Stress A Brief History

Stress: A Brief History is a lively, accessible, and detailed examination of the origins of the field of stress research. First concise, accessible, academically grounded book on the origins of the concept of stress. Explores different theories and models of stress such as the psychosomatic approach, homeostasis, and general adaptation syndrome. Discusses the work and intriguing contributions of key researchers in the field such as Walter Cannon, Hans Selye, Harold Wolff, and Richard Lazarus. Explains the origins of key concepts in stress such as stressful life events, the coronary-prone personality, and appraisals and coping. Culminates in a discussion of what makes a good theory and what obligations stress researchers have to those whose working lives they study.

Cary L. Cooper is Professor of Organizational Psychology and Health at the Manchester School of Management. He is the author of over 100 books, as well as senior co-editor of the Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management (12 volumes, with Chris Argyris). He has been an advisor to the World Health Organisation, two UN bodies, and the International Labor Organisation.

Philip Dewe is Professor of Organizational Behaviour and Head of the Organizational Psychology Department at Birkbeck College. He is the author of numerous books and articles, including Organizational Stress (with Cary L. Cooper and Michael P. O’Driscoll, 2001) and Coping, Health and Organisations (edited with Tom Cox and Michael Leiter, 2000).

Acknowledgments

x

CHAPTER 1 FROM EARLY BEGINNINGS TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

1

(8)

Introduction

1

(2)

Hooke's Law and the Engineering Analogy

3

(1)

The Eighteenth Century and Beyond

4

(3)

Summary: Themes from the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

7

(2)

CHAPTER 2 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: THE EARLY YEARS

9

(30)

Introduction

9

(1)

The Emergence of the School of Functionalism

10

(1)

Fatigue and Mental Hygiene

11

(2)

Psychosomatic Medicine and the Contribution of Walter Cannon

13

(7)

Hans Selye

20

(13)

The Work of Harold Wolff

33

(3)

Summary

36

(3)

CHAPTER 3 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: FROM THE 1950's TO RICHARD LAZARUS

39

(28)

Introduction: Stress in the 1950's and 1960's

39

(2)

Stressful Life Events

41

(2)

The Social Readjustment Scale

43

(3)

Daily Hassles and Uplifts and the Debate that Followed

46

(1)

The Debate: Critical Life Events versus Hassles and Uplifts

47

(4)

Personality and Type A Behavior Patterns

51

(4)

Towards the Study of Individual Differences

55

(2)

A Return to the 1950's and 1960's and a Change in Focus

57

(3)

The History of Stress in Sweden

60

(2)

The Origins of Organizational Psychology

62

(3)

Summary

65

(2)

CHAPTER 4 THE WORK OF RICHARD LAZARUS

67

(18)

Introduction

67

(1)

The Beginnings

68

(1)

The Berkeley Stress and Coping Project

69

(2)

A Historical Look at Appraisal

71

(3)

The Nature of Appraisals and the Debate that Followed

74

(4)

Lazarus and the Process View of Coping

78

(1)

Ways of Coping Questionnaire

79

(3)

Lazarus and Emotions

82

(1)

Summary

83

(2)

CHAPTER 5 WORK STRESS AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

85

(25)

Introduction

85

(1)

Work Stress

85

(2)

Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, and the Search for Causes of Work Stress

87

(3)

Beyond Role Conflict, Ambiguity, and Overload

90

(2)

Early Research Frameworks and Identifying Strains

92

(2)

Towards and Integrated Model of Work Stress

94

(4)

Work Stress and Coping

98

(4)

From Coping to the Self-Help Years to Stress Management

102

(5)

Occupational Health Psychology

107

(1)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

108

(1)

Summary

109

(1)

CHAPTER 6 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY STRESS: FROM THE PAST TO THE FUTURE

110

(10)

Introduction

110

(1)

What Do We Mean By Stress?

110

(3)

From the Past to the Future

113

(1)

How Does History Add to Our Understanding of Stress

114

(1)

Searching for the Organizing Concept of the Future

115

(1)

Distinguishing between Description and Meaning

116

(1)

Why Study Stress? Fulfilling Our Moral Responsibility

117

(1)

Summary

118

(2)

References

120

(17)

Index

137

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Stress A Brief History

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials