Structural Masonry Designers' Manual

, by Curtin, W. G.; Shaw, Gerry; Beck, J. K.; Bray, W. A.; Easterbrook, David

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ISBN: 9780632056125 | 0632056126
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 7/12/2006

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This major handbook covers the structural use of brick and blockwork. A major feature is a series of step-by-step design examples of typical elements and buildings. The book has been revised to include updates to the code of practice BS 5628:2000-2 and the 2004 version of Part A of the Building Regulations. New information on sustainability issues, innovation in masonry, health and safety issues and technical developments has been added.

Preface to the Third Edition

Acknowledgements

The Authors

xii

Notation

xiii

Introduction

(3)

Present structural forms

(1)

Examples of structural layout suiting masonry

(1)

Reinforced and post-tensioned masonry

(1)

Arches and vaults

(1)

The robustness of masonry structures

(1)

Prefabrication

(1)

Future tradesmen

(1)

Engineering education

(1)

Advantages and disadvantages of structural masonry

(6)

Advantages

(3)

Cost

(1)

Speed of erection

(1)

Aesthetics

(1)

Durability

(1)

Sound insulation

(1)

Thermal insulation

(1)

Fire resistance and accidental damage

(1)

Capital and current energy requirements

(1)

Resistance to movement

(1)

Repair and maintenance

(1)

Ease of combination with other materials

(1)

Availability of materials and labour

(1)

Recyclability

(1)

Disadvantages

(3)

Lack of education in masonry

(1)

Increase in obstructed area over steel and reinforced concrete

(1)

Problems with some isolated details

(1)

Foundations

(1)

Large openings

(1)

Beams and slabs

(1)

Control joints

(1)

Health and safety considerations

(2)

Design philosophy

(6)

Strength of material

(1)

Exploitation of cross-section

(3)

Exploitation of essential building elements

(3)

Limit state design

(2)

Basis of design (1): Vertical loading

(29)

Compressive strength of masonry

(1)

Characteristic strength and characteristic load

(2)

Partial safety factors for loads, γf

(1)

Characteristic compressive strength of masonry, fk

(7)

Brickwork

(1)

Blockwork

(2)

Natural stone masonry and random rubble masonry

(1)

Alternative construction techniques

(1)

Partial safety factors for material strength, γm

(1)

Manufacturing control (BS 5628, clause 27.2.1)

(1)

Construction control

(1)

Slenderness ratio

(1)

Horizontal and vertical lateral supports

(4)

Methods of compliance: Walls -- horizontal lateral supports

(3)

Methods of compliance: Walls -- vertical lateral supports

(1)

Effective height or length: Walls

(2)

Effective thickness of walls

(1)

Solid walls

(1)

Cavity walls

(1)

Loadbearing capacity reduction factor, β

(1)

Design compressive strength of a wall

(1)

Columns

(3)

Slenderness ratio: Columns

(1)

Columns formed by openings

(1)

Design strength

(1)

Columns or walls of small plan area

(1)

Eccentric loading

(1)

Combined effect of slenderness and eccentricity of load

(3)

Walls

(1)

Columns

(2)

Concentrated loads

(4)

Basis of design (2): Lateral loading -- tensile and shear strength

(26)

Direct tensile stress

(1)

Characteristic flexural strength (tensile) of masonry, fkx

(3)

Orthogonal ratio

(2)

Moments of resistance: General

(3)

Moments of resistance: uncracked sections

(2)

Moments of resistance: Cracked sections

(1)

Cavity Walls

(3)

Vertical twist ties

(1)

Double-triangle and wire butterfly ties

(1)

Selection of ties

(1)

Double-lead (collar-jointed) walls

(1)

Grouted cavity walls

(1)

Differing orthogonal ratios

(1)

Effective eccentricity method of design

(1)

Arch method of design

(4)

Vertical arching

(2)

Vertical arching: Return walls

(1)

Horizontal arching

(2)

Free-standing walls

(1)

General

(1)

Design bending moments

(1)

Design moment of resistance

(1)

Retaining walls

(1)

Panel walls

(6)

Limiting dimensions

(1)

Design methods

(1)

Design bending moment

(4)

Design moments of resistance

(1)

Design of ties

(1)

Propped cantilever wall design

(1)

Geometric and other sections in shear

(1)

Eccentricity of loading in plane of wall

(1)

Design of walls loaded eccentrically in the plane of the wall

(1)

Walls subjected to shear forces

(2)

Characteristic and design shear strength

(1)

Resistance to shear

(1)

Strapping, propping and tying of loadbearing masonry

(21)

Structural action

(2)

Horizontal movement

(1)

Shear keying between wall and floors

(1)

Holding down roofs subject to upward forces

(1)

Areas of concern

(1)

Other factors influencing the details of connections

(2)

Illustrated examples of strapping and tying

(9)

Design examples: Straps and ties for a three-storey masonry building

(5)

Stability, accidental damage and progressive collapse

(16)

Progressive collapse

(2)

Stability

(2)

Accidental forces (BS 5628, clause 20)

(1)

During construction

(1)

Extent of damage

(1)

Design for accidental damage

100

(10)

Partial safety factors

100

(1)

Methods (options) of checking

101

(1)

Loadbearing elements

101

(2)

Protected member

103

(6)

General notes

109

(1)

Structural elements and forms

110

(14)

Structural elements

110

(6)

Single-leaf walls

110

(1)

Double-leaf collar-jointed walls

110

(1)

Double-leaf cavity walls

110

(1)

Double-leaf grouted cavity walls

110

(1)

Faced walls

111

(1)

Veneered walls

111

(1)

Walls with improved section modulus

111

(2)

Reinforced walls

113

(1)

Post-tensioned walls

114

(1)

Columns

114

(1)

Arches

115

(1)

Circular and elliptical tube construction

116

(1)

Composite construction

116

(1)

Horizontally reinforced masonry

116

(1)

Structural forms

116

(8)

Chimneys

116

(2)

Crosswall construction

118

(1)

Cellular construction

119

(1)

Column and plate floor construction

119

(1)

Combined forms of construction

120

(1)

Diaphragm wall and plate roof construction

121

(1)

Fin wall and plate roof construction

121

(1)

Miscellaneous wall and plate roof construction

121

(1)

Spine wall construction

121

(1)

Arch and buttressed construction

122

(1)

Compression tube construction

123

(1)

Design of masonry elements (1): Vertically loaded

124

(18)

Principle of design

124

(1)

Estimation of element size required

124

(1)

Sequence of design

124

(1)

Design of solid walls

124

(6)

Design of cavity walls

130

(4)

Ungrouted cavity walls

130

(2)

Grouted cavity walls

132

(2)

Double-leaf (or collar-jointed) walls

134

(1)

Design of walls with stiffening piers

134

(2)

Masonry columns

136

(2)

Diaphragm walls

138

(2)

Concentrated loads

140

(2)

Design of masonry elements (2): Combined bending and axial loading

142

(31)

Method of design

142

(31)

Design of single-storey buildings

173

(5)

Design considerations

173

(4)

Design procedure

177

(1)

Fin and diaphragm walls in tall single-storey buildings

178

(36)

Comparison of fin and diaphragm walls

179

(1)

Design and construction details

180

(1)

Architectural design and detailing

181

(2)

Services

182

(1)

Sound and thermal insulation

183

(1)

Damp proof courses and membranes

183

(1)

Cavity cleaning

183

(1)

Structural detailing

183

(3)

Foundations

184

(1)

Joints

184

(1)

Wall openings

185

(1)

Construction of capping beam

185

(1)

Temporary propping and scaffolding

185

(1)

Structural design: General

186

(5)

Design principles: Propped cantilever

186

(1)

Calculate design loadings

187

(1)

Consider levels of critical stresses

188

(1)

Design bending moments

188

(2)

Stability moment of resistance, MRs

190

(1)

Shear lag

190

(1)

Principal tensile stress

190

(1)

Design symbols: Fin and diaphragm walls

191

(1)

Fin walls: Structural design considerations

191

(2)

Interaction between leaves

191

(1)

Spacing of fins

191

(1)

Size of fins

192

(1)

Effective section and trial section

192

(1)

Example 1: Fin wall

193

(9)

Design problem

193

(1)

Design approach

194

(1)

Characteristic loads

194

(1)

Design loads

194

(1)

Design cases (as shown in Figure 13.42)

194

(1)

Deflection of roof wind girder

194

(2)

Effective flange width for T profile

196

(1)

Spacing of fins

196

(1)

Trial section

196

(1)

Consider propped cantilever action

197

(1)

Stability moment of resistance

197

(1)

Allowable flexural compressive stresses, pubc, taking into account slenderness, β, and material, γm

197

(2)

Calculate MR and compare with Mb

199

(1)

Bending moment diagrams

200

(1)

Consider stresses at level of Mw

200

(1)

Design flexural stress at Mw levels

201

(1)

Consider fins and deflected roof prop

202

(1)

Diaphragm wall: Structural design considerations

202

(5)

Determination of rib centres, Br

202

(2)

Depth of diaphragm wall and properties of sections

204

(1)

Shear stress coefficient, K1

205

(1)

Trial section coefficients, K2 and Z

206

(1)

Example 2: Diaphragm wall

207

(4)

Design problem

207

(1)

Characteristic and design loads

207

(1)

Select trial section

208

(1)

Determine wind and moment MRs at base

208

(1)

Consider stress at level Mw

209

(1)

Consider diaphragm with deflected roof prop

210

(1)

Calculate shear stress

211

(1)

Stability of transverse shear walls

211

(1)

Summary

211

(1)

Other applications

211

(3)

Design of multi-storey structures

214

(29)

Structural forms

214

(5)

Stability

215

(1)

External walls

215

(1)

Provision for services

216

(1)

Movement joints

216

(1)

Vertical alignment of loadbearing walls

217

(1)

Foundations

218

(1)

Flexibility

218

(1)

Concrete roof slab/Loadbearing wall connections

218

(1)

Accidental damage

218

(1)

Choice of brick, block and mortar strengths

219

(1)

Crosswall construction

219

(5)

Stability

219

(1)

External cladding panel walls

220

(1)

Design for wind

221

(1)

Openings in walls

222

(1)

Typical applications

222

(2)

Elevational treatment of crosswall structures

224

(1)

Podiums

224

(1)

Spine construction

224

(2)

Lateral stability

225

(1)

Accidental damage

226

(1)

Cellular construction

226

(2)

Comparison with crosswall construction

227

(1)

Envelope (cladding) area

227

(1)

Robustness

227

(1)

Flexibility

227

(1)

Height of structure

227

(1)

Masonry stresses

227

(1)

Foundations

228

(1)

Column structures

228

(1)

Advantages

228

(1)

Cross-sectional shape

228

(1)

Size

229

(1)

Design procedure

229

(1)

Example 1: Hotel bedrooms, six floors

229

(7)

Characteristic loads

229

(2)

Design of internal crosswalls

231

(1)

Partial safety factor for material strength (Table 4, BS 5628 -- see Table 5.11)

232

(1)

Choice of brick in the two design cases, at ground floor level

232

(1)

Choice of brick in the two design cases, at third flood level

232

(1)

Design of gable cavity walls to resist lateral loads due to wind

232

(1)

Uplift on roof

232

(1)

Design of wall

232

(1)

Calculation of design wall moment

233

(1)

Resistance moment of wall (Figure 14.46)

233

(1)

Overall stability check

233

(2)

Eccentricity of loading

235

(1)

Accidental damage

235

(1)

Example 2: Four-storey school building

236

(2)

Characteristic loads

237

(1)

Design of wall at ground floor level

237

(1)

Example 3: Four-storey office block

238

(5)

Column structure for four-storey office block

238

(1)

Characteristic loads

239

(1)

Design of brick columns

239

(1)

Loading on column P

239

(4)

Reinforced and post-tensioned masonry

243

(51)

General

244

(5)

Design theory

244

(1)

Comparison with concrete

244

(1)

Applications

245

(1)

Prestressing

246

(1)

Methods of reinforcing walls

246

(1)

Composite construction

247

(1)

Economics

247

(1)

Corrosion of reinforcement and prestressing steel

247

(1)

Cover to reinforcement and prestressing steel

248

(1)

Cover

248

(1)

Choice of system

249

(1)

Design of reinforced brickwork

250

(7)

Partial factors of safety

250

(1)

Strength of materials

251

(1)

Design for bending: Reinforced masonry

251

(1)

Lateral stability of beams

251

(1)

Design formula for bending: Moments of resistance for reinforced masonry

252

(3)

Design formula: Shear stress

255

(1)

Shear reinforcement

255

(1)

Design formula: Local bond

256

(1)

Characteristic anchorage bond strength, fb

256

(1)

Design for axial loading

256

(1)

Example 1: Design of reinforced brick beam

257

(2)

Example 2: Alternative design for reinforced brick beam

259

(2)

Example 3: Reinforced brick retaining wall

261

(1)

Example 4: Column design

262

(1)

Design of post-tensioned brickwork

263

(6)

General

263

(2)

Post-tensioned masonry: Design for flexure

265

(1)

Design strengths

266

(1)

Steel stresses

267

(1)

Asymmetrical sections

267

(1)

Losses of post-tensioning force

268

(1)

Bearing stresses

269

(1)

Deflection

269

(1)

Partial safety factor on post-tensioning force

269

(1)

Example 5: High cavity wall with wind loading

269

(6)

Capacity reduction factor, β

270

(1)

Characteristic strengths

270

(1)

Design strengths (after losses)

271

(1)

Section modulus of wall

271

(1)

Design method

271

(1)

Calculation of required post-tensioning force

271

(1)

Consider compressive stresses: After losses

272

(2)

Consider compressive stresses: Before losses

274

(1)

Design of post-tensioning rods

274

(1)

Example 6: Post-tensioned fin wall

275

(9)

Design procedure

275

(1)

Design post-tensioning force and eccentricity

276

(1)

Characteristic strengths

277

(1)

Loadings

277

(1)

Design bending moments

278

(1)

Theoretical flexural tensile stresses

278

(1)

Calculations of P and e

278

(1)

Spread of post-tensioning force

279

(1)

Characteristic post-tensioning force pk

279

(1)

Capacity reduction factors, β

279

(1)

Check combined compressive stresses

279

(3)

Design flexural compressive strengths of wall: After losses

282

(1)

Check overall stability of wall

282

(2)

Design of post-tensioning Rods

284

(1)

Example 7: Post-tensioned brick diaphragm retaining wall

284

(10)

Design procedure

284

(1)

Design loads

285

(1)

Trial section

286

(3)

Calculate theoretical flexural tensile stresses

289

(1)

Minimum required post-tensioning force based on bending stresses

289

(1)

Characteristic post-tensioning force, Pk

289

(1)

Capacity reduction factors

289

(1)

Check combined compressive stresses

290

(1)

Check shear between leaf and cross-rib

291

(2)

Design of post-tensioning rods

293

(1)

Arches

294

(13)

General design

294

(5)

Linear arch

295

(1)

Trial sections

296

(1)

Mathematical analysis

297

(2)

Design procedures

299

(1)

Design examples

299

(8)

Example 1: Footbridge arch

299

(2)

Example 2: Segmental arch carrying traffic loading

301

(3)

Example 3: Repeat Example 2 using a pointed arch

304

(3)

Appendix 1 Materials

307

(7)

A1.0 Introduction

307

(1)

A1.1 Clay masonry units (clay bricks)

307

(2)

A1.1.1 Sizes

307

(1)

A1.1.2 Classification

307

(1)

A1.1.3 Strength and durability

308

(1)

A1.1.4 Testing

309

(1)

A1.2 Calcium silicate units (bricks)

309

(1)

A1.3 Concrete bricks

310

(1)

A1.4 Stone units (stonework)

310

(1)

A1.5 Concrete units (blocks and bricks)

310

(1)

A1.5.1 Sizes

310

(1)

A1.5.2 Classification

310

(1)

A1.5.3 Density

310

(1)

A1.5.4 Form

310

(1)

A1.5.5 Strength

310

(1)

A1.5.6 Durability

310

(1)

A1.6 Mortars

311

(3)

A1.6.1 Constituents

311

(1)

A1.6.2 Choice of mortar

312

(1)

A1.6.3 Proportioning and mixing

312

(1)

A1.6.4 Testing

312

(2)

Appendix 2 Components

314

(3)

A2.1 Wall ties

314

(1)

A2.2 Damp proof courses

314

(1)

A2.3 Fixings

314

(1)

A2.4 Brick bonds

315

(2)

Appendix 3 Movement joints

317

(7)

A3.1 Movement due to thermal expansion and contraction

318

(1)

A3.2 Movement due to moisture

318

(2)

A3.2.1 Fired clay units

318

(1)

A3.2.2 Concrete and calcium silicate units

319

(1)

A3.3 Movement due to chemical interaction of materials (sulphate attack)

320

(1)

A3.4 Differential movement with dissimilar materials and members

320

(1)

A3.5 Foundation settlement

321

(1)

A3.6 Movement of joints and accommodation of movement

322

(1)

A3.7 Jointing materials and typical details

323

(1)

A3.8 Mortars in assisting movement control

323

(1)

Appendix 4 Provision for services

324

(3)

Index

327

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Structural Masonry Designers' Manual

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials