Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology

, by Glass, Gene V.; Hopkins, Kenneth D.

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780205142125 | 0205142125
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1996

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The approach of SMEP-III is conceptual rather than mathematical. The authors stress the understanding, applications, and interpretation of concepts rather than derivation and proof or hand-computation.

Preface

xii

Introduction

(5)

The ``Image'' of Statistics

(1)

Descriptive Statistics

(1)

Inferential Statistics

(1)

Statistics and Mathematics

(1)

Case Method

(1)

Our Targets

(1)

Variables, Measurement, Scales

(9)

Variables and Their Measurement

(1)

Measurement: The Observation of Variables

(1)

Measurement Scales: Nominal Measurement

(1)

Ordinal Measurement

(1)

Interval Measurement

(1)

Ratio Measurement

(1)

Interrelationships among Measurement Scales

(1)

Continuous and Discrete Variables

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Case Study

(1)

Suggested Computer Activities

(3)

Mastery Test

(1)

Answers to Mastery Test

(2)

Frequency Distributions and Visual Displays of Data

(34)

Tabulating Data

(1)

Grouped Frequency Distributions

(3)

Grouping and Loss of Information

(1)

Graphing a Frequency Distribution: The Histogram

(1)

Frequency and Percentage Polygons

(3)

Types of Distributions

(1)

Cumulative Distributions and the Ogive Curve

(1)

Percentiles

(1)

Box-and-Whisker Plots

(3)

Stem-and-Leaf Displays

(2)

Time-Series Graphs

(1)

Misleading Graphs: How to Lie with Statistics

(6)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Case Study

(4)

Suggested Computer Activity

(8)

Mastery Test

(3)

Problems and Exercises

(3)

Answers to Mastery Test

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

(2)

Measures of Central Tendency

(17)

Introduction

(1)

The Mode

(2)

The Median

(1)

Summation Notation

(1)

The Mean

(1)

More Summation Notation

(1)

Adding or Subtracting a Constant

(1)

Multiplying or Dividing by a Constant

(1)

Sum of Deviations

(1)

Sum of Squared Deviations

(1)

The Mean of the Sum of Two or More Scores

(1)

The Mean of a Difference

(1)

Mean, Median, and Mode of Two or More Groups Combined

(2)

Interpretation of Mode, Median, and Mean

(1)

Central Tendency and Skewness

(2)

Measures of Central Tendency as Inferential Statistics

(1)

Which Measure is Best?

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Case Study

(2)

Suggested Computer Exercise

(3)

Mastery Test

(1)

Problems and Exercises

(1)

Answers to Mastery Test

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

(1)

Measures of Variability

(14)

Introduction

(1)

The Range

(1)

H-Spread and the Interquartile Range

(1)

Deviation Scores

(1)

Sum of Squares

(1)

More about the Summation Operator, Σ

(1)

The Variance of a Population

(1)

The Variance Estimated from a Sample

(1)

The Standard Deviation

(1)

The Effect of Adding or Subtracting a Constant on Measures of Variability

(1)

The Effect of Multiplying or Dividing by a Constant on Measures of Variability

(1)

Variance of a Combined Distribution

(1)

Inferential Properties of the Range, s2, and s

(2)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Case Study

(1)

Suggested Computer Exercise

(4)

Mastery Test

(1)

Problems and Exercises

(1)

Answers to Mastery Test

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

(1)

The Normal Distribution and Standard Scores

(23)

The Importance of the Normal Distribution

(1)

God Loves the Normal Curve

(3)

The Standard Normal Distribution as a Standard Reference Distribution: z-Scores

(2)

Ordinates of the Normal Distribution

(1)

Areas under the Normal Curve

(1)

Other Standard Scores

(1)

T-Scores

(2)

Areas under the Normal Curve in Samples

(1)

Skewness

(3)

Kurtosis

(2)

Transformations

(1)

Normalized Scores

(1)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Case Study

(3)

Suggested Computer Exercise

(5)

Mastery Test

(2)

Problems and Exercises

100

(1)

Answers to Mastery Test

101

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

102

(1)

Correlations: Measures of Relationship Between Two Variables

103

(49)

Introduction

103

(1)

The Concept of Correlation

103

(1)

Scatterplots

104

(2)

The Measurement of Correlation

106

(1)

The Use of Correlation Coefficients

107

(1)

Interpreting r as a Percent

107

(2)

Linear and Curvilinear Relationships

109

(2)

Calculating the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, r

111

(1)

A Computational Illustration of r

112

(1)

Scatterplots

113

(3)

Correlation Expressed in Terms of z-scores

116

(1)

Linear Transformations and Correlation

117

(1)

The Bivariate Normal Distribution

118

(3)

Effects of Variability on Correlation

121

(1)

Correcting for Restricted Variability

122

(1)

Effect of Measurement Error on r and the Correction for Attentuation

123

(4)

The Pearson r and Marginal Distributions

127

(1)

The Effect of the Unit of Analysis on Correlation: Ecological Correlations

127

(1)

The Variance of a Sum

128

(1)

The Variance of a Difference

129

(1)

Additional Measures of Relationship: The Spearman Rank Correlation rranks'

129

(1)

The Phi Coefficient: Both X and Y are Dichotomies

130

(3)

The Point-Biserial Coefficient

133

(1)

The Biserial Correlation

134

(2)

The Biserial versus Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficients

136

(1)

The Tetrachoric Coefficient

136

(1)

Causation and Correlation

137

(3)

Chapter Summary

140

(1)

Case Study

141

(3)

Suggested Computer Exercise

144

(8)

Mastery Test

144

(3)

Problems and Exercises

147

(3)

Answers to Mastery Test

150

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

150

(2)

Regression and Prediction

152

(47)

Purposes of Regression Analysis

152

(1)

The Regression Effect

153

(1)

The Regression Equation Expressed in Standard z-scores

154

(1)

Use of Regression Equations

155

(1)

Cartesian Coordinates

156

(1)

Estimating Y from X: The Raw-Score Regression Equation

157

(2)

Error of Estimate

159

(1)

Proportion of Predictable Variance, r2

160

(1)

Least-Squares Criterion

161

(1)

Homoscedasticity and the Standard Error of Estimate

161

(3)

Regression and Pretest-Posttest Gains

164

(3)

Part Correlation

167

(1)

Partial Correlation

168

(1)

Second-Order Partial Correlation

169

(1)

Multiple Regression and Multiple Correlation

170

(1)

The Standardized Regression Equation

171

(1)

The Raw-Score Regression Equation

172

(1)

Multiple Correlation

173

(2)

Multiple Regression Equations with Three or More Independent Variables

175

(1)

Stepwise Multiple Regression

175

(1)

Illustration of Stepwise Multiple Regression

176

(1)

Dichotomous and Categorical Variables as Predictors

177

(1)

The Standard Error of Estimate in Multiple Regression

178

(1)

The Multiple Correlation as an Inferential Statistic: Correction for Bias

178

(2)

Assumptions

180

(1)

Curvilinear Regression and Correlation

180

(1)

Measuring Nonlinear Relationships between Two Variables: η

180

(2)

Transforming Nonlinear Relationships into Linear Relationships

182

(1)

Dichotomous Dependent Variables: Logistic Regression

182

(2)

Categorical Dependent Variables with More than Two Categories: Discriminant Analysis

184

(1)

Chapter Summary

184

(1)

Case Study

185

(3)

Suggested Computer Activity

188

(11)

Mastery Test

189

(3)

Problems and Exercises

192

(3)

Answers to Mastery Test

195

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

196

(3)

Probability

199

(24)

Introduction

199

(1)

Probability as a Mathematical System

199

(2)

First Addition Rule of Probabilities

201

(2)

Second Addition Rule of Probabilities

203

(2)

Multiplication Rule of Probabilities

205

(1)

Conditional Probability

206

(1)

Bayes's Theorem

207

(1)

Permutations

208

(1)

Combinations

209

(1)

Binomial Probabilities

210

(2)

The Binomial and Sign Test

212

(1)

Intuition and Probability

213

(2)

Probability as an Area

215

(1)

Combining Probabilities

216

(1)

Expectations and Moments

217

(1)

Chapter Summary

218

(1)

Suggested Computer Activity

219

(4)

Mastery Test

219

(1)

Problems and Exercises

220

(1)

Answers to Mastery Test

221

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

221

(2)

Statistical Inference: Sampling and Interval Estimation

223

(32)

Overview

223

(1)

Populations and Samples: Parameters and Statistics

223

(1)

Infinite versus Finite Populations

224

(1)

Randomness and Random Sampling

225

(1)

Accidental or Convenience Samples

226

(1)

Random Samples

226

(2)

Independence

228

(1)

Systematic Sampling

229

(1)

Point and Interval Estimates

230

(1)

Sampling Distributions

230

(1)

The Standard Error of the Mean

231

(1)

Relationship of σx to n

232

(1)

Confidence Intervals

232

(2)

Confidence Intervals when σ Is Known: An Example

234

(1)

Central Limit Theorem: A Demonstration

235

(4)

The Use of Sampling Distributions

239

(1)

Proof that σ2=σ2/n

239

(3)

Properties of Estimators

242

(1)

Unbiasedness

242

(2)

Consistency

244

(1)

Relative Efficiency

245

(2)

Chapter Summary

247

(1)

Case Study

248

(1)

Suggested Computer Activity

248

(7)

Mastery Test

250

(2)

Problems and Exercises

252

(1)

Answers to Mastery Test

253

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

254

(1)

Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

255

(28)

Introduction

255

(1)

Statistical Hypotheses and Explanations

255

(1)

Statistical versus Scientific Hypotheses

256

(1)

Testing Hypotheses about μ

257

(1)

Testing Ho:μ=K, a One-Sample z-Test

258

(1)

Two Types of Errors in Hypothesis Testing

259

(2)

Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals

261

(1)

Type-II Error, β, and Power

262

(1)

Power

263

(1)

Effect of α on Power

263

(1)

Power and the Value Hypothesized in the Alternative Hypothesis

264

(2)

Methods of Increasing Power

266

(1)

Nondirectional and Directional Alternatives: Two-Tailed versus One-Tailed Tests

267

(2)

Statistical Significance versus Practical Significance

269

(1)

Confidence Limits for the Population Median

269

(1)

Inferences Regarding μ When σ Is Not Known: t versus z

270

(1)

The t-Distribution

271

(3)

Confidence Intervals Using the t-Distribution

274

(1)

Accuracy of Confidence Intervals when Sampling Non-Normal Distributions

274

(1)

Chapter Summary

275

(1)

Case Study

276

(7)

Mastery Test

277

(2)

Problems and Exercises

279

(2)

Answers to Mastery Test

281

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

281

(2)

Inferences About the Difference between Two Means

283

(36)

Introduction

283

(1)

Testing Statistical Hypotheses Involving Two Means

283

(1)

The Null Hypothesis, Ho: μ1-μ2=0

284

(1)

The t-Test for Comparing Two Independent Means

284

(1)

Computing sx1-x2

285

(2)

An Illustration

287

(2)

Confidence Intervals about Mean Differences

289

(1)

Effect Size

289

(1)

t-Test Assumptions and Robustness

290

(3)

Homogeneity of Variance

293

(2)

What if Sample Sizes Are Unequal and Variances Are Heterogeneous: The Welch t'Test

295

(1)

Independence of Observations

295

(1)

Testing Ho: μ1 = μ2 with Paired Observations

296

(3)

Direct-Difference for the t-Test with Paired Observations

299

(2)

Cautions Regarding the Matched-Pair Designs in Research

301

(1)

Power when Comparing Means

302

(1)

Non-Parametric Alternatives: The Mann-Whitney Test and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

303

(1)

Chapter Summary

304

(1)

Case Study

305

(5)

Suggested Computer Activity

310

(9)

Mastery Test

310

(3)

Problems and Exercises

313

(3)

Answers to Mastery Test

316

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

317

(2)

Statistics for Categorical Dependent Variables: Inferences about Proportions

319

(30)

Overview

319

(1)

The Proportion as a Mean

319

(1)

The Variance of a Proportion

320

(1)

The Sampling Distribution of a Proportion: The Standard Error of p

321

(1)

The Influence of n on σp

322

(1)

Influence of the Sampling Fraction on σp

323

(1)

The Influence of &pie; on σp

324

(1)

Confidence Intervals for &pie;

325

(2)

Quick Confidence Intervals for &pie;

327

(1)

Testing Ho: &pie;=K

328

(2)

Testing Empirical versus Theoretical Distributions: The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

330

(3)

Testing Differences among Proportions: The Chi-Square Test of Association

333

(2)

Other Formulas for the Chi-Square Test of Association

335

(2)

The χ2 Median Test

337

(1)

Chi-Square and the Phi Coefficient

337

(1)

Independence of Observations

338

(1)

Inferences about Ho: μ1 =μ2 when Observations are Paired: McNemar's Test for Correlated Proportions

339

(1)

Chapter Summary

340

(1)

Case Study

341

(1)

Suggested Computer Activity

342

(7)

Mastery Test

342

(2)

Problems and Exercises

344

(3)

Answers to Mastery Test

347

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

347

(2)

Inferences About Correlation Coefficients

349

(28)

Testing Statistical Hypotheses Regarding ρ

349

(1)

Testing Ho: ρ = O Using the t-Test

350

(3)

Directional Alternatives: ``Two-Tailed'' vs. ``One-Tailed'' Tests

353

(1)

Sampling Distribution of r

354

(1)

The Fisher Z-Transformation

355

(2)

Setting Confidence Intervals for ρ

357

(1)

Determining Confidence Intervals Graphically

358

(1)

Testing the Difference between Independent Correlation Coefficients: Ho: ρ1 = ρ2

359

(2)

Testing Differences among Several Independent Correlation Coefficients:

361

(1)

Averaging r's

362

(1)

Testing Differences between Two Dependent Correlation Coefficients: Ho: p31=p32

362

(1)

Inferences about Other Correlation Coefficients

363

(1)

The Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient rpb

364

(1)

Spearman's Rank Correlation: Ho: Pranks =0

365

(1)

Partial Correlation, Hp: p123 = 0

365

(1)

Significance of a Multiple Correlation Coefficient

366

(1)

Statistical Significance in Stepwise Multiple Regression

367

(1)

Significance of the Biserial Correlation Coefficient Rbis

368

(1)

Significance of the Tetrachoric Correlation Coefficient rtet

369

(1)

Significance of the Correlation Ratio, η2

369

(1)

Testing for Nonlinearity of Regression

370

(1)

Chapter Summary

371

(1)

Case Study

371

(1)

Suggested Computer Activity

372

(5)

Mastery Test

372

(1)

Problems and Exercises

373

(2)

Answers to Mastery Test

375

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

375

(2)

One-Factor Analysis of Variance

377

(45)

Introduction

377

(1)

Why Not Several t-Tests?

377

(1)

ANOVA Nomenclature

378

(1)

ANOVA Computation

379

(1)

Sum of Squares Between, SSB

380

(1)

Sum of Square Within, SSW

381

(1)

ANOVA Computational Illustration

382

(1)

ANOVA Theory

382

(3)

Mean Square Between Groups, MSW

385

(1)

Mean Square Within Groups, MSW

385

(1)

The F-Test

386

(1)

ANOVA with Equal n's

386

(2)

A Statistical Model for the Data

388

(1)

Estimates of the Terms in the Model

389

(1)

Sums of Squares

389

(2)

Restatement of the Null Hypothesis in Terms of Population Means

391

(1)

Degrees of Freedom

391

(2)

Mean Squares: The Expected Value of MSW

393

(1)

The Expected Value of MSB

394

(1)

Some Distribution Theory

395

(3)

The F-Test of the Null Hypothesis: Rationale and Procedure

398

(2)

Type-I versus Type-II Errors: α and β

400

(2)

A Summary of Procedures for One-Factor ANOVA

402

(1)

Consequences of Failure to Meet the ANOVA Assumptions: The ``Robustness'' of ANOVA,

402

(3)

The Welch and Brown-Forsythe Modifications of ANOVA: What Does One Do When σ2's and n's Differ?

405

(1)

The Power of the F-Test

406

(1)

An Illustration

407

(1)

Power When σ is Unknown

408

(1)

A Table for Estimating Power When J = 2

409

(2)

The Non-Parametric Alternative: The Krukal-Wallis Test

411

(1)

Chapter Summary

411

(1)

Case Study

412

(2)

Suggested Computer Activity

414

(8)

Mastery Test

414

(2)

Problems and Exercises

416

(3)

Answers to Mastery Test

419

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

420

(2)

Inferences About Variances

422

(22)

Introduction

422

(1)

Chi-Square Distributions

422

(2)

Chi-Square Distributions with v > 1: X22 and X23

424

(1)

The Chi-Square Distribution with v Degrees of Freedom, X2v

425

(1)

Inferences about the Population Variance: Ho: σ=K

426

(2)

F-Distributions

428

(2)

Inferences about Two Independent Variances: Ho: σ21 = σ22

430

(2)

Testing Homogeneity of Variance: Hartley's Fmax Test

432

(2)

Testing Homogeneity of Variance from J Independence Samples: The Bartlett Test

434

(2)

Other Tests of Homogeneity of Variance: The Levene and Brown-Forsythe Tests

436

(1)

Inferences about Ho: σ12 = σ22 with Paired Observations

437

(1)

Relationships among the Normal, t, χ, and F-Distributions

438

(1)

Chapter Summary

439

(1)

Case Study and Computer Activity

440

(4)

Mastery Test

440

(1)

Problems and Exercises

441

(2)

Answers to Mastery Test

443

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

443

(1)

Multiple Comparisons and Trend Analysis

444

(38)

Introduction

444

(2)

Testing All Pairs of Means: The Studentized Range Statistic, q

446

(1)

The Tukey Method of Multiple Comparisons

447

(2)

The Effect Size of Mean Differences

449

(1)

The Basis for Type-I Error Rate: Contrast versus Family

449

(1)

The Newman-Keuls Method

450

(1)

The Tukey and Newman-Keuls Methods Compared

451

(1)

The Definition of a Contrast

452

(1)

Simple versus Complex Contrasts

453

(1)

The Standard Error of a Contrast

454

(1)

The t-ratio for a Contrast

455

(1)

Planned versus Post Hoc Comparisons

456

(1)

Dunn (Bonferroni) Method of Multiple Comparisons

456

(1)

Dunnett Method of Multiple Comparisons

457

(1)

Scheffe Method of Multiple Comparisons

458

(1)

Planned Orthogonal Contrasts

459

(1)

Confidence Intervals for Contrasts

460

(1)

Relative Power of Multiple Comparison Techniques

461

(1)

Trend Analysis

462

(2)

Significance of Trend Components

464

(2)

Relation of Trends to Correlation Coefficients

466

(1)

Assumptions of MC Methods

467

(1)

Multiple Comparisons among Other Statistics

467

(2)

Chapter Summary and Criteria for Selecting a Multiple Comparison Method

469

(2)

Case Study

471

(3)

Suggested Computer Activity

474

(8)

Mastery Test

474

(2)

Problems

476

(1)

Exercises

477

(2)

Answers to Mastery Test

479

(1)

Answers to Problems

480

(1)

Answers to Exercises

480

(2)

Two-and Three-Factor ANOVA: an Introduction to Factorial Designs

482

(54)

Introduction

482

(1)

The Meaning of Interaction

483

(2)

Interaction and Generalizability: Factors Do Not Interact

485

(1)

Interaction and Generalizability: Factors Interact

486

(1)

Interpreting Main Effects when Interaction Is Present

487

(2)

Statistical Significance and Interaction

489

(1)

Data Layout and Notation

489

(2)

A Model for the Data

491

(1)

Least-Squares Estimation of the Model

492

(2)

Statement of Null Hypotheses

494

(3)

Sums of Squares in the Two-Factor ANOVA

497

(2)

Degrees of Freedom

499

(1)

Mean Squares

500

(1)

Illustration of the Computation for the Two-Factor ANOVA

501

(2)

Expected Values of Mean Squares

503

(3)

The Distribution of the Mean Squares

506

(3)

Hypothesis Tests of the Null Hypotheses

509

(4)

Determining Power in Factorial Designs

513

(1)

Multiple Comparisons in Factorial ANOVA Designs

514

(2)

Confidence Intervals for Means in Two-Factor ANOVA

516

(1)

Three-Factor ANOVA

517

(1)

Three-Factor ANOVA: An Illustration

517

(3)

Three-Factor ANOVA Computation

520

(1)

The Interpretation of Three-Factor Interactions

521

(1)

Confidence Intervals in Three-Factor ANOVA

522

(1)

How Factorial Designs Increase Power

522

(1)

Factorial ANOVA with Unbalanced Designs

523

(1)

Chapter Summary

524

(1)

Case Study and Computer Activity

524

(12)

Mastery Test

525

(2)

Problems and Exercises

527

(4)

Answers to Mastery Test

531

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

532

(4)

Multi-Factor ANOVA Designs: Random, Mixed, and Fixed Effects

536

(36)

Introduction

535

(1)

The Random-Effects ANOVA Model

535

(2)

Assumptions of the Random ANOVA Model

537

(1)

An Example

538

(1)

Mean Square Within, MSw

539

(1)

Mean Square Between, MSBetween

539

(1)

The Variance Component, σa2

540

(2)

Confidence Interval for σa2/σe2

542

(1)

Summary of Random ANOVA Model

543

(1)

The Mixed-Effects ANOVA Model

544

(3)

Mixed-Model ANOVA Assumptions

547

(1)

Mixed-Model ANOVA Computation

547

(3)

Multiple Comparisons in the Two-Factor Mixed Model

550

(1)

Crossed and Nested Factors

551

(2)

Computation of Sums of Squares for Nested Factors

553

(1)

Determining the Sources of Variation in the ANOVA Table

554

(1)

Degrees of Freedom for Nested Factors

554

(1)

Determining Expected Mean Squares

555

(1)

Error Mean Squares in Complex ANOVA Designs

556

(1)

The Incremental Generalization Strategy: Inferential ``Concentric Circles,''

556

(4)

Model Simplification and Pooling

560

(1)

The Experimental Unit and the Observational Unit

561

(2)

Chapter Summary

563

(1)

Case Study/Application

563

(9)

Mastery Test

566

(3)

Problems and Exercises

569

(1)

Answers to Mastery Test

570

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

571

(1)

Repeated-Measures ANOVA

572

(21)

Introduction

572

(1)

A Simple Repeated-Measures ANOVA

572

(1)

Repeated-Measures Assumptions

573

(3)

Trend Analysis on Repeated-Measures Factors

576

(1)

Estimating Reliability via Repeated-Measures ANOVA

576

(2)

Repeated-Measures Designs with a Between-Subjects Factor

578

(2)

Repeated-Measures ANOVA with Two Between-Subjects Factors

580

(2)

Trend Analysis on Between-Subjects Factors

582

(1)

Repeated-Measures ANOVA with Two Within-Subjects Factors and Two Between-Subjects Factors

582

(1)

Repeated-Measures ANOVA versus MANOVA

583

(2)

Chapter Summary

585

(1)

Case Study

585

(2)

Suggested Computer Activity

587

(6)

Mastery Test

587

(2)

Problems and Exercises

589

(2)

Answers to Mastery Test

591

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

592

(1)

An Introduction to the Analysis of Covariance

593

(21)

The Functions of ANCOVA

593

(1)

ANOVA Results

594

(1)

ANCOVA Model

594

(3)

ANCOVA Computations, SStotal

597

(1)

The Adjusted Within Sum of Squares, SS'W

597

(1)

The Adjusted Sum of Squares Between Groups, SS'B

598

(1)

Degrees of Freedom in ANCOVA and the ANCOVA Table

598

(2)

Adjusted Means, Y'j

600

(1)

Confidence Intervals and Multiple Comparisons for Adjusted Means

601

(1)

ANCOVA Illustrated Graphically

602

(2)

ANCOVA Assumptions

604

(1)

ANCOVA Precautions

605

(1)

Covarying versus Stratifying

606

(1)

Chapter Summary

607

(1)

Case Study

608

(1)

Suggested Computer Activity

609

(5)

Mastery Test

609

(1)

Problems and Exercises

610

(2)

Answers to Mastery Test

612

(1)

Answers to Problems and Exercises

612

(2)

APPENDIX: TABLES

614

(37)

Table A: Area of the Unit-Normal (z) Distribution

615

(5)

Table B: Random Digits

620

(1)

Table C: Percentile Points of the t-Distribution

621

(2)

Table D: Percentile Points of Chi-Square Distributions

623

(2)

Table E: Fisher's Z-Transformation of r

625

(1)

Table F: Critical Values of F

626

(8)

Table G: Power Curves for the F-Test

634

(3)

Table H: Hartley's Fmax-Distribution

637

(1)

Table I: Critical Values of the Studentized Range Statistic: q-Distribution

638

(3)

Table J: Critical Values of r

641

(1)

Table K: Critical Values of rranks' Spearman's Rank Correlation

642

(1)

Table L: Critical t-Ratios for the Dunn (Bonferroni) Method of Multiple Comparison

643

(3)

Table M: Critical t-Values for the Dunnett Statistic for Comparing Treatment Means with a Control

646

(2)

Table N: Coefficients of Orthogonal Polynomials for Trend Analysis

648

(1)

Table O: Binomial Probabilities when &pie; = .5

649

(2)

Bibliography

651

(14)

Index

665

(1)

Author Index

665

(2)

Subject Index

667

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Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials