Stiffness and Damping in Mechanical Design

Provides in-depth discussions of results never before published in a systematic format, showing the influence of stiffness on performance characteristics of mechanical systems. DLC: Vibration.

Preface

iii

1 Introduction and Definitions

1

(24)

1.1 Basic Notions

1

(7)

1.2 Influence of Stiffness on Strength and Length of Service

8

(3)

1.3 Influence of Stiffness and Damping on Vibration and Dynamics

11

(1)

1.4 Influence of Machining System Stiffness and Damping on Accuracy and Productivity

12

(6)

1.5 General Comments on Stiffness in Design

18

(2)

1.6 Structural Characteristics of Some Widely Used Materials

20

(4)

References

24

(1)

2 Stiffness of Structural Components: Modes of Loading

25

(27)

2.1 Influence of Mode of Loading on Stiffness

25

(8)

2.2 Optimization of Cross-Sectional Shape

33

(6)

2.3 Torsional Stiffness

39

(4)

2.4 Influence of Stress Concentrations

43

(1)

2.5 Stiffness of Frame/Bed Components

44

(4)

2.6 General Comments on Stiffness Enhancement of Structural Components

48

(2)

References

50

(2)

3 Nonlinear and Variable Stiffness Systems: Preloading

52

(35)

3.1 Definitions

52

(1)

3.2 Embodiments of Elements with Nonlinear Stiffness

53

(13)

3.3 Stiffness Management by Preloading (Strength-to-Stiffness Transformation)

66

(10)

3.4 Some Effects Caused by Variable Stiffness

76

(1)

3.5 Systems with Multiple Load-Carrying Components

76

(9)

References

85

(2)

4 Contact (Joint) Stiffness and Damping

87

(78)

4.1 Introduction

87

(1)

4.2 Contact Deformations Between Conforming Surfaces

88

(6)

4.3 Use of Contact Stiffness Data in Structural Analysis

94

(10)

4.4 Displacements in Cylindrical/Conical Connections

104

(28)

4.5 Contact Deformations Caused by Misalignment of Connected Parts

132

(3)

4.6 Tangential Contact Compliance

135

(18)

4.7 Practical Case Study of a Modular Tooling System

153

(3)

4.8 Damping of Mechanical Contacts

156

(7)

References

163

(2)

5 Supporting Systems and Foundations

165

(35)

5.1 Influence of Support Characteristics

166

(7)

5.2 Rational Location of Supporting and Mounting Elements

173

(10)

5.3 Overconstrained (Statically Indeterminate) Systems

183

(6)

5.4 Influence of Foundation on Structural Deformations

189

(7)

5.5 Deformations of Long Machine Bases

196

(3)

References

199

(1)

6 Stiffness and Damping of Power Transmission Systems and Drives

200

(73)

6.1 Basic Notions

200

(2)

6.2 Compliance of Mechanical Power Transmission and Drive Components

202

(22)

6.3 Parameter Reduction in Mathematical Models

224

(9)

6.4 Practical Examples of Structural Compliance Breakdown

233

(17)

6.5 More on Stiffness and Damping of Antifriction Bearings and Spindles

250

(15)

6.6 Damping in Power Transmission Systems

265

(6)

References

271

(2)

7 Design Techniques for Reducing Structural Deformations and Damping Enhancement

273

(60)

7.1 Structural Optimization Techniques

273

(6)

7.2 Compensation of Structural Deformations

279

(9)

7.3 Stiffness Enhancement by Reduction of Stress Concentrations

288

(2)

7.4 Strength-to-Stiffness Transformation

290

(16)

7.5 Performance Enhancement of Cantilever Components

306

(11)

7.6 Active (Servocontrolled) Systems for Stiffness Enhancement

317

(6)

7.7 Damping Enhancement Techniques

323

(8)

References

331

(2)

8 Use of "Managed Stiffness" in Design

333

(65)

8.1 Benefits of Intentional Stiffness Reduction in Design Components

333

(13)

8.2 Compensation for Static Indeterminacy and/or Inaccuracies in Mechanical Systems and Tapered Connections

346

(13)

8.3 Trading off Stiffness for Improving Overall Performance: Practical Examples

359

(10)

8.4 Constant Force (Zero Stiffness) Vibration Isolation Systems

369

(6)

8.5 Anisotropic Elastic Elements as Limited Travel Bearings

375

(15)

8.6 Parameter Modification in Dynamic Models

390

(5)

References

395

(3)

Appendix 1 Single-Degree-of-Freedom Dynamic Systems with Damping

398

(11)

Appendix 2 Static Stiffness Breakdown for Cylindrical (OD) Grinders

409

(8)

Appendix 3 Influence of Axial Force on Beam Vibrations

417

(4)

Articles of Interest

421

(86)

Rivin, E.I.

1. "Principles and Criteria of Vibration Isolation of Machinery," ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 1979, Vol. 101, pp. 682-692.

Rivin, E.I.

2. "Design and Application Criteria for Connecting Couplings," ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 1986, Vol. 108, pp. 96-105.

Rivin, E.I.

3. "Properties and Prospective Applications of Ultra-Thin Layered Rubber-Metal Laminates for Limited Travel Bearings," Tribology International, 1983, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 17-25.

Rivin, E.I.

Karlic, P.

Kim, Y.

4. "Improvement of Machining Conditions for Turning of Slender Parts by Application of Tensile Force," Fundamental Issues in Machining, ASME PED, 1990, Vol. 43, pp. 283-297.

Rivin, E.I.

Kang, H.

5. "Enhancement of Dynamic Stability of Cantilever Tooling Structures," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 1992, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 539-561.

Johnson, C.D.

6. "Design of Passive Damping Systems," Transactions of the ASME, 50th Anniversary of the Design Engineering Division, 1995; Vol. 117(B), pp. 171-176.

Rivin, E.I.

7. "Trends in Tooling for CNC Machine Tools: Machine System Stiffness," ASME Manufacturing Review, 1991, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 257-263.

Index

507

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Stiffness and Damping in Mechanical Design

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