Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences A

Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences is a short course and student manual in statistics for the behavioral sciences. It is comprehensive, in that it contains all information necessary to learn basic statistical analysis, with a focus on the use of statistics for behavioral sciences research. The workbook format of the text allow for students to complete examples and exercises within the pages of the textbook.

LIST OF TABLES

ix

LIST OF FIGURES

xi

PREFACE

xiii

MODULE I: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

1

(16)

The Scientific Method

2

(1)

Two Main Methods in Statistical Analysis

3

(3)

Basic Terminology

6

(5)

Measurement

11

(4)

Additional Activities

15

(2)

MODULE II: ORGANIZATION OF DATA

17

(20)

Numerical Representations

18

(7)

Graphical Representations

25

(6)

Describing Distributions

31

(5)

Additional Activities

36

(1)

MODULE III: MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

37

(6)

The Mode

37

(1)

The Median

38

(2)

The Mean

40

(1)

Integration

41

(1)

Additional Activities

42

(1)

MODULE IV: MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

43

(6)

The Range

43

(1)

The Variance

44

(3)

The Standard Deviation

47

(1)

Additional Activities

48

(1)

MODULE V: STANDARDIZED SCORES AND THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

49

(18)

Properties of the Normal Distribution

49

(2)

Finding Areas Under the Normal Curve

51

(12)

Using z-scores as a Basis for Comparison

63

(2)

Additional Activities

65

(2)

MODULE VI: CORRELATION AND REGRESSION

67

(22)

Describing Relationships

67

(5)

Covariance

72

(2)

Correlation

74

(4)

Proportion of Variance Accounted For

78

(2)

Regression and the Line of Best Fit

80

(6)

Additional Activities

86

(3)

MODULE VII: SAMPLES, SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS, CONFIDENCE INTERVALS, AND EFFECT SIZES FOR ONE-SAMPLE TESTS WITH N>100

89

(18)

Sampling and Estimation

89

(1)

Sampling Distributions

90

(4)

Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing with N> 100

94

(6)

Confidence Intervals

100

(2)

Effect Size

102

(3)

Additional Activities

105

(2)

MODULE VIII: PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICAL POWER ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING

107

(4)

Types of Decision Errors

107

(2)

Principles of Statistical Power Analysis

109

(2)

MODULE IX: SAMPLES, SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS, CONFIDENCE INTERVALS, AND EFFECT SIZES FOR ONE-SAMPLE TESTS WITH N less than 100 111

The t Distribution

111

(2)

Testing Hypotheses

113

(4)

Confidence Intervals

117

(1)

Effect Size

118

(2)

Additional Activities

120

(1)

MODULE X: INFERENCES ABOUT TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLE MEANS

121

(12)

Testing Hypotheses

121

(2)

An Experimental Example

123

(6)

Confidence Intervals

129

(1)

Effect Size

130

(1)

Additional Activities

131

(2)

MODULE XI: INFERENCES ABOUT TWO RELATED SAMPLE MEANS

133

(12)

When to Use a Related Means Design

133

(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Related Means Design

134

(2)

Testing Hypotheses

136

(1)

An Experimental Example

137

(4)

Confidence Intervals

141

(1)

Effect Size

142

(1)

Additional Activities

143

(2)

MODULE XII: ONE-BETWEEN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

145

(22)

Introduction

145

(2)

Layout of the One-Between ANOVA

147

(1)

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

148

(1)

Partitioning the Sum of Squares and Variance

149

(2)

The F-test in an ANOVA

151

(1)

An Experimental Example

152

(2)

The ANOVA Table

154

(4)

Post Hoc Tests and Comparisons

158

(7)

Additional Activities

165

(2)

MODULE XIII: ONE-WTTHIN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

167

(16)

Introduction

167

(1)

Layout of the One-Within ANOVA

168

(1)

Partitioning the Sums of Squares

169

(1)

Mean Squares and Degrees of Freedom

170

(1)

An Experimental Example

171

(5)

Post Hoc Comparisons

176

(5)

Additional Activities

181

(2)

MODULE XIV: TWO-BETWEEN ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)

183

(20)

Introduction

183

(2)

Basic Layout of the Two-Between ANOVA

185

(2)

Partitioning the Sum of Squares

187

(1)

Mean Squares and the Degrees of Freedom

188

(1)

An Experimental Example

189

(12)

Additional Activities

201

(2)

MODULE XV: CHI SQUARE (X2) TEST OF INDEPENDENCE

203

(6)

The Logic of the Chi Square (X2)

203

(1)

An Experimental Example

204

(4)

Additional Activities

208

(1)

MODULE XVI: NON PARAMETRIC PROCEDURES

209

Use of Non-parametric Procedures

209

(1)

Mann-Whitney U Test or Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test

209

(4)

Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks T-test

213

(3)

Wilcoxon-Wilcox Multiple Comparisons Test

216

(4)

Spearman's Rho

220

APPENDIX A: STATISTICAL TABLES

APPENDIX B: SPSS PRINTOUTS

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Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences A Short Course and Student Manual

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials