State Formation in Japan: Emergence of a

This volume brings together for the first time a significant body of Professor Barnes' scholarly writing on Japanese early state formation, brought together so that successive topics form a coherent overview of the problems and solutions of ancient Japan. The writings are, in some cases, the only studies of these topics available in English and they differ from the majority of other articles on the subject in being anthropological rather than cultural or historical in nature.

Gina L. Barnes is Professorial Research Associate at the Japan Research Centre and the Department of Art and Archaeology, SOAS, University of London

List of Tables

xi

List of Figures

xii

Preface

xiv

Scope of study

xiv

Acknowledgements

xv

Conventions

xvi

CHAPTER ONE Orientation

1

The historical context

1

The Yellow Sea Interaction Sphere

1

Protohistoric development

4

Mounded Tomb Culture overview

7

The role of the tombs

7

Tripartite Kofun period

9

Phase divisions

16

The period of state formation

17

Protohistoric archaeology

19

Chinese court histories

19

Japanese court histories

20

Text-aided archaeology

25

Spotlight on Early Kofun

26

CHAPTER TWO Theoretical Approaches

27

From the general to the particular to the individual

27

Interaction and circulation

31

Core-periphery interaction

33

Peer Polity Interaction

34

Complex interaction

36

Prestige-good economies

37

CHAPTER THREE Edge of Empire: Yayoi Interaction with the Continent (1st Century BC to Mid-3rd Century AD)

41

Han expansion and the Han tributary system

41

Han as a world-empire

53

The category of world-empire

53

Applying Wallerstein to the Han

56

Yayoi political economy

61

Procurement of bronze

61

Procurement of iron

65

The prestige-good system

67

Yayoi interaction

71

Polities in North Kyushu

71

Inland Sea developments

78

Relations again with China

79

Summary

82

CHAPTER FOUR From Yamatai to Yamato (3rd Century)

83

Two historical views of early Japanese statehood

83

Introduction

83

Through Chinese eyes

86

According to the official histories of Japan

87

Reconciling the conflicting views

90

Himiko and protohistoric archaeology

94

Himiko and the Hashihaka Tomb

95

Himiko's capital

98

Himiko's mirrors

99

Working assumptions

102

CHAPTER FIVE Hashihaka and Mounded Burials (3rd Century)

104

Introduction

104

From mound-burials to mounded tombs

105

Yayoi-period mound-burials

105

Mounded burial terminology

110

The emergence of chiefs in Eastern Seto

114

The Makimuku Tomb Cluster

115

Early 3rd-century social interaction

118

Makimuku's external relations

118

Hashihaka: motivations for construction

124

The economics of Himiko's success

126

Contributions towards tomb standardization

129

Summary and prospects

130

CHAPTER SIX Early Kofun Polities (Mid-3rd to Mid-4th Centuries)

132

Establishment of the Mounded Tomb Culture

133

The Seto axis

133

Regional pre-eminence

135

Relations indicated by armour finds

138

Territorial development

140

Implications

148

The problem of triangular-rimmed mirrors

149

Kobayashi's theory of mirror distribution

149

Comments, criticisms and further research

150

Nara Basin political development

152

Territorial division

152

Textual support

153

Ceramic support

156

Territorial consolidation

158

Pro-Miwa loyalties

159

CHAPTER SEVEN Prestige Goods and Class Identity (Mid-3rd to Mid-4th Centuries)

162

MTC as the second prestige-good system

162

Elite identity and interaction

169

Formation of a supra-regional elite

169

Badges of membership

170

Stratified peer polities

173

Processes of social stratification

173

Class versus interest group

176

CHAPTER EIGHT The Miwa Court and Cult (Late 3rd to Mid-4th Centuries)

178

The pre-eminence of Miwa

178

Cult figures and their personalities

179

The cult of the Queen Mother of the West

179

Queen Mother analogs in Early Kofun

181

Constitution of Miwa authority

184

Godly authority

184

From 'ritual' to 'governance'

185

Makimuku as a 'ceremonial centre'

187

The nature of the Miwa Court

189

Conclusions

190

End of an era

192

Epilogue

195

Appendix One: the Chinese Court Chronicles

199

Hanshu

Han Shu

199

Weizhi

Wei Chih

199

Houhanshu

Hou Han Shu

200

Songshu

Sung Shu

200

Liangshu

Liang Shu

200

Nanqishu

Nan Ch'i Shu

201

Appendix Two: the Japanese Court Chronicles

202

Kojiki

202

Nihon Shoki

203

Fudoki

204

Appendix Three: tables of Early Kofun tombs and contents

205

Glossary, Character List and Index of East Asian Terms

218

Notes

224

Bibliography

229

Main Index

246

Classified Placename Index

258

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State Formation in Japan: Emergence of a 4th-Century Ruling Elite

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