Statistics Unplugged

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ISBN: 9780495090779 | 0495090778
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 2/22/2006

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It takes a real teacher, such as Sally Caldwell, to write a statistics textbook that students can understand and connect with. STATISTICS UNPLUGGED comes into its second edition with the same goals as in the first edition: to help students overcome their apprehension of statistics. She does this by emphasizing the logic behind statistical analysis, and by focusing on an intuitive understanding of statistics, not just on formulas and equations. Student feedback about the book routinely refers to the student-friendly language that's used in the book and how Caldwell writes in a way that makes the material understandable. In this brief paperback text, Caldwell succinctly alleviates student's fears of formulas, and helps them to understand the relevance of statistics to their lives.

Introduction: Methods, Material, and Moments to Remember

(3)

The What and How of Statistics

(14)

A World of Information

(3)

Levels of Measurement

(2)

Samples and Populations

(3)

The Purposes of Statistical Analysis

(3)

Descriptive Statistics

(1)

Inferential Statistics

(2)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Chapter Problems

(2)

Describing Data and Distributions

(31)

Measures of Central Tendency

(7)

The Mean

(3)

The Median

(3)

The Mode

(1)

Measures of Variability or Dispersion

(18)

The Range

(1)

Deviations From the Mean

(3)

The Mean Deviation

(2)

The Variance

(3)

The Standard Deviation

(6)

n Versus n -- 1

(3)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Chapter Problems

(3)

The Shape of Distributions

(19)

The Basic Elements

(3)

Beyond the Basics: Comparisons and Conclusions

(4)

A Special Curve

(7)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Chapter Problems

(2)

The Normal Curve

(21)

Real-World Normal Curves

(3)

Into the Theoretical World

(3)

The Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve

(6)

Finally, an Application

(5)

Chapter Summary

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Chapter Problems

(2)

Four Fundamental Concepts

(14)

Fundamental Concept #1: Random Sampling

(2)

Fundamental Concept #2: Sampling Error

(3)

Fundamental Concept #3: The Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

(1)

Fundamental Concept #4: The Central Limit Theorem

(4)

Chapter Summary

100

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

100

(1)

Key Terms

101

(1)

Chapter Problems

101

(2)

Confidence Intervals

103

(40)

Confidence Interval for the Mean

104

(1)

Confidence Interval for the Mean With σ Known

105

(13)

An Application

105

(2)

Reviewing Z Values

107

(1)

Z Values and the Width of the Interval

108

(1)

Bringing in the Standard Error of the Mean

109

(3)

The Relevance of the Central Limit Theorem and the Standard Error

112

(2)

Confidence and Interval Width

114

(3)

A Brief Recap

117

(1)

Confidence Interval for the Mean With σ Unknown

118

(13)

Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean

118

(3)

The Family of t Distributions

121

(2)

The Table for the Family of t Distributions

123

(4)

An Application

127

(2)

A Final Comment About the Interpretation of a Confidence Interval for the Mean

129

(1)

A Final Comment About Z Versus t

130

(1)

Confidence Intervals for Proportions

131

(4)

An Application

132

(2)

Margin of Error

134

(1)

Chapter Summary

135

(2)

Some Other Things You Should Know

137

(1)

Key Terms

138

(1)

Chapter Problems

139

(4)

Hypothesis Testing With a Single Sample Mean

143

(29)

Setting the Stage

144

(1)

A Hypothesis as a Statement of Your Expectations: The Case of the Null Hypothesis

145

(2)

Single Sample Test With σ Known

147

(16)

Refining the Null and Phrasing It the Right Way

148

(1)

The Logic of the Test

149

(2)

Applying the Test

151

(3)

Levels of Significance, Critical Values, and the Critical Region

154

(3)

But What If . . .

157

(2)

But What If We're Wrong?

159

(4)

Single Sample Test With σ Unknown

163

(4)

Applying the Test

164

(1)

Some Variations on a Theme

165

(2)

Chapter Summary

167

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

167

(1)

Key Terms

168

(1)

Chapter Problems

168

(4)

Hypothesis Testing With Two Samples (Mean Difference and Difference of Means)

172

(25)

Related Samples

173

(9)

The Logic of the Test

175

(2)

The Null Hypothesis

177

(1)

Combining the Logic and the Null

178

(1)

The Estimate of the Standard Error of the Mean Difference

178

(1)

Applying the Test

179

(1)

Interpreting the Results

180

(1)

Some Additional Examples

181

(1)

Independent Samples

182

(9)

The Logic of the Test

184

(1)

The Null Hypothesis

185

(1)

Combining the Logic and the Null

185

(1)

The Estimate of the Standard Error of the Difference of Means

186

(3)

Applying the Test

189

(1)

Interpreting the Results

189

(1)

Some Additional Examples

190

(1)

Chapter Summary

191

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

192

(1)

Key Terms

193

(1)

Chapter Problems

193

(4)

Beyond the Null Hypothesis

197

(17)

Research or Alternative Hypothesis

198

(2)

One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Test Scenarios

200

(7)

Testing a Non-directional Research Hypothesis

201

(2)

Testing a Directional Research Hypothesis

203

(4)

Power and Effect

207

(4)

Chapter Summary

211

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

211

(1)

Key Terms

212

(1)

Chapter Problems

212

(2)

Analysis of Variance

214

(33)

The Logic of Anova

216

(7)

From Curves to Data Distributions

218

(1)

The Different Means

219

(1)

From Different Means to Different Types of Variation

220

(3)

The Null Hypothesis

223

(1)

The Application

223

(12)

Calculating the Within-Groups Sum of Squares (SSW)

225

(2)

Calculating the Between-Groups Sum of Squares (SSB)

227

(2)

From Sums of Squares to Estimates of Variance

229

(5)

Calculating the F Ratio

234

(1)

The Interpretation

235

(6)

Interpretation of the F Ratio

235

(2)

Post Hoc Testing

237

(4)

Chapter Summary

241

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

242

(1)

Key Terms

243

(1)

Chapter Problems

243

(4)

The Chi-Square Test

247

(19)

The Chi-Square Test of Independence

248

(13)

The Logic of the Test

249

(4)

A Focus on the Departure From Chance

253

(1)

The Null Hypothesis

254

(1)

The Application

254

(3)

The Formula

257

(2)

The Calculation

259

(1)

Conclusion and Interpretation

260

(1)

Chapter Summary

261

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

262

(1)

Key Terms

263

(1)

Chapter Problems

263

(3)

Correlation and Regression

266

(35)

Scatter Plots

267

(5)

Linear Associations: Direction and Strength

268

(3)

Other Types of Association

271

(1)

Correlation Analysis

272

(13)

Two Variables: X and Y

273

(2)

The Logic of Correlation

275

(1)

The Formula for Pearson's r

276

(3)

Application

279

(2)

Interpretation

281

(2)

An Additional Step: Testing the Null

283

(1)

Conclusion and Interpretation

284

(1)

Regression Analysis

285

(9)

An Application

285

(2)

The Logic of Prediction and the Line of Best Fit

287

(2)

The Regression Equation

289

(3)

The Standard Error of the Estimate

292

(2)

Chapter Summary

294

(1)

Some Other Things You Should Know

295

(1)

Key Terms

296

(1)

Chapter Problems

296

(5)

Appendix A Table of Areas Under the Normal Curve (Distribution of Z)

301

(2)

Appendix B Family of t Distributions (Two-Tailed Test)

303

(1)

Appendix C Family of t Distributions (One-Tailed Test)

304

(1)

Appendix D Distribution of F (.05 Level of Significance)

305

(1)

Appendix E Distribution of F (.01 Level of Significance)

306

(1)

Appendix F Distribution of Q (.05 Level of Significance)

307

(1)

Appendix G Distribution of Q (.01 Level of Significance)

308

(1)

Appendix H Critical Values for Chi-Square (Χ2)

309

(1)

Appendix I Critical Values of r (Correlation Coefficient)

310

(1)

Appendix J Data Sets and Computer-Based Data Analysis

311

(6)

It's Usually Starts With Rows and Columns

311

(4)

Good News: Words of Caution: It's Up to You

315

(2)

Appendix K Some of the More Common Formulas Used in the Text

317

(2)

Answers to Chapter Problems

319

(5)

Glossary

324

(6)

References

330

(1)

Index

331

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Statistics Unplugged

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials