The Structure of Tone

This book argues a fresh theory about the structure of tone. Bao investigates a wide range of tone sandhi data from various Chinese dialects and other Asian tone languages, providing empirical support for his proposal that tone is a formal entity which consists of register and contour. Bao establishes a clear typological distinction between register tone languages and contour tone languages whose contour tones have a more complex structure.

Introduction

3

(7)

The Geometry of Tone

3

(2)

Tone as Autosegmental Tier

5

(3)

A Brief Note on Chinese Dialects

8

(2)

Theories of Tone: A Survey

10

(35)

Yin-Yang Registers

10

(1)

Chao (1930)

11

(2)

Tone in Chinese Linguistics

13

(1)

Wang (1967)

14

(3)

Woo (1969)

17

(3)

Halle and Stevens (1971)

20

(2)

Yip (1980)

22

(3)

Clements (1983)

25

(3)

Hyman (1986)

28

(1)

Shih (1986)

29

(1)

Inkelas (1987)

30

(2)

Hyman (1993)

32

(2)

Yip (1989)

34

(1)

Duanmu (1990, 1994)

35

(2)

Snider (1990)

37

(3)

Chang (1992)

40

(1)

Tsay (1994)

41

(4)

The Representation of Tone

45

(71)

The Geometry of Tone

45

(6)

Motivation of Underlying Contour

51

(10)

Tonal Inventory and Tonal Contour

52

(1)

Natural Class and Tonal Contour

52

(1)

Changzhi

53

(1)

Lingxi and Luoyang

53

(3)

Lu

56

(1)

The OCP and Tonal Contour

56

(1)

Danyang and Pingyao

57

(1)

Yantai

58

(1)

Tianjin

59

(2)

Assimilation in tone Sandhi

61

(36)

Tone Assimilation

61

(1)

Danyang

62

(9)

Changzhi

71

(4)

Register Assimilation

75

(1)

Pingyao

75

(4)

Chaozhou

79

(4)

Contour Assimilation

83

(1)

Zhenjiang

84

(5)

Wenzhou

89

(4)

Feature Assimilation

93

(4)

Contours and Other Matters

97

(19)

Distributional Properties of Tones

97

(1)

Distribution of Even Tones

97

(3)

Distribution of Falling/Rising Tones

100

(1)

Convex and Concave

101

(1)

Changzhi

102

(5)

Xining

107

(4)

Contour Simplification

111

(5)

The Autosegmental Nature of Tone

116

(29)

Tonal Morphemes

118

(16)

Danyang Word Melodies

118

(1)

Wenzhou Definitive Morpheme

119

(1)

Cantonese Changed Tones

120

(7)

Prefixes in Jiading Miao

127

(3)

Diminutive Suffix in Shenmu and Daye

130

(2)

Tone as Inflectional or Derivational Affix

132

(2)

Tone under Segmental Deletion

134

(4)

Cantonese

134

(2)

Fanqie Languages

136

(2)

The Bridge Effect

138

(7)

Tone in Phonological Representation

145

(36)

Dual Nature of Tone

145

(7)

Structure-Dependency of Tone Stability

152

(7)

Segmentalization of Tone

159

(14)

Phonological Processes of Tone Sandhi

173

(8)

Assimilation

174

(4)

Dissimilation

178

(2)

Other Sandhi Effects

180

(1)

The Mid Tone

181

(19)

Mid Tone as Default

181

(3)

Dual Structure of the Mid Tone

184

(4)

Numerals

188

(3)

Classifiers

191

(4)

R-Lowering Reconsidered

195

(5)

Epilogue

200

(18)

Contour System versus Level System: A Parametric View

200

(6)

Some Problematic Cases for the Theory

206

(12)

Syllabic Nasals and Obstruents

207

(2)

Unusual Tonal Inventories

209

(2)

Convex and Concave

211

(3)

Concluding Remarks

214

(4)

Notes

218

(11)

Appendix

229

(12)

References

241

(10)

Index

251

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The Structure of Tone

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials