Studies In American Tort Law

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ISBN: 9781594600340 | 1594600341
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/30/2004

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"This book is devoted to the field of basin analysis, and in particular to the one- and two-dimensional modeling of the burial, thermal and maturation histories of sedimentary basins, in the context of evaluating their hydrocarbon potential. New contributions to basin modeling are elaborated in this work and applied to continental basins worldwide, including East European basins (Dnieper-Donets, Volga-Ural, South Barents), West Siberian basin, North African basins, basins of passive continental margins in South America, Australian Antarctica and back-arc basins in the Philippine and Bering seas."--BOOK JACKET.

Summary of Contents

vii

Table of Cases

xxi

Books and Articles Cited

liii

Third Edition Preface and Acknowledgments

lxi

First Edition Preface and Acknowledgments

lxiii

About the Editing

lxvii

An Overview of Modern Tort Liability: Intentional Injury, Failure to Exercise Care, and Strict Liability

(38)

Intentionally Inflicted Injury

(4)

Vosburg v. Putney

(1)

Garratt v. Dailey

(3)

Actions Based on Lack of Care

(8)

Doe v. Roe

(5)

Cohen v. Petty

(3)

Strict Liability Conduct

(8)

Hossenlopp v. Cannon

(8)

An Introduction to Insurance

(10)

Liability Insurance

(1)

Crisci v. Security Insurance Co. of New Haven

(6)

First-Party Insurance

(2)

Basic Intentional Torts

(94)

The Concept of Intent

(15)

Intent to Injure

(1)

Lambertson v. United States

(3)

Intent and Mistake

(1)

Ranson v. Kitner

(1)

Intent and Insanity

(1)

McGuire v. Almy

(4)

Transferred Intent

(1)

Keel v. Hainline

(6)

Brudney v. Ematrudo

(1)

Battery and Assault

(14)

Noble v. Louisville Transfer Co.

(3)

Picard v. Barry Pontiac-Buick, Inc.

(1)

Moore v. El Paso Chamber of Commerce

(2)

Western Union Telegraph Co. v. Hill

(6)

Intentional or Reckless Infliction of Severe Emotional Distress

(29)

In General

(2)

Harris v. Jones

(9)

Abusive Language

(1)

Slocum v. Food Fair Stores of Florida, Inc.

(3)

Domestic Violence and Harassment

(1)

Feltmeier v. Feltmeier

(11)

Bystanders and Third Persons

(1)

Taylor v. Vallelunga

(3)

False Imprisonment

(16)

Unconsented Intentional Confinement within Boundaries

100

(1)

Bird v. Jones

100

(4)

Unlawful Force, Threat of Force, or Assertion of Legal Authority

104

(1)

Morales v. Lee

104

(2)

Enright v. Groves

106

(4)

Defenses

110

(1)

Peterson v. Sorlien

110

(5)

Trespass to Land

115

(1)

Trespass to Chattels and Conversion

115

(20)

CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions, Inc.

117

(3)

Zaslow v. Kroenert

120

(3)

Russell-Vaughn Ford, Inc. v. Rouse

123

(4)

Kremen v. Cohen

127

(8)

Defenses and Privileges

135

(46)

Consent

135

(15)

Consent in Fact

135

(1)

Davies v. Butler

135

(3)

Apparent Consent

138

(1)

O'Brien v. Cunard S.S. Co.

138

(1)

Implied Consent

139

(1)

Miller v. HCA, Inc.

140

(5)

Consent Given Because of a Mistake

145

(1)

DeMay v. Roberts

145

(5)

Defense of Self and Others

150

(6)

Silas v. Bowen

150

(3)

Drabek v. Sabley

153

(3)

Privileges Relating to Property

156

(8)

Defense of Property

156

(1)

Katko v. Briney

156

(3)

Recapture of Chattels

159

(1)

Detention for Investigation

160

(1)

Bonkowski v. Arlan's Department Store

160

(4)

Public Necessity and Private Necessity

164

(8)

Surocco v. Geary

164

(2)

Wegner v. Milwaukee Mutual Insurance Co.

166

(2)

Vincent v. Lake Erie Transp. Co.

168

(2)

Ploof v. Putnam

170

(2)

Unlawful Conduct

172

(9)

Barker v. Kallash

172

(9)

Damages

181

(56)

In General

181

(14)

Introduction

181

(1)

Anderson v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.

181

(8)

The Collateral-Source Rule

189

(1)

Helfend v. Southern California Rapid Transit District

189

(3)

The Avoidable-Consequences Rule

192

(1)

Zimmerman v. Ausland

192

(2)

Pre-Judgment Interest

194

(1)

Survival and Wrongful-Death Actions

195

(11)

New York Estates, Powers & Trusts Law §§11-3.1-11-3.3

196

(1)

New York Estates, Powers & Trusts Law §§5-4.1-5-4.5

197

(2)

Gonzalez v. New York City Housing Authority

199

(5)

Damages, Deterrence, and Compensation

204

(2)

Damages for Loss of Earning Capacity

206

(9)

Inflation

207

(1)

O'Shea v. Riverway Towing Co.

207

(5)

Taxation of Awards

212

(1)

In re Air Crash Disaster Near Chicago on May 25, 1979

212

(3)

Punitive Damages

215

(17)

State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell

219

(13)

Statutory Limits on Damage Recoveries and Related ``Reform'' Legislation

232

(5)

Negligence: Basic Principles

237

(94)

The Concept of Duty

237

(7)

Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co.

238

(6)

The Negligence Balancing Test

244

(11)

Nussbaum v. Lacopo

244

(2)

Gulf Refining Co. v. Williams

246

(1)

United States v. Carroll Towing Co.

247

(3)

Negligence as an Economic Concept

250

(2)

Chicago, B & Q. R.R. Co. v. Krayenbuhl

252

(3)

The Reasonable-Person Standard

255

(72)

Considerations the Jury May Take into Account

257

(1)

Emergencies

257

(1)

Young v. Clark

257

(4)

Physical Disabilities

261

(1)

Religious Beliefs

262

(1)

Williams v. Bright

262

(4)

Age

266

(1)

Goss v. Allen

266

(4)

Mental Deficiencies

270

(1)

Breunig v. American Family Ins. Co.

270

(4)

Superior Skills or Knowledge

274

(2)

Legal Malpractice and Medical Malpractice

276

(1)

Hodges v. Carter

276

(6)

Russo v. Griffin

282

(5)

Boyce v. Brown

287

(6)

Scott v. Bradford

293

(5)

Gender

298

(2)

Judge-Made Standards

300

(2)

Helling v. Carey

302

(2)

Standards Created by Statute

304

(1)

Standards Adopted by Courts Based on Legislation

305

(1)

In General

306

(1)

Pelkey v. Brennan

306

(1)

Stachniewicz v. Mar-Cam Corp.

307

(4)

Brown v. Shyne

311

(2)

Unexcused Violations of Statute

313

(1)

Martin v. Herzog

313

(2)

Excused Violations of Statute

315

(1)

Ranard v. O'Neil

315

(2)

Zeni v. Anderson

317

(3)

Compliance with Statute

320

(1)

Montgomery v. Royal Motel

320

(4)

Defenses to Liability Based on Statute

324

(1)

Seim v. Garavalia

324

(3)

Special Standards of Care

327

(4)

Proving Negligence

331

(32)

Evidence of Custom

331

(4)

The T.J. Hooper

331

(2)

Low v. Park Price Co.

333

(2)

Circumstantial Evidence

335

(7)

Constructive Notice

336

(1)

Goddard v. Boston & M.R. Co.

336

(1)

Anjou v. Boston Elevated Ry. Co.

337

(2)

Mode of Operation

339

(1)

Corbin v. Safeway Stores, Inc.

339

(3)

Res Ipsa Loquitur

342

(14)

In General

342

(2)

Control

344

(1)

Mobil Chemical Co. v. Bell

344

(5)

Greater Access to Information

349

(1)

Mahowald v. Minnesota Gas Co.

349

(2)

Res Ipsa and Plaintiff's Conduct

351

(1)

Multiple Defendants

352

(1)

Ybarra v. Spangard

352

(4)

Disposing of Unfavorable Evidence

356

(7)

Trevio v. Ortega

356

(7)

Factual Causation

363

(56)

An Overview of Causation

363

(2)

Williams v. Steves Industries, Inc.

363

(2)

The Traditional Rules of Factual Causation

365

(21)

Sine Qua Non: The ``But For'' Test

365

(1)

Reynolds v. Texas and Pacific Railway Co.

365

(2)

Kramer Service, Inc. v. Wilkins

367

(2)

Saelzler v. Advanced Group 400

369

(4)

Independently Sufficient Causes and Related Problems

373

(1)

Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. P. & S.S.M. Ry. Co.

374

(4)

The ``Loss of a Chance'' Rule

378

(1)

Alberts v. Schultz

378

(8)

Modifications of the Traditional Approach

386

(20)

Multiple Fault and Alternative Liability

386

(1)

Summers v. Tice

386

(3)

Market-Share Liability and Enterprise Liability

389

(1)

Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories

389

(9)

Hymowitz v. Eli Lilly and Co.

398

(8)

Liability Based on Concerted Action

406

(8)

Herman v. Wesgate

406

(1)

Halberstam v. Welch

406

(8)

Incitement

414

(5)

Proximate Causation

419

(52)

Introduction

419

(7)

(``Wagon Mound No. 1'') Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Morts Dock & Engineering Co., Ltd.

421

(4)

(``Wagon Mound No. 2'') Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v. Miller Steamship Co.

425

(1)

Result Within the Risk

426

(17)

In General

426

(1)

Di Ponzio v. Riordan

427

(5)

Policy and Proximate Cause

432

(3)

The ``Eggshell Skull'' Doctrine

435

(1)

McCahill v. New York Transp. Co.

435

(2)

Manner of Occurrence and Kind and Extent of Harm

437

(1)

Merhi v. Becker

437

(2)

(``Kinsman No. 1'') Petition of Kinsman Transit Co.

439

(3)

(``Kinsman No. 2'') Petition of Kinsman Transit Co.

442

(1)

Intervening and Superseding Causes

443

(20)

End Results within the Risk

444

(1)

Derdiarian v. Felix Contracting Corp.

444

(2)

Foreseeable Intervening Acts

446

(1)

Huddleston v. City of Charleston

446

(5)

Special Applications of the Rules on Intervening and Superseding Causes

451

(1)

Rescuers

451

(1)

Altamuro v. Milner Hotel, Inc.

452

(6)

Victim Suicide

458

(1)

Relationship to Comparative Principles

459

(1)

Control Techniques, Inc. v. Johnson

460

(3)

Shifting Responsibility

463

(8)

Goar v. Village of Stephen

464

(2)

Balido v. Improved Machinery, Inc.

466

(5)

Limited Duty: Failure to Act

471

(62)

The Traditional Rule of No Liability for Nonfeasance

471

(4)

Johnson v. Minnesota

472

(3)

Qualifications and Exceptions

475

(39)

Duties Based on the Defendant's Relationship to the Victim or the Injurer

475

(1)

De Vera v. Long Beach Public Transportation Co.

475

(5)

Kline v. 1500 Massachusetts Ave. Apartment Corp.

480

(5)

Remsburg v. Docusearch, Inc.

485

(3)

Peck v. Counseling Service of Addison County, Inc.

488

(5)

Liability Based on Defendant's Involvement in an Accident

493

(1)

La Raia v. Superior Court

493

(3)

Rocha v. Faltys

496

(1)

Voluntarily Assumed Duties

497

(1)

Coffee v. McDonnell-Douglas Corp.

497

(6)

Johnson v. Souza

503

(2)

Negligent Entrustment

505

(1)

McKenna v. Straughan

505

(2)

Hamilton v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp.

507

(4)

Statutes Relating to Rescue

511

(1)

Minn. Stat. Ann. §604A.01

511

(3)

Abrogation of the General Rule

514

(5)

Soldano v. O'Daniels

514

(5)

The Public-Duty Rule

519

(14)

Riss v. City of New York

519

(6)

Sorichetti v. City of New York

525

(8)

Limited Duty: Premises Liability

533

(44)

The Traditional Categories: Trespassers, Licensees, and Invitees

533

(14)

Trespassers

533

(1)

Bonney v. Canadian National Railway Co.

533

(3)

Humphrey v. Twin State Gas & Electric Co.

536

(2)

Banker v. McLaughlin

538

(3)

Licensees and Invitees

541

(1)

Carter v. Kinney

542

(3)

Campbell v. Weathers

545

(2)

Rejection and Reinstatement of the Traditional Approach

547

(6)

Abrogation

547

(1)

Rowland v. Christian

547

(5)

Recreational Use Statutes

552

(1)

California Civil Code §846

552

(1)

Lessors and Lessees

553

(6)

Matthews v. Amberwood Associates Ltd. Partnership, Inc.

554

(5)

The Demands of Reasonable Care for Possessors

559

(18)

Ill and Injured Invitees

560

(1)

Known or Obvious Dangers

561

(2)

Protection against Crime

563

(1)

Boyd v. Racine Currency Exchange, Inc.

563

(3)

Duties to Persons Outside the Premises

566

(1)

Persons ``Invited'' onto the Land of Another

566

(1)

Orthmann v. Apple River Campground, Inc.

566

(3)

Hazards after Leaving

569

(1)

Mostert v. CBL & Associates

569

(8)

Limited Duty: Negligent Infliction of Severe Emotional Distress

577

(38)

Serious and Genuine Harm

577

(6)

Lewis v. Westinghouse Electric Corporation

577

(6)

Some Special Cases

583

(5)

Johnson v. New York

584

(4)

Distress Occasioned by Harm to Another

588

(7)

James v. Lieb

588

(7)

Relationship to Other Actions

595

(12)

Loss of Consortium

595

(1)

Lozoya v. Sanchez

595

(5)

Breach of Fiduciary Duty

600

(1)

F.G. v. MacDonell

600

(7)

Abrogation of Independent Actions Based on Negligence

607

(8)

Boyles v. Kerr

607

(8)

Limited Duty: Alcohol-Related Injuries

615

(16)

Liability Under Dram Shop Acts

615

(1)

New York General Obligations Law

615

(1)

Liability of ``Social Hosts''

615

(9)

Kelly v. Gwinnell

619

(5)

Other Theories of Liability

624

(7)

Otis Engineering Corporation v. Clark

627

(4)

Torts Involving Conception, Pregnancy, Birth, and Adoption

631

(26)

Unwanted Pregnancy

631

(5)

McKernan v. Aasheim

631

(5)

Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life

636

(10)

Smith v. Cote

636

(10)

Prenatal Injuries

646

(6)

Farley v. Sartin

646

(6)

Wrongful Adoption

652

(5)

Burr v. Board of County Commissioners of Stark City

652

(5)

Strict Liability

657

(42)

Employer and Employee

658

(26)

Workers' Compensation

658

(1)

New York Workers' Compensation Law

659

(2)

Respondeat Superior

661

(1)

Smith v. Lannert

661

(10)

John R. v. Oakland Unified School District

671

(7)

Ostensible or Apparent Agency

678

(1)

Baptist Memorial Hospital System v. Sampson

678

(5)

The Fellow-Servant Rule

683

(1)

Harm Inflicted by Animals

684

(2)

Abnormally Dangerous Activities

686

(13)

Yommer v. McKenzie

686

(7)

Kent v. Gulf States Utilities Co.

693

(6)

Products Liability

699

(64)

Historical Background

699

(12)

From ``No Liability'' to Negligence

699

(1)

From Negligence to Strict Liability

700

(3)

Escola v. Coca Cola Bottling Co. of Fresno

703

(4)

Restatement (Second) of Torts §402A

707

(4)

Manufacturing and Design Defects

711

(18)

Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc.

711

(3)

Larsen v. General Motors Corp.

714

(4)

Barker v. Lull Engineering Co.

718

(6)

Wilson v. Piper Aircraft Corp.

724

(5)

Failure to Warn

729

(8)

Goins v. The Clorox Co.

729

(8)

Damage to Property

737

(2)

Defenses

739

(16)

State-of-the-Art

739

(1)

Beshada v. Johns-Manville Products Corp.

739

(6)

Government Contractors

745

(1)

``Misuse'' and Other Plaintiff Misconduct

745

(4)

Pre-emption by Federal Law

749

(1)

Geier v. American Honda Motor Co.

749

(6)

Policy Issues

755

(8)

Liability and Safety

755

(1)

Product-Category Liability

756

(1)

O'Brien v. Muskin Corp.

757

(3)

New Jersey Statutes Annotated §2A:58 C-1, C-3

760

(3)

Defenses Based on Plaintiff's Conduct

763

(44)

Traditional Contributory Negligence

763

(4)

In General

763

(2)

Imputed Contributory Negligence

765

(1)

Western Union Tel. Co. v. Hoffman

765

(1)

Last Clear Chance

766

(1)

Comparative Negligence

767

(4)

Hilen v. Hays

767

(4)

Assumption of the Risk

771

(27)

Introduction

771

(1)

Coleman v. Ramada Hotel Operating Co.

771

(4)

Express Assumption of the Risk

775

(1)

Gross v. Sweet

775

(8)

Primary Implied Assumption of the Risk

783

(1)

Turcotte v. Fell

783

(6)

Minnich v. Med-Waste, Inc.

789

(4)

Implied Secondary Assumption of Risk

793

(1)

Marshall v. Ranne

793

(5)

Comparative Fault

798

(6)

Kaneko v. Hilo Coast Processing

798

(6)

The ``Seatbelt Defense''

804

(3)

Joint Tortfeasors

807

(30)

Joint and Several Liability

807

(18)

Definitions

807

(2)

Divisibility and Apportionment of Harm

809

(1)

Michie v. Great Lakes Steel Division, National Steel Corp.

809

(2)

Bruckman v. Pena

811

(2)

Effect of Comparative Negligence and Comparative Fault

813

(1)

American Motorcycle Association v. Superior Court

813

(8)

Releases from Liability

821

(1)

McMillen v. Klingensmith

821

(4)

Contribution and Indemnity

825

(12)

Brochner v. Western Insurance Company

825

(5)

Elbaor v. Smith

830

(7)

Immunities

837

(24)

Family Immunities

837

(7)

Rousey v. Rousey

839

(5)

Sovereign Immunity

844

(5)

Holytz v. City of Milwaukee

844

(5)

Official Immunity

849

(4)

Federal Officials and Employees

849

(1)

State Officials and Employees

850

(3)

Charitable Immunity

853

(8)

Albritton v. Neighborhood Centers Association for Child Development

853

(8)

Statutes of Limitations

861

(18)

Introduction

861

(1)

New York C.P.L.R. §214

862

(1)

Tolling the Statute of Limitations

862

(11)

Tyson v. Tyson

863

(10)

Statutes of Repose

873

(6)

Thompson v. Franciscan Sisters Health Care Corp.

874

(5)

Interference with Possession or Use of Land: Trespass and Nuisance

879

(44)

Trespass to Land

880

(4)

Gavcus v. Potts

880

(4)

Trespass and Private Nuisance

884

(22)

Trespass and Nuisance Distinguished

884

(1)

The Traditional Distinction

884

(1)

Merger of Trespass and Private Nuisance

885

(1)

Bradley v. American Smelting and Refining Co.

885

(4)

Significant Harm

889

(2)

Assessing Unreasonableness

891

(2)

Prah v. Maretti

893

(4)

Winget v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc.

897

(2)

Hughes v. Emerald Mines Corporation

899

(3)

The Coase Theorem and the Law of Nuisance

902

(4)

Public Nuisance

906

(12)

In General

906

(1)

Armory Park Neighborhood Ass'n v. Episcopal Community Services in Arizona

906

(5)

Public Nuisance and Products Liability

911

(1)

NAACP v. Acusport, Inc.

912

(6)

Remedies in Nuisance Cases

918

(5)

Spur Industries, Inc. v. Del E. Webb Development Co.

919

(4)

Misrepresentation

923

(42)

Deceit

923

(25)

Intentional or Reckless Misrepresentation

923

(1)

O'Hara v. Western Seven Trees Corp. Intercoast Management

924

(3)

Sovereign Pocohontas v. Bond

927

(1)

Silence and the Duty to Speak

928

(1)

Weintraub v. Krobatsch

928

(7)

Statements of Opinion, Prediction, Intention, and Law

935

(1)

Oltmer v. Zamora

935

(4)

Adams v. Gillig

939

(2)

National Conversion Corp. v. Cedar Building Corp.

941

(2)

``Justifiable Reliance''

943

(1)

Williams v. Rank & Son Buick, Inc.

944

(4)

Negligence and Strict Liability

948

(5)

Negligence Causing Purely Economic Harm

948

(2)

Negligence Causing Physical Harm

950

(1)

Strict Liability

950

(1)

Richard v. A. Waldman and Sons, Inc.

951

(2)

Liability to Third Parties

953

(9)

Jaillet v. Cashman

954

(1)

Credit Alliance Corporation v. Arthur Andersen & Co.

955

(7)

Special Considerations

962

(3)

Kathleen K. v. Robert B.

962

(3)

Defamation

965

(68)

What Statements Are Defamatory?

965

(19)

Harm to Reputation

965

(1)

Grant v. Reader's Digest Ass'n, Inc.

966

(4)

Assertion of Fact

970

(1)

Truth

971

(2)

Guccione v. Hustler Magazine, Inc.

973

(1)

Of and Concerning the Plaintiff

974

(3)

Rose v. Daily Mirror, Inc.

977

(1)

Publication

978

(1)

Economopoulos v. A. G. Pollard Co.

978

(6)

Libel and Slander

984

(1)

Constitutional Considerations

985

(36)

Public Officials and Public Figures

986

(1)

New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

986

(9)

Plaintiffs Who Are Not Public Figures

995

(1)

Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.

995

(8)

Time, Inc. v. Firestone

1003

(4)

Retraction Statutes

1007

(1)

``Fact'' vs. ``Opinion''

1008

(1)

Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.

1008

(8)

Moldea v. New York Times Co.

1016

(5)

Privileges and Defenses

1021

(9)

Absolute Privileges

1021

(1)

Judicial-Proceedings Privilege

1021

(2)

Other Absolute Privileges

1023

(1)

Qualified Privileges

1023

(1)

Employers

1024

(1)

Others

1024

(1)

Loss of a Qualified Privilege

1024

(1)

Statutes Relating to Former Employees

1025

(1)

The Validity of Releases

1026

(1)

Other Privileges

1026

(2)

Slapp Suits

1028

(2)

The Media and the Law of Libel: A Summary

1030

(3)

David A. Anderson, Is Libel Law Worth Reforming?

1030

(3)

Invasion of Privacy

1033

(44)

Disclosure of Private Facts

1035

(11)

Sidis v. F-R Publishing Corp.

1035

(4)

McNamara v. Freedom Newspapers, Inc.

1039

(2)

Vassiliades v. Garfinckel's, Brooks Brothers

1041

(5)

Intrusion upon Seclusion

1046

(7)

Harkey v. Abate

1048

(5)

False Light

1053

(7)

West v. Media General Convergence, Inc.

1053

(7)

Unauthorized Use of the Plaintiff's Name or Picture

1060

(17)

The ``Right of Publicity''

1060

(1)

Cohen v. Herbal Concepts, Inc.

1060

(5)

Deceased Celebrities

1065

(1)

State Ex Rel. Elvis Presley International Memorial Foundation v. Crowell

1065

(4)

Special Constitutional Considerations

1069

(1)

Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc.

1069

(8)

Index

1077

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Studies In American Tort Law

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials