

(3)

Four Major ADA Categories

130

(1)

Reasonable Accommodation

130

(1)

What Is Impairment?

131

(1)

Undue Hardship

131

(1)

Not Covered

131

(1)

Proof of Discrimination under the ADA

131

(1)

Risks to Self and Other Participants

131

(1)

Role of EEOC

132

(1)

Alcohol and Other Drugs

132

(1)

Golfers and other Professional Sports

132

(6)

Possible Unfair Advantage

137

(1)

Martin's Supreme Court Decision

138

(1)

The Olinger Case

138

(1)

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

138

(22)

Specific Disabilities

159

(1)

Age Limits and Eligibility

160

(1)

Age Discrimination in Employment Act

160

(1)

Summary

161

(1)

Key Terms

161

(1)

Additional Cases

162

(1)

Drugs and Sports

163

(28)

Introduction

163

(1)

Performance-Enhancing versus Illegal Drugs

163

(1)

Constitutional Framework

164

(15)

Fourth Amendment

164

(1)

Fifth Amendment

165

(1)

Fourteenth Amendment

165

(14)

NCAA Regulation

179

(1)

Professional Sports

179

(1)

National Football League

180

(1)

The Olympic Games

180

(2)

International Olympic Committee Policies

180

(1)

Significant Historical Perspectives in Drug Testing

181

(1)

EXHIBIT 7--1: International Olympic Committee List of Banned Substances

182

(7)

Recent Drug Concerns: HGH and EPO

188

(1)

United States

188

(1)

Summary

189

(1)

Key Terms

189

(1)

Additional Cases

189

(2)

International Sports Issues

191

(28)

Introduction

191

(1)

Competition for and During the Olympic Games

192

(1)

American Legal Challenges

192

(1)

The Olympic Movement

192

(1)

International Political Landscape of the Olympic Games

193

(1)

1980 Boycott

193

(1)

Recent Politics

193

(1)

Olympic Structural Hierarchy

194

(3)

The International Olympic Committee

194

(1)

IOC Supremacy

194

(1)

International Federations

195

(1)

The National Olympic Committee

195

(1)

National Governing Bodies

195

(2)

The Amateur Sports Act of 1978

197

(1)

The 1998 Amendments to the Amateur Sports Act of 1978

198

(1)

International Legal Cases

198

(17)

1980 U.S. Boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games

198

(1)

Butch Reynolds's Battle Royal

199

(12)

The Tonya Harding's Legal Adventure

211

(1)

The 2000 Sydney Olympics

212

(1)

The 2002 Salt Lake City Olympic Games

213

(1)

Olympic Trademarks and the Internet

214

(1)

Summary

215

(1)

Key Terms

215

(1)

Additional Cases

216

(3)

Antitrust and Labor Issues in Sports

219

(22)

Introduction

219

(1)

The Federal Laws

220

(2)

Sherman Act

220

(1)

Clayton Act

220

(1)

Norris-LaGuardia Act

221

(1)

National Labor Relations Act

221

(1)

National Labor Relations Board

221

(1)

Judicial Analysis

222

(1)

Per Se Rule Analysis

222

(1)

Rule of Reason Analysis

222

(1)

Nonstatutory Labor Exemption

222

(1)

Mandatory Subjects of Collective Bargaining

223

(1)

Strikes and Lockouts

223

(1)

Antitrust in Professional Sports

223

(1)

Single Entity Structure

223

(1)

Historical Perspectives

224

(15)

Baseball

224

(1)

Football

225

(6)

Basketball

231

(1)

Hockey

232

(1)

Competitor Leagues

232

(1)

NCAA and Amateur Sports Cases

233

(6)

Summary

239

(1)

Key Terms

239

(1)

Additional Cases

239

(2)

Intellectual Property Issues in Sports

241

(16)

Introduction

241

(1)

History

241

(2)

241

(1)

Fair Use

242

(1)

Patent Law

242

(1)

Trademark Law

242

(1)

Lanham Act

243

(1)

Licensing Trademarks

243

(1)

Protecting the Trademark

244

(1)

Licensing Revenues

244

(1)

Mascots and Trademarks

244

(6)

Ethnic Mascots

250

(2)

Recent Changes Involving Mascots

251

(1)

The Future of Ethnic Mascots

251

(1)

Ambush Marketing

252

(1)

The Internet and the Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act

252

(1)

Cybersquatters

253

(1)

Summary

253

(1)

Key Terms

253

(1)

Additional Cases

254

(3)

Alternative Dispute Resolution in Sports

257

(20)

Introduction

257

(1)

ADR Generally

257

(1)

Federal and State Models

258

(1)

Important Federal Laws

259

(1)

Arbitration

259

(1)

The American Arbitration Association

260

(1)

Mediation

261

(1)

Med-Arb/Arb-Med and Minitrials

262

(1)

Constitutional Concerns

262

(1)

ADR in Professional Sports

263

(1)

ADR in Amateur Sports

264

(2)

National Collegiate Athletic Association

264

(1)

The United States Olympic Committee

265

(1)

International ADR: Court of Arbitration for Sport

265

(1)

Olympic ADR Cases

266

(1)

Dispute Resolution and Cyberspace

266

(1)

World Intellectual Property Organization

266

(1)

ADR Cases

267

(6)

Jessica Foschi

271

(1)

Ros Rebagliati

271

(1)

Matt Lindland

272

(1)

Apolo Ohno

272

(1)

Summary

273

(1)

Key Terms

273

(1)

Additional Cases

274

(3)

Religion and Sports

277

(8)

Introduction

277

(1)

First Amendment

278

(1)

Prayers Before Sports Contests

278

(1)

Prayers at Graduation Ceremonies

278

(1)

Three Tests

279

(1)

Sports-Related Cases

279

(2)

Chaudhuri

279

(1)

Santa Fe

280

(1)

Adler

280

(1)

The Future of Prayer at Sporting Events

281

(1)

Individual Athletes and Religious Expression

281

(1)

No Clear-Cut Answers

282

(1)

Summary

282

(1)

Key Terms

283

(1)

Additional Cases

283

(2)

Appendix A: Internet Resources

285

(4)

Appendix B: Amendments to the United States Constitution

289

(8)

Glossary

297

(8)

Index

305

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Sports Law

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials